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Erythranthe cardinalis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Mimulus cardinalis)

Erythranthe cardinalis
Secure
Secure (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Phrymaceae
Genus: Erythranthe
Species:
E. cardinalis
Binomial name
Erythranthe cardinalis
Synonyms[2]
  • Diplacus cardinalis (Douglas ex Benth.) Groenland
  • Mimulus cardinalis Douglas ex Benth.
  • Mimulus cardinalis var. exsul Greene
  • Mimulus cardinalis var. griseus Greene
  • Mimulus cardinalis var. rigens Greene
  • Mimulus maclainianus (J.Harrison) Paxton
  • Mimulus roseus var. maclainianus J.Harrison
  • Mimulus rubina Ysabeau

Erythranthe cardinalis, the scarlet monkeyflower,[3][4] is a flowering perennial in the family Phrymaceae. Together with other species in Mimulus section Erythranthe, it serves as a model system for studying pollinator-based reproductive isolation. It was formerly known as Mimulus cardinalis.[5][6][7][8]

Description

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Erythranthe cardinalis is a perennial herb that grows 1–3 feet (30–91 cm) tall.[9] It is a fairly large, spreading, attractive plant which bears strongly reflexed, nectar-rich red or orange-red flowers and toothed, downy leaves. It is native to Washington, Oregon, California, and Nevada on the West Coast of the United States and to Cedros Island in Baja California,[2] and is generally found at low elevation in moist areas. Occasional populations of yellow-flowered Erythranthe cardinalis (which lack anthocyanin pigments in their corollas) are found in the wild.[10]

Cultivation

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Erythranthe cardinalis is cultivated in the horticulture trade and widely available as an ornamental plant for: traditional gardens; natural landscape, native plant, and habitat gardens; and various types of municipal, commercial, and agency sustainable landscape projects. Cultivars come in a range of colors between yellow and red, including the "Santa Cruz Island Gold" variety, originally collected from Santa Cruz Island off the coast of California.

In the UK it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[11] A short-lived perennial, it is often grown as an annual. It requires a wet, poorly-drained soil in full sun, in a sheltered position.[11]

Pollination

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Its blooms and large nectar load attract hummingbirds, whose foreheads serve as the pollen transfer surface between flowers. In the area where it overlaps with its sister species, Erythranthe lewisii, reproductive isolation is maintained almost exclusively through pollinator preference.[12]

References

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  1. ↑ NatureServe (31 July 2026). "Erythranthe cardinalis". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 24 August 2026.
  2. 1 2 "Erythranthe cardinalis (Douglas ex Benth.) Spach". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 24 August 2026.
  3. ↑ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ↑ NRCS. "Mimulus cardinalis". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  5. ↑ Barker, W.R.; Nesom, G.L.; Beardsley, P.M.; Fraga, N.S. (2012), "A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae: A narrowed circumscriptions for Mimulus, new and resurrected genera, and new names and combinations" (PDF), Phytoneuron, 2012–39: 1–60
  6. ↑ Beardsley, P. M.; Yen, Alan; Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "AFLP Phylogeny of Mimulus Section Erythranthe and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination". Evolution. 57 (6): 1397–1410. doi:10.1554/02-086. JSTOR 3448862. PMID 12894947. S2CID 198154155.
  7. ↑ Beardsley, P. M.; Olmstead, R. G. (2002). "Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma". American Journal of Botany. 89 (7): 1093–1102. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093. JSTOR 4122195. PMID 21665709.
  8. ↑ Beardsley, P. M.; Schoenig, Steve E.; Whittall, Justen B.; Olmstead, Richard G. (2004). "Patterns of Evolution in Western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (3): 474–4890. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.3.474. JSTOR 4123743. PMID 21653403.
  9. ↑ "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
  10. ↑ Vickery 1992
  11. 1 2 "Mimuls cardinalis". www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  12. ↑ Ramsey, Justin (2003). "Components of Reproductive Isolation Between the Monkeyflowers Mimulus Lewisii and M. Cardinalis (Phrymaceae)". Evolution. 57 (7): 1520–1534. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00360.x. PMID 12940357. S2CID 1825275.
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