Galik alphabet

Galik
*Ali Gali*
Galik; Ali Gali
Script type	Alphabet
Creator	Ayuush Güüsh
Period	16th century
Languages	Mongolian, Tibetan, Sanskrit
Related scripts
Parent systems	Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Syriac alphabet Sogdian alphabet Old Uyghur alphabet Mongolian script Galik; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Sister systems	Clear script; Vagindra script
	This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

The Galik script (Mongolian: Али-гали үсэг, Ali-gali üseg) is an extension to the traditional Mongolian script. It was created in 1587 by the translator and scholar Ayuush Güüsh (Mongolian: Аюуш гүүш), inspired by the third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso. He added extra characters for transcribing Tibetan and Sanskrit terms when translating religious texts, and later also from Chinese. Some of those characters are still in use today for writing foreign names.^[1]

Some authors (particularly historic ones like Isaac Taylor in his The Alphabet: an account of the origin and development of letters, 1883) don't distinguish between the Galik and standard Mongolian alphabets.

Rendering

Reference image	Browser-rendered text	Transliteration
	ᠾᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ	ha‑a

Letters

The order of the letters corresponds to the alphabetic order of Sanskrit.^[2]^: 28

Vowels^[3]^{: 61–63, 241–243}^[2]^: 26–28^[4]^: 233^[1]^: 37
Mongolian script^{[note 1]}	Devanagari script	IAST	Tibetan script	Wylie (EWTS)^{[note 2]}
ᠠ᠋ a	अ	a	ཨ	a
ᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ a‑a ^{[note 3]}	आ / ा	ā	ཨཱ	A
ᠢ i	इ / ि	i	ཨི	i
ᠢᠢ ii	ई / ी	ī	ཨཱི	I
⟨ᠦ᠋⟩	उ / ु	u	ཨུ	u
⟨ᠤᠦ⟩	ऊ / ू	ū	ཨཱུ	U
ᠷᠢ ri	ऋ / ृ	ṛ	རྀ	r-i
ᠷᠢᠢ rii	ॠ / ॄ	ṝ	རཱྀ	r-I
ᠯᠢ li	ऌ / ॢ	ḷ	ལྀ	l-i
ᠯᠢᠢ lii	ॡ / ॣ	ḹ	ལཱྀ	l-I
ᠧ ē/é	ए / े	e	ཨེ	e
ᠧᠧ ēē/éé	ऐ / ै	ai	ཨཻ	ai
⟨ᠣᠸᠠ⟩	ओ / ो	o	ཨོ	o
⟨ᠣᠸᠸᠠ⟩ ^{[note 4]}	औ / ौ	au	ཨཽ	au
ᢀ᠋ᠠ᠋	अं	aṃ	ཨཾ	aM
ᠠ᠋ᢁ	अः	aḥ	ཨཿ	aH

Consonants^[3]^{: 64–69, 189–194, 244–255}^[2]^: 26–28^[4]^{: 234–239}^[1]^: 37
Mongolian script^{[note 1]}^{[note 5]}	Devanagari	IAST	Tibetan	Wylie (EWTS)
ᢉᠠ	क	ka	ཀ	ka
ᢉᠠ / ᠻᠠ ka/kha	ख	kha	ཁ	kha
ᠺᠠ ga/ka	ग	ga	ག	ga
ᠺᠾᠠ᠋ gha/kha	घ	gha	གྷ	g+ha
⟨ᠡᠭᠡ⟩ / ᢊᠠ᠋ / ᢊᢇ	ङ	ṅa	ང	nga
ᡔᠠ᠋ / ᠴᠠ᠋	—	—	ཅ	ca
ᡓᠠ᠋ / ᢋᠠ᠋ / ᢖᠠ᠋ / ᠽᠠ᠋	च	ca	ཙ	tsa
ᠴᠠ᠋ ča	—	—	ཆ	cha
ᠼᠠ᠋ ca	छ	cha	ཚ	tsha
ᡔᠠ᠋ / ᢋᠠ᠋	—	—	ཇ	ja
⟨ᢋᠠ᠋ ~ ᢖᠠ᠋⟩^? / ᠽᠠ᠋	ज	ja	ཛ	dza
⟨ᢋᠾᠠ᠋ ~ ᢖᠾᠠ᠋⟩^? / ᠽᠾᠠ᠋	झ	jha	ཛྷ	dz+ha
ᡛᠠ᠋	ञ	ña	ཉ	nya
ᢌᠠ᠋	ट	ṭa	ཊ	Ta
⟨ᡂᠠ᠋⟩ / ᢍᠠ᠋	ठ	ṭha	ཋ	Tha
ᢎᠠ᠋	ड	ḍa	ཌ	Da
ᢎᠾᠠ᠋	ढ	ḍha	ཌྷ	D+ha
ᢏᠠ᠋	ण	ṇa	ཎ	Na
⟨ᠳ᠋ᠠ᠋⟩ / ᢐᠠ᠋	त	ta	ཏ	ta
ᠲᠠ᠋ ta	थ	tha	ཐ	tha
ᠳ᠋ᠠ᠋ da / ᢑᠠ᠋	द	da	ད	da
ᠳ᠋ᠾᠠ᠋ dha / ᢑᠾᠠ᠋	ध	dha	དྷ	d+ha
ᠨ᠋ᠠ᠋/ᠨᠠ᠋ na	न	na	ན	na
ᢒᠠ	प	pa	པ	pa
ᠪᠠ ba / ᠹᠠ fa / ᢓᠠ	फ	pha	ཕ	pha
ᠪᠠ ba	ब	ba	བ	ba
ᠪᠾᠠ᠋ bha	भ	bha	བྷ	b+ha
ᠮᠠ᠋ ma	म	ma	མ	ma
ᠶ᠋ᠠ᠋/ᠶᠠ᠋ ya	य	ya	ཡ	ya
ᠷᠠ᠋ ra	र	ra	ར	ra
ᠯᠠ᠋ la	ल	la	ལ	la
ᡀᠠ᠋ lha	—	—	ལྷ	lha
ᠸᠠ᠋ wa/va	व	va	ཝ	wa
ᢕᠠ᠋	—	—	ཞ	zha
⟨ᠰ᠋ᠠ᠋⟩ / ᠱᠠ᠋ ša	श	śa	ཤ	sha
ᢔᠠ᠋	ष	ṣa	ཥ	Sha
ᠰᠠ᠋ sa	स	sa	ས	sa
ᠾᠠ᠋ ha	ह	ha	ཧ	ha
ᢖᠠ᠋^? / ⟨ᢋᠠ᠋ ~ ᢖᠠ᠋⟩^?	—	—	ཟ	za
ᢗᠠ᠋	—	—	འ	'a
ᢉᢔᠠ᠋	क्ष	kṣa	ཀྵ	k+Sha

