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Bayezid I's Anatolian campaigns

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(Redirected from Capture of Karamanids)
Bayezid I's Anatolian Campaigns
Date1390–1399
Location
Anatolia, Turkey
Result Ottoman victory
Belligerents
Vassal States
Anatolian States
Commanders and leaders
Sultan Bayezid I
Ertuğrul Çelebi †
Manuel II Palaiologos[a]
Suleiman Pasha II [tr]
Prince Mehmed I		 Kadi Burhan al-Din
Barquq
Alaattin Ali of Karaman Executed
Isa of Aydin
Khizr Shah [tr]
Yakub II
Suleiman Pasha II [tr]
An-Nasir Faraj
Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg

Sultan Bayezid I launched several campaigns into Anatolia in response to the anti-Ottoman activities of the Anatolian beyliks . As a result of these campaigns, Sultan Bayezid I brought the Anatolian beyliks under Ottoman rule. Following the subsequent Ottoman - Timurid conflict, the Ottoman Empire entered a period of interregnum, and the rulers of the Anatolian beyliks re-established their dominance in their former territories.

Prelude

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First Expedition (1390-1391)

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After the death of Sultan Murad I, the beyliks in Anatolia rebelled against the Ottoman Empire. Upon receiving news of the rebellion, Sultan Bayezid I came to Anatolia with his army.[1] He engaged in conflict with the Aydinids, Sarukhanids, Menteshe, Germiyanids, Karamanids, Candar dynasty, Beylik of Teke and the Emirate of Qubadids.[2][3]

Second Expedition (1391/92-1399)

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Having gained great fame in Europe and the Islamic world thanks to his victory in the Battle of Nicopolis, Sultan Bayezid I, emboldened by this, went on another campaign against Anatolia. Sultan Bayezid I engaged in conflict with the Karamanids, the Kadi Burhan al-Din State[4], the Emirate of Qubadids and the Mamluk Sultanate.[5]

Campaigns

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First Anatolian campaign (1390-1391)

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Sultan Bayezid I, who came to Anatolia, had an army that included Byzantine and Serbian soldiers, and with the addition of the Byzantine prince Manuel and later Candaroğlu Suleiman II, first launched a campaign against the Germiyanids. Sultan Bayezid I defeated the Germiyanids and conquered their lands. After the Germiyanids, Sultan Bayezid I launched a campaign against the Aydinids and conquered the lands of the Beylik of Aydın. Then, Sultan Bayezid I launched a campaign against the Menteshe, conquered its lands, and then launched a campaign against the Sarukhanids. After conquering the lands of the Sarukhanids, Sultan Bayezid I returned to Rumelia. During the campaign, Sultan Bayezid I also conquered Philadelphia, which was Byzantine territory.[3][6][7]

Karamanid campaign (1391)

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In 1391, Sultan Bayezid I arrived in the Hamidids lands and, after conquering them, launched an expedition to the Teke region and captured Antalya. Following the Teke Beylik, he launched an expedition against the Karamanids. Karamanid Alaeddin Ali Bey could not resist the Ottoman army under the command of Sultan Bayezid I and fled to Taşeli. Sultan Bayezid I conquered Beyşehir and came to Konya, the capital of the Karamanids, and besieged the city.[8] Alaeddin Ali Bey, having received no response to his request for help from Kadi Burhan al-Din and Candaroğlu Suleiman II, offered peace to the Ottomans. An agreement was made between the two sides, with Çarşamba Stream and Köşk Bükü as the border.[9]

Second Anatolian campaign

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Sultan Bayezid I launched three campaigns against Candaroğlu II Suleiman, who had betrayed the Ottomans during the First Karamanid Campaign. Sultan Bayezid I returned from the first two campaigns after Kadi Burhan al-Din came to the aid of Candaroğlu II Suleiman. In his third campaign against the Candaroğlu, Sultan Bayezid I defeated Candaroğlu II Suleiman in the ensuing battle and conquered Kastamonu. Candaroğlu II Suleiman was also killed by the Ottomans in this battle.[10] Sultan Bayezid I informed Kadi Burhan al-Din of his victory. Upon hearing this news, Kadi Burhan al-Din came to the Artova region with his army. At this time, Sultan Bayezid I had besieged a settlement called Osmancık. Upon the fact that Kadi Burhan al-Din's army was numerically superior to the Ottoman army, many large and small beyliks that were hostile to Kadi Burhan al-Din came with their armies and joined the Ottomans. In addition, Sultan Bayezid I conquered Osmancık, which he had besieged during this period.[11]

