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UPASI Tea Research Foundation
AbbreviationUPASI TRF
FormationOctober 1926; 100 years ago (October 1926) (as Tea Experimental Station, Gudalur); reconstituted as a Foundation in 1999
TypeAgricultural research institute
Legal statusTrust
HeadquartersUPASI Tea Research Institute, Valparai
LocationValparai, Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India
Region served
Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka
Parent organization
United Planters' Association of Southern India (UPASI)
AffiliationsTea Board of India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)
Websitewww.upasitearesearch.org

The UPASI Tea Research Foundation (UPASI TRF) is an agricultural research organisation based in Coonoor, Nilgiris district, Tamil Nadu, India, that conducts research on the cultivation, production and processing of tea for the plantation industry of southern India. It operates as the research wing of the United Planters' Association of Southern India (UPASI) and is one of three principal tea research bodies recognised by the Tea Board of India, alongside the Tea Research Association (Tocklai).[1][2][3][4] The Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, through Tea Board, finances the industry-based tea research institutes viz., Tea Research Association (TRA) and UPASI Tea Research Foundation to undertake research work on various tea-related areas.[5]

UPASI TRF's main research campus, the Tea Research Institute (TRI), is located near the Nirar Dam in the Anamalai Hills, Valparai, Coimbatore district, while its administrative office is at Coonoor.[citation needed] The Foundation operates an agricultural extension network for delivering its scientific services to tea growers across Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka with Regional (Advisory) Centres located at Coonoor, Gudalur, Koppa, Munnar, Meppadi, and Vandiperiyar.[6][7]

History

[edit]

Organised tea research by the United Planters' Association of Southern India dates to a Tea Experimental Station established in 1926 at Devarshola near Gudalur, Nilgiris with Dr. W.S. Shaw as the first Chief Scientific Officer.[4] In 1999, UPASI reconstituted the department as a separate, formally administered body named Tea Research Foundation, with representation from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry and the Tea Board of India on its governing board, in order to give scientific research on tea cultivation, production and processing a dedicated administrative structure.[8][9]

Since 1999, UPASI TRF's research institute has received recurring government funding, administered through the Tea Board of India as grant-in-aid from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, supplemented by membership subscriptions and project-specific grants from other government agencies.[10] Government of India supports UPASI Tea Research Foundation by contributing 49 per cent of their annual expenditure on certain approved administrative items subject to a specified ceiling, from the Plan Budget of Tea Board.[5][11][12]

Organisation and Governance

[edit]

UPASI TRF is governed by a Board of Trustees of up to 15 members, nominated by the executive committee of UPASI together with government-nominated representatives: two from the Ministry of Commerce and three from the Tea Board of India, including the Tea Board's Chairman. Day-to-day administration is carried out by a Management Committee drawn from the Board of Trustees, with the Foundation's Director as an ex officio member and UPASI's Secretary General serving as Secretary to the Foundation.[13]

The Foundation's research institute at Valparai is complemented by regional (advisory) centres serving tea-growing areas across Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka, including Coonoor, Gudalur, Koppa, Munnar, Meppadi and Vandiperiyar.[13]

Research

[edit]

UPASI TRF conducts research on tea breeding, crop improvement, soil and nutrient management, plant protection, food safety and climate adaptation for the tea industry.[14] Since the 2000s, UPASI TRI has expanded its research to include climate change adaptation, precision agriculture and tea genomics. Its long-term meteorological observations from plantation regions including Valparai and Munnar have been used in studies examining the effects of climate variability on tea cultivation and productivity in India.[1][15][16][17]

Plant Breeding

[edit]