Symbols and diacritics

Symbols and diacritics^[3]^{: 63, 131, 133, 135}
Forms	Name	Examples
Forms	Name	Mongolian	Tibetan equivalent
ᢀ	Anusvara One	ᢀᠠ᠋	ཨྃ
ᢀ᠋	Anusvara One	ᢀᠠ᠋	ཨྃ
ᢁ	Visarga One	ᠠ᠋ᢁ	ཨཿ
ᢁ᠋	Visarga One	ᠠ᠋ᢁ	ཨཿ
ᢂ	Damaru	ᢂᠻᠠ	ྈྑ
ᢃ	Ubadama	ᢃᠹᠠ	ྌྥ
ᢄ	Ubadama	ᢄᠹᠠ	ྉྥ
ᢅ	Baluda	ᢉᢅᠣᠸᠸᠠ^{[note 6]}	ཀཽ྅
ᢆ	Three Baluda	ᢉᢆᠣᠸᠸᠠ^{[note 7]}	ཀཽ྅྅྅

Notes

1 2 Scholarly/Scientific transliteration.^[5]
↑ THL Extended Wylie Transliteration Scheme – THL Extended Wylie Transliteration Scheme | Mandala Collections - Texts
↑ For correct rendering, this should appear as a short tooth (ᠡ‍) + one connected, and one separated left-pointing tail (both ).
↑ For correct rendering, this should appear as a short tooth (ᠡ‍) + loop (‍ᠤ‍) + two long teeth with downturns (‍ᠧ‍) + a final with right-pointing tail (‍ᠡ).
↑ For correct rendering, all these final a's should appear as connected and left-pointing tails (). A's directly preceded by any of the bow-shaped letters k, kh, g, p, ph, and b should also include a tooth in between.
↑ For correct rendering, this should appear as a right-side diacritic.
↑ For correct rendering, this should appear as a right-side diacritic.

References

1 2 3 Chuluunbaatar, Otgonbayar (2008). Einführung in die mongolischen Schriften (in German). Buske. ISBN 978-3-87548-500-4.
1 2 3 Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.
1 2 3 "BabelStone : Mongolian and Manchu Resources". BabelStone (in Chinese). Retrieved 2024-07-10.
1 2 Shagdarsürüng, Tseveliin (2001). "Study of Mongolian Scripts (Graphic Study or Grammatology). Enl". Bibliotheca Mongolica: Monograph 1.
↑ "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language.

[EKIMn2006-6] 1 2 Scholarly/Scientific transliteration.^[5]

[7] THL Extended Wylie Transliteration Scheme – THL Extended Wylie Transliteration Scheme | Mandala Collections - Texts

[8] For correct rendering, this should appear as a short tooth (ᠡ‍) + one connected, and one separated left-pointing tail (both ).

[9] For correct rendering, this should appear as a short tooth (ᠡ‍) + loop (‍ᠤ‍) + two long teeth with downturns (‍ᠧ‍) + a final with right-pointing tail (‍ᠡ).

[10] For correct rendering, all these final a's should appear as connected and left-pointing tails (). A's directly preceded by any of the bow-shaped letters k, kh, g, p, ph, and b should also include a tooth in between.

[11] For correct rendering, this should appear as a right-side diacritic.

[12] For correct rendering, this should appear as a right-side diacritic.

[Chuluunbaatar2008-1] 1 2 3 Chuluunbaatar, Otgonbayar (2008). Einführung in die mongolischen Schriften (in German). Buske. ISBN 978-3-87548-500-4.

[Poppe1974-2] 1 2 3 Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.

[BabelStone-3] 1 2 3 "BabelStone : Mongolian and Manchu Resources". BabelStone (in Chinese). Retrieved 2024-07-10.

[Shagdarsueren2001-4] 1 2 Shagdarsürüng, Tseveliin (2001). "Study of Mongolian Scripts (Graphic Study or Grammatology). Enl". Bibliotheca Mongolica: Monograph 1.

[EKIMn2006-5] "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[note 1]

[note 2]

[note 3]

[note 4]

[note 5]

[note 6]

[note 7]

[5]

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