Cornacchia's algorithm

In computational number theory, Cornacchia's algorithm is an algorithm for solving the Diophantine equation $x^{2}+dy^{2}=m$, where $1\leq d<m$ and d and m are coprime. The algorithm was described in 1908 by Giuseppe Cornacchia.

The algorithm

First, one finds any solution to $r_{0}^{2}\equiv -d{\pmod {m}}$; if no such $r_{0}$ exist, there can be no primitive solution to the original equation. Without loss of generality, one can assume that r₀ ≤ ⁠m/2⁠ (if not, then replace r₀ with m - r₀, which will still be a root of -d). Then the Euclidean algorithm can be employed to find $r_{1}\equiv m{\pmod {r_{0}}}$, $r_{2}\equiv r_{0}{\pmod {r_{1}}}$ and so on; stopping when $r_{k}<{\sqrt {m}}$. If $s={\sqrt {\tfrac {m-r_{k}^{2}}{d}}}$ is an integer, then the solution is $x=r_{k},y=s$; otherwise try another root of -d until either a solution is found or all roots have been exhausted. In this case there is no primitive solution.

This algorithm can also be used to find non-primitive solutions (x, y) where gcd(x, y) = g ≠ 1, because the existence of such a solution implies that g² divides m (and equivalently, that if m is square-free, then all solutions are primitive). Thus the above algorithm can be used to search for a primitive solution (u, v) to u² + dv² = ⁠m/g²⁠. If such a solution is found, then (gu, gv) will be a solution to the original equation.

Example

Solve the equation $x^{2}+6y^{2}=103$. A square root of −6 (mod 103) is 32, and 103 ≡ 7 (mod 32); since $7^{2}<103$ and ${\sqrt {\tfrac {103-7^{2}}{6}}}=3$, there is a solution x = 7, y = 3.

External links

• Basilla, J. M. (2004). "On the solutions of $x^{2}+dy^{2}=m$" (PDF). Proc. Japan Acad. 80(A): 40–41. doi:10.3792/pjaa.80.40.