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// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhat did the Touhou fan say? "I'm bullet-ing with excitement.

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Screenshot of Taisei Project. A character, Marisa, is attacking enemies while evading bullet hell
Taisei Project is a free fan game based on Touhou Project.

Touhou Project is a bullet hell video game series created by independent Japanese doujin soft developer Team Shanghai Alice, a one-person circle run by ZUN. ZUN originally wanted to publish his music without being limited to incorporating it into existing games. The first game in the series, Highly Responsive to Prayers, was released in 1997. The series became popular in 2002 following the release of Embodiment of Scarlet Devil. The series subsequently gained international reach alongside the rise of the Internet and digital platforms. Numerous fan-made works related to Touhou Project have been released, with ZUN's tolerant attitude toward derivative works often regarded as a factor in the series' popularity.

There are other Touhou-only events in Japan besides Comic Market: Reitaisai in Kanto and Kouroumu in Kansai are among the most popular.

Background

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The Japanese video game industry rose to prominence following the emergence of personal computers in the 1980s. In the 1990s, ZUN, a college student at the time, wanted to publish his music without being limited to existing games and decided to develop his own doujin soft games. In 1996, ZUN released Highly Responsive to Prayers, the first game in the Touhou Project series.[1]

ZUN formed the one-man doujin circle named Team Shanghai Alice and published the series's sixth entry, Embodiment of Scarlet Devil, at Comiket 62 in 2002. It is also the first work that was released for Microsoft Windows. With the Internet's rapid development in the 2000s, the series' popularity increased, while its fandom culture also began to spread internationally.[1] In the 2010s, amidst the internationalization of the doujin scene through digital platforms, doujin games also became increasingly popular overseas. ZUN stated that doujin games were "starting to become indie".[2]

ZUN's attitude

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Touhou Project is regarded as a typical example of database consumption.[3] These doujin activities are mostly responsible for adding original attributes to characters that ZUN may not have intended. In Japan, works are protected by copyright law, and derivative works may be liable for infringing the original work's copyright. ZUN, on the other hand, has acknowledged, appreciated, and even encouraged these derivative works for the most part. ZUN's tolerant attitude on doujin activities has helped the fandom flourish.[4]

ZUN published an official guide outlining proper practice for the creation and distribution of Touhou fan material. It allows anyone to release derivative works without obtaining permission from Team Shanghai Alice as long as they comply with the official guidelines, including obeying public policy doctrine and "a customary means for the same person and the content". The guidelines were amended in 2016 to permit Let's Play videos of the series.[5] Proper attribution, restrictions on spoiling endings, and prohibitions on unauthorized commercial distribution are other noted restrictions.[6] Creators of derivative works are asked to refrain from crowdfunding their projects.[7]

Community

[edit]
Cosplay of characters from the series: Reimu Hakurei (left), Momiji Inubashiri (center), and Reisen Udongein Inaba (right) (On mobile, Reimu Hakurei: left, Momiji Inubashiri: right, and Reisen Udongein Inaba: down)

Many derivative works based on Touhou Project have been created since the release of Embodiment of Scarlet Devil, including doujinshi, doujin music,[a] doujin anime, and doujin games.[b] The vast scope of Touhou Project derivatives prompted commentary, noting that Touhou Project became an unmissable aspect of Japanese consumer generated media.[8]

Prizes

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Touhou Project was nominated for the 11th annual Media Arts Awards held by Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs, under the Entertainment category,[9] where Touhou Project eventually lost to Nintendo's Wii Sports for the Grand Prize award.[10] The series was inducted into the Guinness World Records in October 2010 as the "most prolific fan-made shooter series".[11][12]

Demography

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A survey conducted by the Comic Market Committee in 2009 lists the average age of Touhou Project fans among Comiket attendees as 24.8 years of age.[13] According to the results of the Touhou Project Popularity Poll 2023, almost 40% of respondents to the poll were aged 15 to 19 years old, while people over 25 years old made up only about 20%.[14] A later survey conducted by Nikkei Entertainment from December 16, 2023, with a sample size of 50,000 participants across various different fandoms, showed that respondents who considered themselves devoted fans of Touhou Project within Japan had an average age of 23 years, and a male-to-female ratio that skews 85:15.[15]

Comiket

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A graph comparing the participation of doujin circles at Comiket 85 (December 2013)[16]

