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Abdul Hadi Awang

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(Redirected from Hadi Awang)

Yang Berhormat Tan Sri Dato' Seri Tuan Guru
Abdul Hadi Awang
PSM SSMT MP
عبدالهادي أواڠ
Abdul Hadi in 2024
11th Menteri Besar of Terengganu
In office
2 December 1999 – 25 March 2004
MonarchMizan Zainal Abidin
Preceded byWan Mokhtar Ahmad
Succeeded byIdris Jusoh
ConstituencyRu Rendang
8th Leader of the Opposition
In office
9 September 2002 – 2 March 2004
MonarchSyed Sirajuddin
Prime Minister
Preceded byFadzil Noor
Succeeded byLim Kit Siang
ConstituencyMarang
7th President of the Malaysian Islamic Party
Incumbent
Assumed office
12 June 2002[1]
(Acting: 12 June 2002 – 12/14 September 2003)
Deputy
Spiritual Leader
Preceded byFadzil Noor
Member of the Malaysian Parliament
for Marang
Incumbent
Assumed office
8 March 2008
Preceded byAbdul Rahman Bakar (BN–UMNO)
Majority
In office
21 October 1990 – 21 March 2004
Preceded byAbdul Rahman Bakar (BN–UMNO)
Succeeded byAbdul Rahman Bakar (BN–UMNO)
Majority
Member of the Terengganu State Legislative Assembly
for Ru Rendang
In office
3 August 1986 – 9 May 2018
Preceded byNew constituency
Succeeded byAhmad Samsuri Mokhtar (PAS)
Majority
Member of the Terengganu State Legislative Assembly
for Marang
In office
22 April 1982 – 3 August 1986
Preceded byTengku Zahid Musa (BN-UMNO)
Succeeded byConstituency abolished
Majority133 (1982)
Other Positions
2020–2022Special Envoy of Malaysia to the Middle East
Faction represented in Dewan Rakyat
1990–2004Malaysian Islamic Party
2008–2020Malaysian Islamic Party
2020–Perikatan Nasional
Faction represented in the
Terengganu State Legislative Assembly
1982–2018Malaysian Islamic Party
Personal details
BornAbdul Hadi bin Awang
(1947-10-20) 20 October 1947 (age 78)
Marang, Terengganu, Malayan Union
CitizenshipMalaysia
PartyPAS
Other political
affiliations
Spouses
  • Zainab Awang Ngah
  • Norzita Taat
Relations
Children14 (including Muhammad Khalil)
Parents
  • Awang Mohamad Abd Rahman (father)
  • Aminah Yusuf (mother)
Education
Occupation
Websitepresiden.pas.org.my/v2/

Abdul Hadi bin Awang (Jawi: عبدالهادي بن اواڠ; born 20 October 1947) is a Malaysian politician and religious teacher serving as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Marang from 1990 to 2004 and again since 2008. A president of Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), he served as the 11th Menteri Besar of Terengganu from 1999 to 2004. Hadi previously was the 8th opposition leader from 2002 to 2004 and was formerly a vice-president of the International Union of Muslim Scholars.

Born in Terengganu, Hadi received his education in neighbourhood schools before furthering his studies at the Islamic University of Madinah between 1969 and 1973, and later at Al-Azhar University.[2] Upon his return to Malaysia, he joined Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in 1977, where he quickly became its Terengganu state chief. A year later, Hadi joined PAS and contested the Marang state constituency in the 1978 general election.[3] He rose quickly through the ranks. He became the deputy president of PAS in 1989 when Fadzil Noor was elected to the party presidency. He remained as the deputy until 2002, when Fadzil died of a heart attack, resulting in Hadi succeeding him as the president of PAS and has been the longest-serving president in the party's history.

Hadi's 1981 sermon known as the Amanat Hadi, and remarks he made about Christian missionaries in 2016, have both drawn criticism; the latter led two private citizens to file a suit against him under the Sedition Act in 2020.