UPASI TRF develops and releases clonal tea varieties for commercial cultivation in South India. Beginning with a germplasm collection programme initiated in 1963, the institute developed a series of commercially cultivated tea clones known as the "UPASI clones", several of which have been studied for their agronomic performance, biochemical characteristics and genetic diversity.[18][19][20] By the early 2010s it had released more than 30 clones since the programme began.[21] In 2012, the Foundation released the drought-tolerant, high-yielding clone TRF-5, a hybrid of TRI-2025 and UPASI-21 developed after roughly 25 years of field trials at its Coonoor, Valparai and Anamalais research stations; the clone was registered with the Tea Board as an accepted variety for new planting and replanting.[21][22][23] UPASI-bred clones such as UPASI-9, UPASI-2, UPASI-6, UPASI-20 and UPASI-26 are cultivated for characteristics including drought tolerance and adaptation to Nilgiri growing conditions, and continue to be referenced in tea agronomy literature.[24][25]

Plant Pathology

[edit]

Research undertaken at UPASI TRF has also focused on tea diseases, particularly blister blight (Exobasidium vexans), one of the most economically significant diseases affecting tea cultivation in South Asia. Studies conducted by scientists at the institute have investigated disease resistance, host-pathogen interactions and integrated disease management.[26][27] UPASI TRF scientists have published field studies on biological and chemical control of tea diseases, including branch canker (Macrophoma theicola).[28] It's research on blister blight resistance in South Indian tea clones has been cited in the wider plant pathology literature on tea diseases, including a review published in the American Phytopathological Society journal Plant Disease.[29] Research on molecular characterisation of tea clones using RAPD and ISSR markers has also appeared in the International Journal of Tea Science.[30]

Entomology

[edit]

Entomological research has been a core area of work at the institute, addressing arthropod pests of tea in southern India including the red spider mite, tea mosquito bug, and thrips.[31] Research by UPASI TRF entomologists on the natural enemies of tea pests occurring in southern India, published in the journal ''Insect Science and its Application'' in 1988, is among the foundation's major contributions in the global tea entomology literature.[32] The tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis spp.) is a major sap-sucking pest of tea addressed through UPASI TRF research spanning several decades, including early work by G.N. Rao on its control published in the UPASI Tea Science Department Bulletin in 1970, which is a foundational historical reference in later studies covering "Helopeltis" management not only in tea but in other crops such as cashew.[33][34] UPASI TRF has also studied thrips species affecting tea, including "Scirtothrips bispinosus".[35] UPASI TRF's pest management research is popularly cited as standard reference point in studies on integrated tea pest management.[36][37][38][39]

Plant Physiology and Biotechnology

[edit]

UPASI TRF has contributed to the development of micropropagation and tissue culture protocols to facilitate the rapid multiplication of elite, high-yielding tea clones.[40] These efforts laid the groundwork for systematic comparison between tissue-culture-raised (micropropagated) plants and conventional, vegetatively propagated tea plants and demonstrated that micropropagated tea plants can match or exceed conventionally propagated counterparts in critical parameters.[41][42][43][44][45] UPASI TRF has prioritized the study of tea plant physiology under water-deficit conditions and mapped the distinct variations in the tea metabolome under varying temperature and water stress regimes.[46][47][48] The institute has utilized molecular biology tools to assist in variety identification, characterize plant pathogens, and map the genetic diversity of South Indian tea.[49] The institute's elite germplasm has served as a primary reference collection for marker-based population genetics in India.[49][50] TRF scientists have applied RAPD and ISSR marker technologies to study agricultural pathology, including the molecular characterization of Pestalotiopsis species (a fungal pathogens responsible for grey blight disease in South Indian tea plantations) to enable precise disease diagnostic and management strategies.[49][51][52][53]

Tea Technology

[edit]

UPASI TRF has extensively conducted research into the biochemistry of black tea processing, including the fermentation and withering stages of manufacture.[54][55] UPASI TRF scientists have also worked on tea processing technologies beyond conventional black tea manufacture.[56]

Soil Chemistry

[edit]

TRF scientists have conducted research on the composition and management of soils in South Indian tea-growing districts, including studies on soil organic matter, micronutrient toxicity, and macronutrient uptake by tea plants.[citation needed] It has developed a methodology for extracting and characterising humic and fulvic acid fractions from lateritic soils under tea cultivation were carried out, correlating the extracted fractions with soil nutrient content and productivity.[citation needed] Structural, physiological, and biochemical responses of tea plantlets to critical micronutrient were also studies under Soil Chemistry.[57]