Battle of Kirkdilim

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Following the developments against him in Central Anatolia, the army under the command of Kadi Burhan al-Din and the Ottoman army under the command of Şehzade Ertuğrul, son of Sultan Bayezid I, clashed near Kırkdilim Castle, which was under Ottoman rule. In the battle, which lasted three days, the Ottomans were defeated and Şehzade Ertuğrul was killed.[12] After the battle, Kadi Burhan al-Din gave permission to the Mongols to plunder, and the regions of İskipli, Kalecik, Sivrihisar and Ankara were plundered by the Mongols. This battle further worsened the relations between the Ottoman Empire and the State of Kadi Burhan al-Din. Kadi Burhan al-Din marched on Amasya, which belonged to the Ottomans, but when the Ottoman army arrived near Merzifon, he did not dare to engage in battle and retreated to Sivas. The Emir of Amasya, Ahmed, wanted to leave the region because of his struggle with Kadi Burhan al-Din and requested Sultan Bayezid I to give him a new sancak in another region. Upon this request, Sultan Bayezid I appointed his son, Şehzade Mehmed, as the Sanjak-bey of Amasya . Şehzade Mehmed came with an army of 30,000 men and settled in Amasya. In response to these developments, Kadi Burhan al-Din took measures in the border regions to stop a possible Ottoman advance.[13]

Karamanid campaign (1397-1398)

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Taking advantage of the crusade against the Ottoman Empire, Alaeddin Ali Bey launched an expedition into Ottoman territory. Alaeddin Ali Bey occupied Ankara and captured Sarı Timurtaş Pasha, the Beylerbey of Anatolia. Upon hearing of the defeat of the Crusaders at Nicopolis, Alaeddin Ali Bey released Sarı Timurtaş Pasha and sent him to Sultan Bayezid I, accompanied by a Karamanid envoy. However, Sultan Bayezid I did not make an agreement with the Karamanids and came to Bursa. After preparing his army in this city, he set out on an expedition against the Karamanids.[14]

Battle of Akçay

[edit]

Upon the arrival of the Ottomans, the Karamanid army under the command of Alaeddin Ali Bey, who had mobilized all his forces against the Ottomans, and the Ottoman army under the command of Sultan Bayezid I met on the Akçay plain.[15] A fierce battle ensued between the two sides for two days. In this battle, in which neither side could gain the upper hand, the battle turned in favor of the Ottomans on the night of the second day when a force of 30,000 Ottomans crossed to the rear of the Karamanid army. The Karamanid army, caught between two fires, was defeated, and Karamanid Alaeddin Ali Bey fled to Konya.[16][17]

Following the battle, the Ottoman army besieged Konya and conquered the city after an 11-day siege. Alaeddin Ali Bey was captured by Ottoman soldiers after an unsuccessful escape attempt. The captured Alaeddin Ali Bey was brought before Sultan Bayezid I. After a conversation between the two rulers, Alaeddin Ali Bey was executed by beheading, and his severed head was impaled on the tip of a spear and paraded through the streets of Konya. Following the conquest of Konya, the Ottoman army under the command of Sultan Bayezid I continued its advance and conquered Larende, Niğde, Develi, and Karahaisar, which belonged to the Karamanids.[18]

Conquest of Samsun

[edit]

Sultan Bayezid I, who wanted to establish Turkish unity in Anatolia, acted in accordance with this ideal and marched on Samsun, which belonged to the Qubadids, in 1398. Qubadid Cüneyd Bey was defeated by the Ottomans, and the region of Samsun called Muslim Samsun was conquered by the Ottomans. The region of Samsun called Giaour Samsun was ruled by the Genoese, and Sultan Bayezid I did not undertake any campaign in this region in order not to worsen relations with the Republic of Genoa. After the conquest of Samsun, the entire Canik region came under Ottoman rule.[19] The Taceddinids, Taşanids, and Hacıemiroğlu Suleiman, who ruled Ordu and Giresun, accepted Ottoman rule and became vassals of the Ottoman State.[20]

Conquest of the State of Kadi Burhan al-Din

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Kadi Burhan al-Din was defeated in the battle he waged against Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg, the Aq Qoyunlu Bey who was subordinate to him. Kadi Burhan al-Din, who was taken prisoner by the Aq Qoyunlus, was killed. When Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg wanted to take Sivas by force, the people of the city invited Sultan Bayezid I to the city. Sultan Bayezid I accepted this offer and took action against the state of Kadi Burhan al-Din. The Ottomans who came to the region defeated Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg and conquered the lands of the state of Kadi Burhan al-Din.[21]

Expedition against the Mamluks

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Upon receiving news of the death of Mamluk Sultan Berquq and the conflict between his son Faraj, who succeeded him, and those in the Mamluk administration, Sultan Bayezid I sent an envoy to Sultan Faraj to demand the surrender of Malatya, a Mamluk territory, to the Ottomans. When Sultan Faraj refused this demand, Sultan Bayezid I marched on Malatya. Upon arriving before Malatya, and finding that the city did not surrender, Sultan Bayezid I besieged it. Following the siege, Malatya surrendered.[22] Sultan Bayezid I stationed troops in the city. After Malatya, the Ottomans continued their advance and conquered Kahta, Divriği, Behisni, Darende, Elbistan, and Hısnı Mansur, which belonged to the Mamluks.[23][24]