Early life, family and education

[edit]

Hadi was born on 20 October 1947 in Kampung Rusila, Marang, Terengganu.[4]

He studied at the Islamic University of Madinah between 1969 and 1973, graduating in Islamic shariah, and then took a master's degree at Al-Azhar University in Cairo between 1974 and 1976.[5]

Early career

[edit]

Hadi's father died in 1976, and Hadi succeeded him as khatib at the Rusila mosque, delivering the Friday sermon.[6] His Friday lectures at the mosque drew large congregations.[6]

Political career

[edit]

Early political career

[edit]

Hadi joined PAS in 1964 at the age of 17 and became a member of its central committee in 1977.[7] Hadi contested the Marang state constituency at the 1978 general election and lost by 64 votes to Tengku Zahid Tengku Musa of Barisan Nasional. He won the Marang state seat in 1982. At the 1986 general election he lost the Marang parliamentary seat while holding his state constituency, and he won and held both seats at the 1990, 1995 and 1999 general elections.[7][8]

Fadzil Noor died in June 2002 and Hadi took over as acting president that month.[9] He was confirmed in the post at the party muktamar the following year, and has led PAS since 2002.[10] He was Leader of the Opposition from 2002 to 2004, succeeding Fadzil Noor.[11]

2004 general election

[edit]

At the general election of 21 March 2004 the Barisan Nasional took 198 of the 219 parliamentary seats and recaptured Terengganu, ending Hadi's term as Menteri Besar. Hadi lost his own seat to an UMNO candidate, and PAS was displaced by the Democratic Action Party as the largest opposition party, though its share of the popular vote rose slightly, to 15.8 per cent from 15 per cent in 1999. Writing for the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Yang Razali Kassim attributed the outcome to Abdullah Ahmad Badawi's Islam Hadhari platform winning back Malay voters who had left the Barisan Nasional in 1999.[12]

Consolidation of the party presidency

[edit]

The PAS constitution vests final authority in the Syura Ulama Council, a seventeen-member appointed body of religious scholars headed by the party's spiritual leader, with the central committee acting as the body that implements its decisions.[10] After the death of the spiritual leader Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat on 12 February 2015, Hadi moved the centre of power in PAS towards the presidency. Writing for the ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, James Chai argues that this was done without amending the party constitution, and instead through the president's ability to move people between the central committee and the council, an ulama-led ideological realignment at every level of the party, and the lesser personal standing of the spiritual leaders who followed Nik Aziz.[10]

Chai further argues that Hadi decided on the party's alliances with UMNO and later with Bersatu and Perikatan Nasional without the consent of the council, moved the party's public positions to the far right, restricted internal dissent, and marginalised Nik Aziz's family within the party. The faction known as the Erdogans, who favoured an inclusive approach to Islam and the admission of members without religious scholarship to the council, lost the 2015 party elections as a bloc and left to found Parti Amanah Negara.[13][10]

Coalition alliances

[edit]

The Pakatan Rakyat opposition coalition, of which PAS was a member alongside the DAP and the People's Justice Party, broke up in 2015. An RSIS commentary attributed the collapse to recrimination over hudud between PAS and the DAP, and to the crisis inside PAS that had entrenched the conservative faction and ousted its professionals wing.[14] Hadi had sought a partnership with UMNO from 2008, a course Nik Aziz opposed. The two parties formalised the Muafakat Nasional pact on 14 September 2019. PAS joined Bersatu in Perikatan Nasional in 2020; Khairuddin Razali, a former member of the Syura Ulama Council, said the council had never discussed that alliance. Khairuddin was removed from the central committee and the council in January 2022.[13]

Syariah Courts (Criminal Jurisdiction) Bill

[edit]

On 6 April 2017 Hadi tabled a private member's bill to amend the Syariah Courts (Criminal Jurisdiction) Act 1965. It would have raised the maximum penalties available to syariah courts from three years' imprisonment, a fine of RM5,000 and six strokes of the cane to 30 years, RM100,000 and 100 strokes. The Speaker, Pandikar Amin Mulia, deferred debate to the following sitting, prompting protests from opposition members. The PAS deputy president Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man called the tabling a success.[15]

2018 general election

[edit]

At the 2018 general election the PAS popular vote rose from 1.6 million in 2013 to more than two million, while its parliamentary representation fell from 21 seats to 18. The party held Kelantan, taking nine of the state's fourteen parliamentary seats and 37 of its 45 state seats, won Terengganu from the Barisan Nasional and 15 of 36 state seats in Kedah, but its presence in Selangor, Perak and Johor was substantially reduced.[16]