Pesticide Residue

[edit]

The institute has also undertaken research on pesticide residues, tea quality and food safety, publishing studies on residue monitoring in South Indian tea and methods to improve compliance with international food safety standards.[58][59][60]

Laboratory Accreditation

[edit]

UPASI TRF's laboratory at its Coonoor Regional Centre is accredited by the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL).[13]

Regional Advisory Centres

[edit]

Alongside its research activities, UPASI Tea Research Foundation (UPASI TRF) operates an agricultural extension network directed at both estate-sector planters and smallholder tea growers across Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka.[6] This network comprises Regional (Advisory) Centres located at Coonoor, Gudalur, Koppa, Munnar, Meppadi, and Vandiperiyar, which advise on cultivation, plant protection, crop production, and processing, and are staffed with advisory officers who conduct field visits, training, laboratory analysis and field trials for tea estates in their respective districts.[7]

Role in Indian Tea Research

[edit]

UPASI TRF's area of work covers the tea-growing tracts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka. The Nilgiris tract, advised in part by UPASI TRF's Coonoor Regional Centre, produces predominantly orthodox tea graded under the "Nilgiris" geographical indication, registered with the Tea Board of India in 2007-2008.[61]

Alongside the Tea Research Association (Tocklai) which is the oldest and largest tea research institute in the world, serving Assam and North Bengal, UPASI TRF is the only body conducting applied tea research in Southern states of India viz., Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.[1][62] The institute conducts research on various aspects including cultivation techniques, tea quality, pest management and climate resilience.[2] Increases in Indian tea productivity from roughly 424 kg/ha in 1900 to about 2,153 kg/ha in 2017 have been attributed in tea-science literature partly to the research programmes of Tocklai, UPASI TRF and other institutes.[1]

See also

[edit]
[edit]

