Spiritualism (philosophy)
In philosophy, spiritualism[a] is the concept, shared by a wide variety of systems of thought, that there is an immaterial reality that cannot be perceived by the senses.[3] This includes philosophies that postulate a personal God, the immortality of the soul, or the immortality of the intellect or will, as well as any systems of thought that assume a universal mind or cosmic forces lying beyond the reach of purely materialistic interpretations.[3]
Generally, any philosophical position, be it dualism, monism, atheism, theism, pantheism, idealism or any other, is compatible with spiritualism as long as it allows for a reality beyond matter.[3][4] Theism is an example of a dualist spiritualist philosophy, while pantheism is an example of monist spiritualism.[4]
As a philosophical tradition, spiritualism was especially associated with 19th- and early 20th-century French thought.[5]
Notable spiritualist thinkers
[edit]- Aristotle[3]
- Henri Bergson[3]
- Maine de Biran[6]
- Émile Boutroux[1]
- F. H. Bradley[3]
- Léon Brunschvicg[7]
- Elme Marie Caro[8]
- Victor Cousin[9]
- René Descartes[3]
- Alfred Fouillée[10]
- Giovanni Gentile[3]
- William Ernest Hocking[3]
- Paul Janet[11]
- Jules Lachelier[1][12]
- Louis Lavelle[3]
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz[3]
- René Lesenne[3]
- Pindar[3]
- Plato[3]
- Josiah Royce[3]
- Émile Saisset[13]
- Étienne Souriau[14]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ↑ Also neo-spiritualism,[1] spiritual realism[1] or French idealism[2] in the context of late modern French philosophy.
Citations
[edit]- 1 2 3 4 Iannone, A. Pablo (2013). Dictionary of World Philosophy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781134680436. Retrieved 5 January 2025.
A particular form of spiritualism, frequently called neo-spiritualism, is that formulated by the French philosopher Jules Lachelier (CE 1834-1918), who was the teacher of the French philosophers Emile Boutroux (CE 1845-1921) and Henri Bergson (CE 1859-1941), both of whom are often also considered to exemplify neo-spiritualism. Lachelier advocated a form of spiritual realism whereby the spirit and spontaneity of humans provided an alternative to both idealism and materialism.
- ↑ Laurence Jerrold, France: Her People And Her Spirit, Cosimo, 2006, p. 350.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Encyclopædia Britannica, "Spiritualism (in philosophy)", britannica.com
- 1 2 William James (1977). A pluralistic universe. Harvard University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-674-67391-5.
- ↑ Gary Gutting, French Philosophy in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 9; Tullio Viola, "Spiritualism as a Philosophy of Culture: Ravaisson and Boutroux" in Mark Sinclair (ed.), and Daniel Whistler (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern French Philosophy, Oxford UP, 2024, pp. 89–106.
- ↑ Su-Young Park-Hwang (1998), L'habitude dans le spiritualisme français: Maine de Biran, Ravaisson, Bergson, Presses Universitaires du Septentrion.
- ↑ Fedi, Laurent (2021). Anam Zafar (ed.). "From the Primacy of Judgment to Enlightenment of the Mind: Interpretive Clues for a Reading of Léon Brunschvicg". Revue de métaphysique et de morale. 2021/3 (111). Translated by Seán Morris: 287–305. doi:10.3917/rmm.213.0287. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
- ↑ Pinet, Pascal (2004). "Pasteur et les philosophes". Revue d'histoire des sciences (in French). 57 (2). doi:10.3406/rhs.2004.2224. Retrieved 20 July 2026.
- ↑ Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Brahman to Derrida, Taylor & Francis, 1998, p. 10: "Victor Cousin's eclectic spiritualism".
- ↑ McGrath, Larry S. (August 2015). "Alfred Fouillée between Science and Spiritualism". Modern Intellectual History. 12 (2): 295–323. doi:10.1017/S147924431400050X.
- ↑ Carroy, J.; Plas, R. (2000). "How Pierre Janet used pathological psychology to save the philosophical self". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 36 (3): 231–240. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(200022)36:3<231::aid-jhbs2>3.0.co;2-i. PMID 10898888. Retrieved 13 January 2026.
- ↑ Dupont, Christian (2013). Phenomenology in French Philosophy: Early Encounters. Springer Netherlands. p. 33. ISBN 9789400746411. Retrieved 5 January 2025.
- ↑ Milbach, Sylvain (2019). "« L'homme vit sur terre mais pense au ciel. » Spiritualisme et catholicisme : le cas d'Émile Saisset". Revue des sciences philosophiques et théologiques (in French). 103 (2): 439–464. doi:10.3917/rspt.1032.0439.
- ↑ Touboul, Patricia (2017). "Étienne Souriau ou la gloire de l'esthétique". Nouvelle revue d’esthétique (19): 65–75. doi:10.3917/nre.019.0065.
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