2022 general election

[edit]

At the 2022 general election Hadi retained Marang with 73,115 votes and a majority of 41,729.[17] PAS contested 64 parliamentary seats and won 43, its best result and double the number it won in 1999.[10] Barisan Nasional challenged the Marang result, but the Terengganu Election Court upheld it in June 2023 and the Federal Court affirmed that decision in November 2023.[18] At the 2023 state elections PAS won 105 of the 127 seats it contested.[10]

Menteri Besar of Terengganu

[edit]

Hadi became the 11th Menteri Besar of Terengganu at the age of 52, following the general election held on 29 November 1999. PAS held 28 of the 32 seats in the state assembly.[9]

Record in office

[edit]

After PAS won the state in 1999 the federal government stopped Terengganu's oil royalty, which the state had expected to be a five per cent share of annual oil and gas production worth around RM250 million, and instead paid the money out as goodwill grants through committees it appointed. The state government sued, and the case was before the High Court in 2002.[19]

Syariah Criminal Offences (Hudud and Qisas) Enactment

[edit]

On 8 July 2002 the Terengganu State Legislative Assembly passed a bill introducing hudud criminal penalties, including amputation for theft, death by stoning for adultery and sodomy, death for apostasy, and whipping for the consumption of alcohol. The bill required four male Muslim witnesses to prove a rape, and a complainant who could not meet that standard could be charged with slander. The UMNO members walked out of the chamber as the vote was taken.[9]

Defending the bill in the assembly, Hadi said that although the penalties were "harsh and terrifying", the offences they covered were "truly evil and despicable".[9] The federal government under Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad undertook to block the enactment, as it had the comparable law passed by Kelantan in 1993. Neither law has been enforced.[9]

International involvement

[edit]

International Union of Muslim Scholars

[edit]

Hadi became a vice-president of the International Union of Muslim Scholars in 2014. His tenure ended in 2018, after he was censured in 2016 for attending a conference in Iran.[20] In 2017 Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain designated the union a terrorist organisation. Hadi attributed the listing to diplomatic disputes between states in the region and said he had not been prevented from performing the umrah.[20]

Special envoy to the Middle East

[edit]

In 2020 Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin appointed Hadi as special envoy to the Middle East, a post carrying ministerial status.[6] On 4 February 2022, during a working visit approved by the prime minister on 28 January, Hadi met representatives of the Taliban in Doha in a meeting facilitated by the Qatari government. Foreign Minister Saifuddin Abdullah said the engagement did not amount to Malaysian recognition of the Taliban administration and was intended to help avert a humanitarian collapse in Afghanistan.[21]

Palestine

[edit]

In January 2023 the Hamas political bureau chairman Ismail Haniyeh publicly thanked Hadi for his work on the Palestinian cause, during a visit to the Hamas office in Doha by PAS and PASRelief delegations led by Hadi's eldest son, Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi.[22] After the explosion at a Gaza City hospital in October 2023, Hadi blamed "Israel's Zionist regime" and said that "the world's leaders and people must rise in the spirit of jihad to defend Palestine".[23]

Controversies and issues

[edit]

Amanat Hadi

[edit]

The Amanat Hadi is an address Hadi delivered in Kuala Terengganu in 1981, in which he described UMNO as an enemy that had to be opposed.[24] An excerpt of the address circulated among PAS members in which, according to Malay Mail, he called UMNO and Barisan Nasional supporters infidels and called for a jihad against them.[25]

On 19 November 1985 a police force of 576 attempted to arrest the PAS figure Ibrahim Mahmood at his home in Kampung Memali, Baling. Fourteen villagers and four police officers died. Mahathir Mohamad linked the Amanat Hadi to the incident. The PAS central committee member Kamaruzaman Mohamad rejected that account, attributing the deaths to the conduct of the security forces and calling for a royal commission of inquiry.[25]

The address was declared haram in 2002. By September 2021 no record of that ruling could be found in the national fatwa database maintained by Jakim, which did not answer questions about its removal. The PAS deputy president Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man said that to his knowledge there had never been any fatwa on the speech.[24]

Remarks on Christian missionaries

[edit]

