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Gryphaea

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(Redirected from Gryphaea dilobotes)

Gryphaea
Temporal range: 237–154.8 Ma Carnian - Oxfordian
Gryphaea sp. from Redcar, England
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Ostreida
Superfamily: Ostreoidea
Family: Gryphaeidae
Genus: †Gryphaea
Lamarck, 1801
Type species
†Gryphaea arcuata
Lamarck, 1801

Gryphaea (commonly known as devil's toenails) is a genus of marine gryphaeid oysters known from the Mesozoic Era. Its fossils are almost worldwide-known but they are mostly common in Jurassic strata from Europe, North America, and South America.[1][2][3] Gryphaea fossils are particularly important in the tectonically deformed Andean basins of Argentina and Chile and serve as index fossils.[4][5][6] Gryphaea species appeared during the Late Triassic period and flourished during the Early Jurassic, eventually becoming extinct around the Late Jurassic.[7][8] The name "devil's toenail" originated because of the curved shells of Gryphaea resembling a toenail. There used to be a common folk belief that carrying one of these fossils could prevent rheumatism.[9][10]

A complete Gryphaea shell consists of two articulated valves: a larger gnarly-shaped valve and a smaller, flattened valve. The soft parts of the animal occupied the cavity between the two shells, just like modern oysters. The larger, curved valve sat within the soft sediment on the sea floor. In seabeds dominated by soft sediments, Gryphaea shells provided stable surfaces for colonization by benthic organisms.[11] The shells also feature prominent growth bands and some of them can provide sclerochronological measurements.[12] Some species of Gryphaea reacted greatly to the paleoenvironments in which they lived, such as G. arcuata, where cold marine environments favored the formation of thicker shells and warmer environments produced thinner shells.[13][14] Gryphaea lived on the sea bed in shallow waters, likely in large colonies.[15] It has been suggested that Gryphaea and similar bivalves became extinct near the Cretaceous due to the evolution of durophagous predators and the increasing reworking of sediments which negatively affected their reclining mode of life on the sea floor.[8] [16]

The material from Cretaceous units referred to Gryphaea (G. accipiter, G. newberryi, G. convexa, among others)[17][18][19][20][21] has been progressively separated from this genus and reassigned to separate taxa, namely Pycnodonte and Texigryphaea, based on different geological ages and evolutionary history, as well as distinct morphology.[22][23] The bulk of the evolutionary history and diversification of Gryphaea, which started in the Late Triassic, in strict sense is restricted to the Jurassic.[24][7][25][26][27]

Species

[edit]
SpeciesEpochOccurrence
† Gryphaea arcuataeformis (Kiparisova, 1936)[28]Carnian Reported from Late Carnian strata of northeast Oregon, Late Carnian and Norian Pardonet Formation of northeast British Columbia, and also the Early Carnian-Middle? Norian Shublik Formation and the Norian Farewell Terrane from Alaska. The species has also been reported to occur in Late Carnian units of the Sverdrup Basin at Canada, and from Late Carnian-Middle Norian strata in Siberia. G. arcuataeformis accounts for the oldest known Gryphaea species with diagnostic characters.[7][29][30]
Norian
† Gryphaea nevadensis (McRoberts, 1992)[29] Norian Occurs at the Cedar Mountains of west-central Nevada in Early Norian strata of the Luning Formation.[29]
† Gryphaea arcuata (Lamarck, 1801)[31]Hettangian Occurs in multiple localities and units across Hettangian-Sinemurian units and biostratigraphic zones of Europe where it remains as the best documented species of Gryphaea. This species accounts for the prime reference/depiction of this taxon in literature and media.[2][7][32][33]
Sinemurian
† Gryphaea mccullochii (Sowerby, 1829)[34] Sinemurian Known from Sinemurian-Pliensbachian beds of Scottland and England. Constitutes an evolutionary lineage from G. arcuata.[2]
Pliensbachian
† Gryphaea gigantea (Sowerby, 1823)[34] Pliensbachian A large-sized species that occurs in Late Pliensbachian beds of England and Hungary. Constitutes an evolutionary lineage from G. arcuata.[2][35]
† Gryphaea darwinii (Forbes, 1846)[36]Hettangian Occurs in the Jurassic (Hettangian-Toarcian) localities of the Atacama Region of Chile attributable to the Lautaro Formation.[37][38][39][5][40] Specimens from Sinemurian levels of the Canto del Agua Formation at San José (Huasco) have been compared to this species.[41] It is considered an index fossil for Chile.[5]
Sinemurian
Pliensbachian
Toarcian
† Gryphaea apiculata (Rubilar, 2005)[42] Bajocian Reported from the Middle Bajocian beds of Quebrada El Asiento near El Salvador, Chile.[42]
† Gryphaea varillasensis (Rubilar, 2005)[42]Bajocian Known specimens have been recovered from Late Early Bajocian-Late Bathonian units at Quebrada Las Varillas, near Salar de Pedernales, Chile.[42]
Bathonian
† Gryphaea oxytropis (Philippi, 1899)[43]Bajocian Represents an index fossil in South America and occurs in Jurassic (Bajocian-Callovian) localities across Argentina and Chile.[43][44][42][5]
Bathonian
Callovian
† Gryphaea euteicha (Rubilar, 2005)[42]Bathonian Occurs in Late Bathonian and Callovian beds at Quebrada Las Varillas and Quebrada El Asiento, near El Salvador and Salar de Pedernales, Chile.[42]
Callovian
† Gryphaea dilatata (Sowerby, 1816)[45]Callovian Widespread species known to occur in Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian) units and localities of Europe and North America.[46][47]
Oxfordian