Expedition against the Principality of Erzincan

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Due to the deterioration of Ottoman-Timurid relations, caused by the fact that the Emir of Emirate of Erzincan, Mutahharten, who paid taxes to the Ottomans, was a vassal of the Timurids, the appeals of the Anatolian beys whose lands were conquered by the Ottomans to Emir Timur, and the refuge of the Jalayirid Sultan Ahmed and the Qara Qoyunlu Bey Qara Yusuf, who engaged in a struggle against Timur, Emir Timur occupied Sivas and Malatya, which belonged to the Ottomans, and after warning the Ottomans, he launched a campaign against Syria, which was Mamluk territory. After Emir Timur launched a campaign against Syria, Sultan Bayezid I, who came to the region, marched against the Erzincan Beylik, which had aided Emir Timur. The Ottomans defeated the Erzincan Beylik and conquered Erzincan and Kemah. This campaign of Sultan Bayezid I further worsened the already bad Timurid-Ottoman relations.[25]

Aftermath

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Following these events, the Timurid army under the command of Emir Timur, who launched a campaign against the Ottomans, and the Ottoman army under the command of Sultan Bayezid I, met near Tokat. Unwilling to risk a battle in Tokat, Emir Timur's army advanced to Ankara and besieged the city. The Ottoman army, pursuing the Timurid army, arrived at the Çubuk Plain. In the ensuing battle, the Ottomans suffered a heavy defeat, and Sultan Bayezid I was taken prisoner by the Timurids. Following the battle, the Timurids occupied Ottoman territories in Anatolia. The Anatolian beys conquered by Sultan Bayezid I re-established their former rule in their lands, and like the Ottoman şehzades, they recognized the sovereignty of the Timurids.[26][27]

Notes

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  1. ↑ As an Ottoman vassal, he only sent soldiers to the army

References

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  1. ↑ İnalcık 2013, pp. 111–112.
  2. ↑ İnalcık 2009, pp. 67.
  3. 1 2 Afyoncu 2017, pp. 33.
  4. ↑ Uzunçarşılı 1988, pp. 289.
  5. ↑ İnalcık 2009, pp. 68.
  6. ↑ Uzunçarşılı 1988, pp. 260–264.
  7. ↑ İnalcık 2013, pp. 112–113.
  8. ↑ İnalcık 2013, pp. 113.
  9. ↑ Uzunçarşılı 1988, pp. 265–267.
  10. ↑ Uzunçarşılı 1988, pp. 275–276.
  11. ↑ Cezzar 2010, pp. 157–159.
  12. ↑ Cezzar 2010, pp. 159.
  13. ↑ Uzunçarşılı 1988, pp. 276–278.
  14. ↑ Uzunçarşılı 1988, pp. 294–296.
  15. ↑ İnalcık 2013, pp. 114.
  16. ↑ Uzunçarşılı 1988, pp. 296.
  17. ↑ Cezzar 2010, pp. 177.
  18. ↑ Uzunçarşılı 1988, pp. 296–297.
  19. ↑ Cezzar 2010, pp. 178.
  20. ↑ Uzunçarşılı 1988, pp. 298–299.
  21. ↑ Uzunçarşılı 1988, pp. 299.
  22. ↑ Cezzar 2010, pp. 179–180.
  23. ↑ Uzunçarşılı 1988, pp. 300–301.
  24. ↑ Afyoncu 2017, pp. 34.
  25. ↑ Afyoncu 2017, pp. 37.
  26. ↑ Afyoncu 2017, pp. 38.
  27. ↑ İnalcık 1992, pp. 231–234.

Bibliography

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  • İnalcık, Halil (2013). Kuruluş Dönemi Osmanlı Sultanları (1302–1481). Istanbul: İSAM Yayınları. ISBN 978-605-5586-06-5.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı (1988). Osmanlı Tarihi (in Turkish). Vol. 1. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
  • İnalcık, Halil (2009). Devlet-i Âliyye: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Üzerine Araştırmalar I (in Turkish) (27th ed.). Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. ISBN 978-9944-88-465-1. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  • İnalcık, Halil (1992). "Bayezid I". Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Vol. 5. pp. 231–234.
  • Afyoncu, Erhan (2017). Herkes İçin Kısa Osmanlı Tarihi (1302–1922) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi. ISBN 978-605-9787-87-1.
  • İnalcık, Halil (2010). Kuruluş Dönemi Osmanlı Sultanları (1302–1481) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Araştırmaları Merkezi (İSAM). ISBN 978-605-5586-06-5.
  • Cezzar, Mustafa (2010). Mufassal Osmanlı Tarihi (in Turkish). Vol. 1. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. ISBN 978-975-16-2322-5.
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