Hadi has alleged that Christian missionaries brought their work to Malaysia only after failing in the West, writing that "Christianity is no longer saleable in countries where the education level is high". He said preachers backed down from debates with Muslim counterparts because "they know they would lose", and described this as "transgression in the name of religion". The article appeared in the PAS newspaper Harakah on 18 January 2016.[26]

In December 2020 two Sabahans, Maklin Masiau and Lawrence Jomiji Kinsil, filed a suit in the High Court in Kuala Lumpur asking the court to find that Hadi had breached Section 3 of the Sedition Act through those remarks. They said they had brought the action because the public prosecutor had not charged him in the four years since publication.[27] Hadi applied to have the summons struck out.[28]

Remarks on non-Muslims

[edit]

In an opinion piece published on 7 June 2023, Hadi wrote that non-Muslims should be grateful for the citizenship they had been granted in Malaysia and should not challenge the position of Islam or threaten Malay-Muslim leadership. He added that non-Muslims had been given posts in the Cabinet and the government in matters unconnected to religion.[29]

Remarks about Joe Biden

[edit]

On 30 January 2021 the former deputy foreign minister Marzuki Yahya criticised Hadi for saying that a new president in the White House was meaningless for the Islamic world because Joe Biden would continue Zionist-influenced policies, and that the only difference between Biden and Donald Trump was Biden's softer approach. Marzuki said the remarks could be read as an attempt to disrupt relations between Malaysia and the United States.[30]

Writings

[edit]

By 2018, according to the PAS newspaper Harakah Daily, Hadi had published 108 works, grouped into nine categories: PAS policy speeches (16), Islamic creed (13), movement education (4), Quranic exegesis (14), fiqh of the prophetic biography (5), Islamic politics (23), Islamic jurisprudence (6), collected sermons, speeches and papers (15), and miscellaneous works (12).[31] His best-known work is Fiqh al-Harakah dari Sirah Nabawiyah, first published in 1987 by Dewan Pustaka Fajar in Kuala Lumpur, which derives principles for Islamic political movements from the life of Muhammad.[31]

Personal life

[edit]

Hadi's eldest son is Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi, who has led PAS delegations abroad.[22]

Health

[edit]

Hadi was admitted to the National Heart Institute on 15 February 2021 and discharged four days later; his son Muhammad Khalil attributed the admission to a heavy schedule and fatigue.[32] Hadi was admitted to hospital on 1 July 2023 for treatment.[33] On 2 July the deputy Menteri Besar of Kelantan and PAS vice-president Mohd Amar Abdullah said Hadi had been moved out of the cardiac care unit to a regular ward after his condition improved.[34] He underwent a further medical procedure on 17 June 2025 which was reported as successful, with visits restricted during his recovery. He was 77 at the time and had been receiving dialysis.[35]