Official website

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 4 Hajra, N. G. (2020). "Tea Research in India: Achievements and Current Priorities". Journal of Tea Science Research. Hort & Herb Publisher. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  2. 1 2 "Publications of UPASI TRF". www.teaboard.gov.in. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  3. ↑ "Tea Board of India: Enhancing Tea Exports and Quality". Food Safety Institute. 2025. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  4. 1 2 Griffiths, Sir Percival Joseph; Griffiths, Sir Percival (1967). The History of the Indian Tea Industry. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
  5. 1 2 "Audit Reports | Comptroller and Auditor General of India". cag.gov.in. Retrieved 9 July 2026.
  6. 1 2 Muthiah, S. (1993). A Planting Century: The First Hundred Years of the United Planters' Association of Southern India, 1893-1993. Affiliated East-West Press. ISBN 978-81-85938-04-2.
  7. 1 2 "Labgo | Testing Laboratory | Calibration Lab | Nabl Certified Lab In India | Testing Lab In India". Labgo. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2026.
  8. ↑ "History – UPASI Tea Research Foundation". Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  9. ↑ Foundation, UPASI Tea Research (2000). Annual Report for the Period 1st January to 31st December (74th Annual Report). UPASI Tea Research Foundation.
  10. ↑ "New Schemes by Tea Board". PIB. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  11. ↑ 56th Annual Report 2009–2010 (PDF) (Report). Tea Board of India. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  12. ↑ 59th Annual Report 2012–2013 (PDF) (Report). Tea Board of India. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  13. 1 2 3 "UPASI Tea Research Foundation, Regional Centre". LabGo. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  14. ↑ "UPASI Tea Research Foundation (UPASI-TRF)". India Science, Technology & Innovation (ISTI) Portal. Retrieved 9 July 2026.
  15. ↑ Babu, Azariah; Rahman, Ajmeri Sultana; Baruah, Rupanjali Deb; Selvaraj, Venkatesan; Sooraj, Hariharan Sudha; Sarma, Rupak (8 June 2026). "Impact of climate change on plantation crops with special reference to tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) in India". Frontiers in Climate. 8 1829924. Bibcode:2026FrCli...829924B. doi:10.3389/fclim.2026.1829924. ISSN 2624-9553.
  16. ↑ Mailapalli, Avinash; Khose, Suyog Balasaheb; Dubey, Snehil; Mailapalli, Damodhara Rao; Chatterjee, Chandranath; Raghuwanshi, Narendra Singh (2024). Saha, Himadri Nath; Ray, Hena; Bradford, Phillip G. (eds.). "Prediction of Pest Infestation in Tea Leaves Using Machine Learning Models". International Conference on Systems and Technologies for Smart Agriculture. Springer Proceedings in Information and Communication Technologies. Singapore: Springer Nature: 275–287. doi:10.1007/978-981-97-5157-0_23. ISBN 978-981-97-5157-0.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
  17. ↑ Dhanakumar, V. G. (2013). "Technology Management in India's Plantation Sector: Structural Infirmities Perspective". In Akhilesh, K.B. (ed.). Emerging Dimensions of Technology Management. India: Springer. pp. 35–53. doi:10.1007/978-81-322-0792-4_3. ISBN 978-81-322-0792-4.
  18. ↑ Das, Suresh Chandra; Das, Sudripta; Hazarika, Mridul (2012). "Breeding of the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) in India". In Chen, Liang; Apostolides, Zeno; Chen, Zong-Mao (eds.). Global Tea Breeding: Achievements, Challenges and Perspectives. Berlin: Springer. pp. 69–124. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31878-8_3. ISBN 978-3-642-31878-8.
  19. ↑ Saravanan, M.; Maria John, K. M.; Raj Kumar, R.; Pius, P. K.; Sasikumar, R. (March 2005). "Genetic diversity of UPASI tea clones (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) on the basis of total catechins and their fractions". Phytochemistry. 66 (5): 561–565. Bibcode:2005PChem..66..561S. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.06.024. ISSN 0031-9422. PMID 15721948.