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Trueman, A. E. (1922). "The Use of Gryphaea in the Correlation of the Lower Lias". Geological Magazine. 59 (6): 256−268. Bibcode:1922GeoM...59..256T. doi:10.1017/s0016756800109690.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Hallem, A. (1968). "Morphology, palaeoecology and evolution of the genus Gryphaea in the British Lias". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 254 (792): 91−128. Bibcode:1968RSPTB.254...91H. doi:10.1098/rstb.1968.0014.
  3. ↑ Hallam, A. (1982). "Patterns of speciation in Jurassic Gryphaea". Paleobiology. 8 (4): 354−366. Bibcode:1982Pbio....8..354H. doi:10.1017/S0094837300007107.
  4. ↑ Leanza, A. F. (1942). "Los pelecípodos del Lias de Piedra Pintada en el Neuquén" (PDF). Revista del Museo de La Plata (Nueva Serie). 2 (10): 143−245.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Rubilar, A. R. (2008). "Las ostras fósiles del Mesozoico en Chile". In Rubilar, A. R.; Rubilar, D. R.; Gutstein, C. S. (eds.). I Simposio Paleontología en Chile: Libro de Actas. Santiago: MNHN. pp. 33−38. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.2258.4088.
  6. ↑ Bressan, G. S.; Palma, R. M. (2010). "Taphonomic analysis of fossil concentrations from La Manga Formation (Oxfordian), Neuquén Basin, Mendoza Province, Argentina". Journal of Iberian Geology. 36 (1): 55−71.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Stenzel, H. B.; Cox, L. R. (1971). "Oysters". In Moore, R. C. (ed.). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part N, Mollusca 6. Vol. 3. Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America and University of Kansas. pp. 953−1224.
  8. 1 2 LaBarbera, M. (1981). "The ecology of Mesozoic Gryphaea, Exogyra, and Ilymatogyra (Bivalvia: Mollusca) in a modern ocean". Paleobiology. 7 (4): 510−526. Bibcode:1981Pbio....7..510L. doi:10.1017/S0094837300025550.
  9. ↑ Taylor, P. D. (2002). "Fossils in folklore". Geology Today. 14 (4): 142−145. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2451.1998.014004142.x.
  10. ↑ Forli, M. F.; Guerrini, A. (2022). "Bivalvia: Devil's Nails, Reflections Between Superstition and Science". In Forli, M. F.; Guerrini, A. (eds.). The History of Fossils Over Centuries: From Folklore to Science. pp. 181−206. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04687-2. ISBN 978-3-031-04686-5.
  11. ↑ Radley, J. D. (2006). "Grazing Bioerosion on Oyster Concentrations (Lower and Middle Jurassic, England)". Ichnos. 13 (1): 47−50. Bibcode:2006Ichno..13...47R. doi:10.1080/10420940500516339.
  12. ↑ Jones, D. S.; Gould, S. J. (1999). "Direct measurement of age in fossil Gryphaea: the solution to a classic problem in heterochrony". Paleobiology. 25 (2): 158−187. Bibcode:1999Pbio...25..158J. doi:10.1017/S0094837300026488.
  13. ↑ Bayer, U.; Johnson, A. L. A.; Brannan, J. (2005). "Ecological patterns in middle Jurassic Gryphaea: The relationship between form and environment". Sedimentary and Evolutionary Cycles: 436−463. doi:10.1007/BFb0009855.
  14. ↑ Nori, L.; Lathuiliére, B. (2003). "Form and environment of Gryphaea arcuata". Lethaia. 36 (2): 83−96. Bibcode:2003Letha..36...83N. doi:10.1080/00241160310003081.
  15. ↑ Radley, J. D. (2005). "Gryphaea beds (upper Scunthorpe Mudstone Formation; Lower Jurassic) at Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire, north-east England". Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society. 57 (2): 107−112. doi:10.1144/pygs.57.2.107.