Election results

[edit]
Parliament of Malaysia
Year Constituency Candidate Votes Pct Opponent(s) Votes Pct Ballots cast Majority Turnout
1982 P036 Dungun Abdul Hadi Awang (PAS) 10,172 42.46% Awang Abdul Jabar (UMNO) 13,447 56.13% 24,789 3,275 79.79%
Abdul Hamid Embong (PSRM) 337 1.41%
1986 P034 Marang Abdul Hadi Awang (PAS) 13,015 48.80% Abdul Rahman Bakar (UMNO) 13,654 51.20% 27,433 639 82.61%
1990 Abdul Hadi Awang (PAS) 17,736 49.98% Abdul Rahman Bakar (UMNO) 17,575 49.53% 36,172 161 84.70%
Wan Deraman Wan Nik (IND) 176 0.50%
1995 P037 Marang Abdul Hadi Awang (PAS) 21,945 51.03% Abdul Rahman Bakar (UMNO) 21,063 48.97% 44,212 882 81.69%
1999 Abdul Hadi Awang (PAS) 30,183 63.18% Muda Mamat (UMNO) 17,483 36.60% 48,611 12,700 83.05%
2004 Abdul Hadi Awang (PAS) 27,913 49.56% Abdul Rahman Bakar (UMNO) 28,076 49.85% 57,186 163 88.84%
2008 Abdul Hadi Awang (PAS) 33,435 52.08% Ahmad Ramzi Mohamad Zubir (UMNO) 30,688 47.80% 65,008 2,747 86.89%
2013 Abdul Hadi Awang (PAS) 42,984 53.04% Yahya Khatib Mohamad (UMNO) 37,860 46.72% 81,836 5,124 90.13%
2018 Abdul Hadi Awang (PAS) 53,749 59.27% Mohamad Nor Endut (UMNO) 31,795 35.06% 92,046 21,954 87.75%
Zarawi Sulong (AMANAH) 5,138 5.67%
2022 Abdul Hadi Awang (PAS) 73,115 67.04% Jasmira Othman (UMNO) 31,386 28.78% 110,312 41,729 82.78%
Azhar Abdul Shukur (AMANAH) 4,140 3.80%
Zarawi Sulong (PUTRA) 427 0.39%
Terengganu State Legislative Assembly
Year Constituency Candidate Votes Pct Opponent(s) Votes Pct Ballots cast Majority Turnout
1978 N21 Marang Abdul Hadi Awang (PAS) 2,618 49.36% Tengku Zahid Musa (UMNO) 2,686 50.64% 7,142 68
1982 Abdul Hadi Awang (PAS) 3,606 50.94% Tengku Zahid Musa (UMNO) 3,473 49.06% 7,251 133 85.33%
1986 N19 Ru Rendang Abdul Hadi Awang (PAS) 3,470 54.14% Abdul Latif Muda (UMNO) 2,939 45.86% 6,567 531 82.68%
1990 Abdul Hadi Awang (PAS) 4,750 54.93% Abdul Latif Muda (UMNO) 3,897 45.07% 8,799 853 83.54%
1995 Abdul Hadi Awang (PAS) 6,285 56.24% Abu Bakar Othman (UMNO) 4,891 43.76% 11,348 1,394 80.73%
1999 Abdul Hadi Awang (PAS) 7,881 66.02% Tengku Zainuddin Tengku Zahid (UMNO) 4,038 33.83% 12,125 3,843 81.37%
2004 Abdul Hadi Awang (PAS) 7,736 54.06% Tengku Zainuddin Tengku Zahid (UMNO) 6,301 44.04% 14,446 1,435 89.38%
2008 Abdul Hadi Awang (PAS) 9,379 58.36% Razali Idris (UMNO) 6,693 41.64% 16,209 2,686 86.23%
2013 Abdul Hadi Awang (PAS) 11,468 56.83% Nik Dir Nik Wan Ku (UMNO) 8,649 42.86% 20,347 2,819 89.78%

Selected bibliography

[edit]

International recognition

[edit]

Abdul Hadi Awang has been listed as one of the world's 500 most influential Muslims by The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre based in Amman, Jordan. He was given this recognition in the category of Preachers & Spiritual Guides The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims 2016 edition.[36]

Honours

[edit]