  20. ↑ Sharma, R. K.; Negi, M. S.; Sharma, S.; Bhardwaj, P.; Kumar, R.; Bhattachrya, E.; Tripathi, S. B.; Vijayan, D.; Baruah, A. R.; Das, S. C.; Bera, B.; Rajkumar, R.; Thomas, J.; Sud, R. K.; Muraleedharan, N. (1 August 2010). "AFLP-Based Genetic Diversity Assessment of Commercially Important Tea Germplasm in India". Biochemical Genetics. 48 (7): 549–564. doi:10.1007/s10528-010-9338-z. ISSN 1573-4927. PMID 20390337.
  21. 1 2 "Upasi's research foundation releases new high-yielding tea clone". Business Standard. 29 September 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  22. ↑ "Upasi's tea research foundation releases high-yielding clone". Business Standard. 30 September 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  23. ↑ Hanchinal, R. R. (2012). Annual Report 2012-13. In Protection of Plant Varieties & Farmers' Rights Authority. Protection of Plant Varieties & Farmers' Rights Authority. https://plantauthority.gov.in/sites/default/files/eannual-report-12-13.pdf
  24. ↑ Balasaravanan, T.; Pius, P.K.; Raj Kumar, R.; Muraleedharan, N.; Shasany, A.K. (August 2003). "Genetic diversity among south Indian tea germplasm (Camellia sinensis, C. assamica and C. assamica spp. lasiocalyx) using AFLP markers". Plant Science. 165 (2): 365–372. Bibcode:2003PlnSc.165..365B. doi:10.1016/S0168-9452(03)00196-1. ISSN 0168-9452. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024.
  25. ↑ "Horticulture :: Plantation Crops :: Tea". agritech.tnau.ac.in. Retrieved 9 July 2026.
  26. ↑ Sen, Surjit; Rai, Manjula; Das, Diptosh; Chandra, Swarnendu; Acharya, Krishnendu (1 December 2020). "Blister blight a threatened problem in tea industry: A review". Journal of King Saud University – Science. 32 (8): 3265–3272. doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2020.09.008. ISSN 1018-3647.
  27. ↑ Jeyaramraja, P. R.; Pius, P. K.; Manian, S.; Nithya Meenakshi, S. (1 December 2005). "Certain factors associated with blister blight resistance in Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze". Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 67 (6): 291–295. Bibcode:2005PMPP...67..291J. doi:10.1016/j.pmpp.2006.04.004. ISSN 0885-5765.
  28. ↑ Jeyaraman, Mareeswaran; Robert, Premkumar Samuel Asir (10 October 2018). "Bio efficacy of indigenous biological agents and selected fungicides against branch canker disease of (Macrophoma theicola) tea under field level". BMC Plant Biology. 18 (1): 222. Bibcode:2018BMCPB..18..222J. doi:10.1186/s12870-018-1445-8. ISSN 1471-2229. PMC 6180604. PMID 30305029.
  29. ↑ Pandey, Abhay K.; Sinniah, Ganga D.; Babu, Azariah; Tanti, Amarjyoti (2021). "How the Global Tea Industry Copes With Fungal Diseases – Challenges and Opportunities". Plant Disease. 105 (7). American Phytopathological Society: 1868–1879. Bibcode:2021PlDis.105.1868P. doi:10.1094/PDIS-09-20-1945-FE. PMID 33734810. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  30. ↑ Mishra-Rawat, Janhvi; Nandi, Shymal K.; Prakash, Anil; Palni, Lok Man S. (2012). "Differentiation and identificaiton of tea clones using RAPD and ISSR marker". International Journal of Tea Science. 8 (4). doi:10.20425/ijts.v8i4.4710 (inactive 16 July 2026).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2026 (link)
  31. ↑ Muraleedharan, N (1991). Pest Management in Tea. Coonoor: United Planters' Association of Southern India. p. 130.
  32. ↑ Muraleedharan, N.; Selvasundaram, R.; Radhakrishnan, B. (1 October 1988). "Natural Enemies of Certain Tea Pests Occurring in Southern India". International Journal of Tropical Insect Science. 9 (5): 647–654. Bibcode:1988IJTIS...9..647M. doi:10.1017/S1742758400005166. ISSN 1742-7592.
  33. ↑ Sankarganesh, E.; Lavanya Sravani, B.; Rajeshwaran, B.; Mounika, M. N. (18 July 2023). "Tea Mosquito Bug (Helopeltis spp.): A Pest of Economically Important Fruit and Plantation Crops: Its Status and Management Prospects". Plant Health Archives. 1 (2): 18–28. doi:10.54083/PHA/1.2.2023/18-28.
  34. ↑ Saroj, P.L.; Bhat, Shivarama; kk, Srikumar (17 February 2016). "Tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis spp.) – A devastating pest of cashew plantations in India: A review". The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 86 (2): 151–162. doi:10.56093/ijas.v86i2.55868.