  16. ↑ Phipps, K. J. (2008). "Evidence of predation on Gryphaea (Bilobissa) lituola Lamarck, 1819 from the Oxford Clay Formation of South Cave Station Quarry, Yorkshire". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 119 (3–4): 277−285. Bibcode:2008PrGA..119..277P. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(08)80306-9.
  17. ↑ Anderson, F. M. (1958). "Upper Cretaceous of the Pacific Coast" (PDF). The Geological Society of America. Geological Society of America Memoirs. 71 (4): 1−359. Bibcode:1958GSAMm..71....1A. doi:10.1130/MEM71-p1.
  18. ↑ Kellum, L. B.; Appelt, K. E. (1964). "Two Gastropods from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) of Coahuila, Mexico". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 19 (2): 14−22.
  19. ↑ Stokes, W. L. (1964). "Color Markings of Fossil Gryphaea from the Cretaceous of Utah and New Jersey". Journal of Paleontology. 38 (5): 889−890. JSTOR 1301608.
  20. ↑ Beddoes Jr., L. R. (1959). "Foraminiferal Populations of the Goodland Formation, Tarrant County, Texas". Field and Laboratory. 27 (2): 51−71.
  21. ↑ Martha, S. O.; Taylor, P. D.; Rader, W. L. (2019). "Early Cretaceous cyclostome bryozoans from the early to middle Albian of the Glen Rose and Walnut formations of Texas, USA". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (2): 244−259. Bibcode:2019JPal...93..244M. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.79. JSTOR 48572524.
  22. ↑ Kues, B. S. (1989). "Taxonomy and variability of three Texigryphaea (Bivalvia) species from their Lower Cretaceous (Albian) type localities in New Mexico and Oklahoma". Journal of Paleontology. 63 (4): 454−483. Bibcode:1989JPal...63..454K. doi:10.1017/S0022336000019697.
  23. ↑ Kosenko, I. N. (2018). "The origin of the Pycnodonteinae and relationship between gryphaeas and true pycnodontes" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 63 (4): 769−778. doi:10.4202/app.00494.2018.
  24. ↑ Stenzel, H. B. (1959). Cretaceous oysters of southwestern North America. International Geological Congress. pp. 15−37.
  25. ↑ Harry, H. W. (1985). "Synopsis of the supraspecific classification of living oysters (Bivalvia: Gryphaeidae and Ostreidae)". The Veliger. 28: 121−158.
  26. ↑ Malchus, N. (1990). "Revision der Kreide-Austern (Bivalvia, Pteriomorphia) Ägyptens (Biostratigraphie, Systematik)". Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen. 125: 1−231.
  27. ↑ Cooper, M. R. (1990). "Pycnodonteine oysters from the Upper Cretaceous of Zululand". Durban Museum Novitates. 17: 23−57.
  28. ↑ Kiparisova, L. D. (1936). "Upper Triassic pelecypods from the Kolyma-Indigirka land". Transactions of the Arctic Institute. 30: 71−136.
  29. 1 2 3 Mcroberts, C. A. (1992). "Systematics and paleobiogeography of Late Triassic Gryphaea (Bivalvia) from the North American Cordillera". Journal of Paleontology. 66 (1): 28−39. Bibcode:1992JPal...66...28M. doi:10.1017/S0022336000033461.
  30. ↑ McRoberts, C. A.; Blodgett, R. B. (2000). "Late Triassic (Norian) Mollusks From the Taylor Mountains Quadrangle, Southwestern Alaska" (PDF). Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska. 1662: 55−75.
  31. ↑ Lamarck, J.-B.-P.-A (1801). "Systême des animaux sans vertèbres; ou, Tableau général des classes, des classes, des orres et des genres de ces animaux" (PDF). Muséum d'Hist. Naturelle (16). doi:10.5962/bhl.title.14255.