Honours of Malaysia

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ "12 Jun 2002 : Tuan Guru Haji Abdul Hadi Awang Pangku Jawatan Presiden PAS". 12 June 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2025.
  2. ↑ Hooker, Othman, Clive (2003), pp. 232–3
  3. ↑ Haddad, Voll, Esposito (1991), pg 50
  4. ↑ "Abdul Hadi Awang: profil dan sumbangan" (in Malay). PAS Terengganu. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  5. ↑ Hooker, Othman, Clive (2003), pp. 232-3
  6. 1 2 3 "Datuk Seri Abdul Hadi bin Awang". The Muslim 500. Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  7. 1 2 Kamarulnizam, Abdullah. "Hadi Awang and his politics — beyond the hudud tag". Malaysiakini. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  8. ↑ Haddad, Voll, Esposito (1991), pg 50
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 "Malaysian state passes Islamic law". BBC News. 8 July 2002. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chai, James (23 October 2023). "Abdul Hadi Awang Enhances His Power as PAS President and Drives the Party to the Far-Right" (PDF). ISEAS Perspective (2023/85). ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  11. ↑ "Hadi ada kelebihan, pernah jadi ketua pembangkang, PAS jawab penganalisis". Free Malaysia Today (in Malay). 8 December 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  12. ↑ Yang Razali, Kassim (5 April 2004). "Enter The Badawi Era: Implications of Malaysia's General Election 2004". RSIS Commentary CO04010. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  13. 1 2 Chai, James (2023). "Abdul Hadi Awang Enhances His Power as PAS President and Drives the Party to the Far-Right". Fulcrum, ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  14. ↑ "Najib and Malaysian Politics in Crisis: Whither UMNO and the Opposition?". RSIS Commentary CO15161. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  15. ↑ "Act 355 tabled, debate deferred to next sitting". Malaysiakini. 6 April 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  16. ↑ Norshahril, Saat (2019). "Kelantan: PAS Settles in on the Balcony of Mecca". In Hutchinson, Francis E.; Lee, Hwok Aun (eds.). The Defeat of Barisan Nasional: Missed Signs or Late Surge?. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.
  17. ↑ "GE15: Perikatan's Hadi, Takiyuddin win big in the east coast". The Star. 20 November 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  18. ↑ Lim, Ida (15 November 2023). "Federal Court affirms Abdul Hadi's GE15 Marang victory". Malay Mail. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  19. ↑ "Oily matters may see T'ganu slipping from PAS". Malaysiakini. 2002. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  20. 1 2 "Is Hadi Awang banned from Saudi? Here's how his old group got on the terror list". Malay Mail. 1 August 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  21. ↑ "Hadi's meet with Taliban delegates approved by PM, says Saifuddin". The Star. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  22. 1 2 "PAS president earns accolade from HAMAS for Palestinian justice strive". Focus Malaysia. 27 January 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  23. ↑ "Israel-Hamas war: Malaysia, Indonesia urge immediate Gaza ceasefire after hospital blast". South China Morning Post. 18 October 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  24. 1 2 "Jakim stays mum on missing fatwa against Hadi's 1981 speech". Free Malaysia Today. 6 September 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  25. 1 2 "Hadi not responsible for Memali tragedy, PAS says". Malay Mail. 5 May 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  26. ↑ "Christianity rejected by the educated, says Hadi". Free Malaysia Today. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  27. ↑ Lim, Ida (15 December 2020). "Two Christian Sabahans sue Hadi, want court to declare him unfit for minister-level post over alleged seditious remark". Malay Mail. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  28. ↑ "Hadi Awang applies to strike out suit over alleged seditious remark against Christians". Malay Mail. 29 January 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  29. ↑ "Hadi: Non-Muslims must be grateful for being given a place here, should just let Malays continue leading country". Malay Mail. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  30. ↑ Bakar, Adam Abu (30 January 2021). "Hadi under fire after unfriendly remarks about Joe Biden". Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  31. 1 2 "Koleksi karya Tuan Guru Abdul Hadi". Harakah Daily (in Malay). 1 November 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  32. ↑ "PAS president Hadi Awang discharged from IJN". Malay Mail. 19 February 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  33. ↑ "Abdul Hadi admitted to hospital, son asks well-wishers to pray for his health". The Star. 1 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  34. ↑ "Hadi's condition improves, moved to regular ward". The Star. 2 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  35. ↑ "Hadi Awang recovering after successful medical procedure". The Star. 17 June 2025. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  36. ↑ "The Muslim 500: The World's Most Influential Muslims (2016 Edition)" (PDF).
  37. ↑ "Former Chief Justice and ex-FELDA chairman head King's birthday honours list". The Edge Markets. 13 November 2021. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  38. ↑ "SEMAKAN PENERIMA DARJAH KEBESARAN, BINTANG DAN PINGAT". Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2018.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Farish Ahmad Noor, Islam Embedded: The Historical Development of the Democratic Action Party DAP, 1951–2003, Malaysian Sociological Research Institute, 2004, ISBN 983-99866-8-6
  • Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck, Voll, John Obert, Esposito, John L., The Contemporary Islamic Revival: A Critical Survey and Bibliography, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991, ISBN 0-313-24719-6
  • Hooker, Virginia Matheson, Othman, Norani, Kessler, Clive S., Malaysia: Islam, Society and Politics, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003, ISBN 981-230-161-5
  • Saw, Swee-Hock, K. Kesavapany, Malaysia: Recent Trends and Challenges, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2006, ISBN 981-230-339-1
[edit]
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