  35. ↑ Subramaniam, Mariappan Sankara Rama; Babu, Azariah; Deka, Bhabesh (19 February 2021). "Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimmermann) Zare & Gams, as an efficient biocontrol agent of tea thrips, Scirtothrips bispinosus Bagnall (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)". Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control. 31 (1): 38. doi:10.1186/s41938-021-00380-y. ISSN 2536-9342.
  36. ↑ Al Mamun, Mohammad Shameem; Ahmed, M.; Paul, Shovon (24 December 2014). "Integrated approaches in tea pest management for sustainable tea production". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  37. ↑ Idris, Aisha Lawan; Fan, Xiao; Muhammad, Musa Hassan; Guo, Yachong; Guan, Xiong; Huang, Tianpei (1 August 2020). "Ecologically controlling insect and mite pests of tea plants with microbial pesticides: a review". Archives of Microbiology. 202 (6): 1275–1284. Bibcode:2020ArMic.202.1275I. doi:10.1007/s00203-020-01862-7. ISSN 1432-072X. PMID 32185410.
  38. ↑ Radhakrishnan, B. (16 September 2022), Pests and Their Management in Tea, pp. 1489–1511, ISBN 978-981-19-0342-7, retrieved 15 July 2026
  39. ↑ Chen, Zongmao; Luo, Zongxiu (28 January 2025). "Management of Insect Pests on Tea Plantations: Safety, Sustainability, and Efficiency". Annual Review of Entomology. 70 (1): 359–377. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-013024-014757. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 39383439. Archived from the original on 24 August 2025.
  40. ↑ Mondal, Tapan K.; Bhattacharya, Amita; Laxmikumaran, Malathi; Singh Ahuja, Paramvir (1 March 2004). "Recent Advances of Tea (Camellia Sinensis) Biotechnology". Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 76 (3): 195–254. Bibcode:2004PCTOC..76..195M. doi:10.1023/B:TICU.0000009254.87882.71. ISSN 1573-5044.
  41. ↑ Mondal, Tapan Kumar (2003), "Micropropagation of tea (Camellia sinensis L.)", in Jain, S. Mohan; Ishii, Katsuaki (eds.), Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits, Forestry Sciences, vol. 75, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 671–719, doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0125-0_23, ISBN 978-94-010-0125-0
  42. ↑ Marimuthu, S.; Kumar, R. Raj (1 September 2001). "Physiological and biochemical responses of micropropagated tea plants". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant. 37 (5): 618–621. Bibcode:2001IVCDB..37..618M. doi:10.1007/s11627-001-0108-9. ISSN 1475-2689.
  43. ↑ Seyi̇s, Fatih (1 January 2022). "In Vitro Regeneration of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L). O. Kuntze) By Somatic Embryogenesis from Immature Cotyledon Tissues". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology. 9: 2587–2590. doi:10.24925/TURJAF.V9ISP.2587-2590.4940.
  44. ↑ Bag, Niladri (1 January 2006). "Efficient rooting of microshoots of tea: a crucial prerequisite for successful hardening and field establishment of micropropagated plants". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  45. ↑ Agarwal, Beena (1 January 1992). "In vitro clonal propagation of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze)". Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture. 30 (1): 1–5. Bibcode:1992PCTOC..30....1A. doi:10.1007/BF00039995.
  46. ↑ Netto, Leonard Allen; Jayaram, K. M.; Puthur, Jos T. (December 2010). "Clonal variation of tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] in countering water deficiency". Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants: An International Journal of Functional Plant Biology. 16 (4): 359–367. Bibcode:2010PMBP...16..359N. doi:10.1007/s12298-010-0040-8. ISSN 0971-5894. PMC 3550649. PMID 23572986.
  47. ↑ Rawat, Janhvi Mishra; Rawat, Balwant; Tewari, Ashish; Joshi, Suresh C.; Nandi, Shyamal K.; Palni, Lok Man S.; Prakash, Anil (1 June 2017). "Alterations in growth, photosynthetic activity and tissue-water relations of tea clones in response to different soil moisture content". Trees. 31 (3): 941–952. Bibcode:2017Trees..31..941R. doi:10.1007/s00468-016-1519-x. ISSN 1432-2285.