  32. ↑ Simms, M. J.; Chidlaw, N.; Morton, N.; Page, K. N. (2004). "British Lower Jurassic stratigraphy: an introduction" (PDF). In Gallois, R. (ed.). British Lower Jurassic Stratigraphy. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. pp. 1−50.
  33. ↑ Simms, M. J.; Chidlaw, N.; Morton, N.; Page, K. N. (2004). "The Hebrides Basin" (PDF). In Gallois, R. (ed.). British Lower Jurassic Stratigraphy. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. pp. 313−370.
  34. 1 2 Sowerby, J. D. C. (1823–46). "The mineral conchology of Great Britain". Smithsonian Libraries and Archives. 4. London.
  35. ↑ Szente, I.; Vörös, A. (1992). "A Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) Bivalve Faunula from the Harsány-hegy: First Record of the Domerian Substage from the Villány Hills (southern Hungary)" (PDF). Fragmenta Mineralogica et Palaeontologica. 15: 95–106.
  36. ↑ Forbes, E. (1846). "Descriptions of secondary fossils shells from America". Geological Observations on South America (PDF). Vol. First Edition. pp. 265−268.
  37. ↑ Aberhan, M. (1993). "Faunal replacement in the Early Jurassic of northern Chile: implications for the evolution in Mesozoic benthic shelf ecosystems". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 103 (3–4): 155−177. Bibcode:1993PPP...103..155A. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(93)90141-5.
  38. ↑ Aberhan, M. (1994). "Early Jurassic Bivalvia of northern Chile, Part I: Subclasses Palaeotaxodonta, Pteriomorphia, and Isofilibranchia". Beringeria. 13: 3−115.
  39. ↑ Malchus, N.; Aberhan, M. (1998). "Transitional gryphaeate/exogyrate oysters (Bivalvia: Gryphaeidae) from the Lower Jurassic of northern Chile". Journal of Paleontology. 72 (4): 619−631. Bibcode:1998JPal...72..619M. doi:10.1017/S0022336000040348. JSTOR 1306690.
  40. ↑ Martínez, F.; Arriagada, C.; Mpodozis, C.; Peña, M. (2012). "The Lautaro Basin: A record of inversion tectonics in northern Chile" (PDF). Andean Geology. 39 (2): 258−278. Bibcode:2012AndGe..39b...4M. doi:10.5027/andgeoV39n2-a04. hdl:10533/138798.
  41. ↑ Arévalo, C. V.; Welkner, D. B. (2008). "Geología del Área Carrizal Bajo-Chacritas, Región de Atacama, Escala 1:100000". Carta Geológica de Chile (111): 1−67.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rubilar, A. R. (2005). "Heterochrony in Middle Jurassic species of Gryphaea (Ostreoidea, Gryphaeidae) from southern South America" (PDF). Geologica Acta. 3 (2): 185−203. doi:10.1344/105.000001407.
  43. 1 2 Philippi, R. A. (1899). Los Fósiles Secundarios de Chile. Primera Parte. Santiago: Gobierno de Chile. pp. 1−104.
  44. ↑ Rubilar, A. R. (1998). La Superfamilia Ostreacea en Chile y su importancia cronoestratigráfica, paleogeográfica y paleoecológica (Triásico Superior – Jurásico) (Doctoral thesis). Argentina: Universidad Nacional de La Plata. pp. 1−363.
  45. ↑ Sowerby, J. D. C. (1815–18). "The mineral conchology of Great Britain". Smithsonian Libraries and Archives. 2. London.
  46. ↑ Hallam, A.; Gould, S. J. (1975). "The evolution of British and American Middle and Upper Jurassic Gryphaea: a biometric study". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences. 189 (1097): 511−542. Bibcode:1975RSPSB.189..511H. doi:10.1098/rspb.1975.0071.
  47. ↑ Pakhnevich, A.; Nikolayev, D.; Lychagina, T. (2022). "Crystallographic Texture of the Mineral Matter in the Bivalve Shells of Gryphaea dilatata Sowerby, 1816". Biology. 11 (9): 1300. doi:10.3390/biology11091300. PMC 9495870. PMID 36138779.
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