  48. ↑ Cheruiyot, Erick K.; Wachira, Francis N.; Maritim, Tony Kipkoech; Mwendia, C.; Kamunya, S. M.; Mireji, Paul O.; Muoki, R. C. (1 January 2015). "Physiological and biochemical response of tea [Camellia sinensis(L.) O. Kuntze] to water-deficit stress". The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 90 (4): 395–400. Bibcode:2015JHSB...90..395M. doi:10.1080/14620316.2015.11513200.
  49. 1 2 3 Sharma, Suman; Kumar, Avinash; Rajpal, Vijay Rani; Singh, Apekshita; Babbar, Sadhana; Raina, Soom Nath (1 February 2023). "Evaluation of genetic diversity and population structure in elite south Indian tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze] using RAPD and ISSR markers". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 70 (2): 381–398. Bibcode:2023GRCEv..70..381S. doi:10.1007/s10722-022-01433-3. ISSN 1573-5109.
  50. ↑ Mondal, Sangita; Karande, Mrunal; Srivastava, Sonal; Sharma, Avinash; Sharma, Shilpi; Ghosh, Abhrajyoti (1 January 2025). "Unravelling the microbiome perspective to variations in tea metabolome". Industrial Crops and Products. 223 120129. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.120129. ISSN 0926-6690.
  51. ↑ Wachira, F. N.; Waugh, R.; Powell, W.; Hackett, C. A. (April 1995). "Detection of genetic diversity in tea (Camellia sinensis) using RAPD markers". Genome. 38 (2): 201–210. Bibcode:1995Genom..38..201W. doi:10.1139/g95-025. ISSN 0831-2796. PMID 7774794.
  52. ↑ Singh, Dharam; Ahuja, Paramvir (1 February 2006). "5S rDNA gene diversity in tea ( Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) and its use for variety identification". Genome. 49 (1): 91–6. doi:10.1139/g05-065. PMID 16462906.
  53. ↑ Joshi, Sarvottam; Sanjay, R.; Baby, U.; Mandal, Abul Kalam (1 November 2009). "Molecular characterization of Pestalotiopsis spp. associated with tea (Camellia sinensis) in southern India using RAPD and ISSR markers". Indian Journal of Biotechnology. 8: 377–383.
  54. ↑ Muthumani, Thomas; Kumar, R.S. Senthil (January 2007). "Influence of fermentation time on the development of compounds responsible for quality in black tea". Food Chemistry. 101 (1): 98–102. Bibcode:2007FoodC.101...98M. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.01.008. ISSN 0308-8146. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024.
  55. ↑ Aj, Sachin; Nayaka, V S (29 September 2021), Postharvest managment and processing of Tea, pp. 463–472, retrieved 15 July 2026
  56. ↑ Sinija, V.R.; Mishra, H.N.; Bal, S. (October 2007). "Process technology for production of soluble tea powder". Journal of Food Engineering. 82 (3): 276–283. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.01.024. ISSN 0260-8774. Archived from the original on 15 April 2024.
  57. ↑ Mukhopadhyay, M.; Das, A.; Subba, P.; Bantawa, P.; Sarkar, B.; Ghosh, P.; Mondal, T. K. (1 September 2013). "Structural, physiological, and biochemical profiling of tea plants under zinc stress". Biologia Plantarum. 57 (3): 474–480. Bibcode:2013BioPl..57..474M. doi:10.1007/s10535-012-0300-2.
  58. ↑ Kottiappan, Madasamy; Dhanakodi, Kirubakaran; Annamalai, Satheshkumar; Anandhan, Shanmugaselvan Veilumuthu (August 2013). "Monitoring of pesticide residues in South Indian tea". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 185 (8): 6413–6417. Bibcode:2013EMnAs.185.6413K. doi:10.1007/s10661-012-3034-x. ISSN 1573-2959. PMID 23341056.
  59. ↑ "Plant Protection Code for Indian Tea Industry". www.teaboard.gov.in. Retrieved 9 July 2026.
  60. ↑ Seenivasan, Subbiah; Muraleedharan, NarayananNair (May 2011). "Survey on the pesticide residues in tea in south India". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 176 (1–4): 365–371. Bibcode:2011EMnAs.176..365S. doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1589-y. ISSN 1573-2959. PMID 20640937.
  61. ↑ "Indian Origin Update: Teas of Nilgiris". STiR Coffee and Tea Magazine. 8 March 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  62. ↑ Rahman, F. (30 March 2012). "A Manual of Tea Cultivation". International Journal of Tea Science. 8 (2): 76. doi:10.20425/ijts.v8i2.4704 (inactive 3 July 2026). ISSN 0972-544X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2026 (link)
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