The first publication of Touhou Project derivative doujinshi occurred during December 2003, following the release of Perfect Cherry Blossom; seven circles sold Touhou Project derivative works at Comiket 65 in December 2003. At Comiket 74 in August 2008, a total of 885 circles had Touhou Project derivative works on display or for sale, out of a total of 35,000 circles participating at Comiket.[17][18] At Comiket 77 (December 2009), 2,372 circles were dedicated to Touhou Project, breaking the previous record held by The Prince of Tennis at Comiket 66 (August 2004), which had 2,130 circles.[19] At Comiket 85 (December 2013), Touhou Project was still in the lead, with 2,272 participating circles selling Touhou Project derivatives, compared to Kuroko's Basketball, the second most popular franchise at that year's Comiket, which had 1,462 circles.[16] Throughout the mid-2010s, Touhou Project's popularity at Comiket began to wane. From 2015 to 2017, Kantai Collection was consistently the most popular series at Comiket.[20][21] By 2019, Touhou Project was the fourth most popular series at Comiket, with less than half the circles at Comiket than the Fate series.[22]

Participating circlesComiket no.050010001500200025003000C76C81C86C91C96C101Participating circlesComiket Touhou dōjin circles
View source data.
Doujin circles registered under the Touhou Project genre since Comiket 76 (August 2009), the first time Touhou Project is counted as its own genre separate from the main "doujin soft" category[23]

Touhou conventions

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Crowd at Touhou booths in Comicup
Touhou booth at 22st Comicup [zh] (2018) in Shunghai, China

Events that host Touhou Project content exclusively are called Touhou-Only (東方オンリー). The first Touhou-Only event was Reitaisai, held in Kanto, Japan, in 2004. Over one hundred circles participated in the event at the time. Starting in 2005, the first Touhou Kouroumu event was held in Kansai, which became a popular Touhou-Only event in later years. Among all Touhou circles, four in ten circles would attend Reitaisai and Kouroumu.[24]

Touhou-Only events quickly grew and reached their peak in 2008–2010. Participation in these conventions mostly stabilized by the 2010s, including Reitaisai and Kouroumu, while other Touhou-Only events begun to slow down, or even shrink. The number of participating circles in Reitaisai and Kouroumu has also begun to decline from 2014.[24]

Reitaisai

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A Touhou booth in Reitaisai
Reitaisai SP2 in 2011

The Hakurei Shrine Reitaisai (博麗神社例大祭, Hakurei Jinja Reitaisai; Hakurei Shrine's Regular Grand Festival) is the largest Touhou-Only convention. Although the coordinator of this convention is unrelated to Team Shanghai Alice, the name "Hakurei Shrine Reitaisai" was given by ZUN himself.[25]

The first Reitaisai convention was held on April 18, 2004, in Ōta, Tokyo, featuring a total of 114 participating circles.[26] Team Shanghai Alice also released demo versions of its upcoming games, Imperishable Night and Immaterial and Missing Power.[27] The convention featured a total of 114 participating circles.[28]

Since then, many Touhou Project derivative works have been sold at Reitasai, and it has become the largest Touhou-Only convention. [29][30] In 2010, an additional Reitaisai convention called "Reitaisai SP" (例大祭SP) was started. It was held every autumn due to its increasing popularity, but was cancelled after 2011, and later brought back and rebranded as "Autumn Reitaisai" (博麗神社秋季例大祭). The first Autumn Reitaisai was held on November 24, 2014.[31][28]

The 2011 Reitaisai was originally cancelled due to safety concerns after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, and the release of Ten Desires was also postponed.[32] It was later rescheduled and held on May 8, 2011, with approximately 4,940 participating circles.[28] The 17th Reitaisai in 2020, which was originally going to run on March 22 before being postponed to May 17, was ultimately cancelled due to safety concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the first Reitaisai to be cancelled.[33]

Starting in 2015, Reitaisai began holding events in Taiwan. It was suspended from 2019 to 2024 and resumed in 2024.[34][35]

Kouroumu

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Touhou Kouroumu (東方紅楼夢, Touhou Kouroumu; Eastern Dream of the Red Chamber) is an annual Touhou-Only event held in Kansai.[36][37] It is the second largest Touhou-Only event after Reitaisai, and they are called "The Big Two in Touhou-Only events".[c][38]

[edit]

Music

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Shelves of Touhou derivative fanwork music album CDs at a store in Akihabara, with laminated dividers categorising CDs by doujin circle

The music of Touhou Project has been a particular source of interest, and many arrangement CDs are sold at Comiket and other Japanese conventions.[39][40] Among the most popular derivatives are the series of Flash music videos created by the doujin music circle IOSYS, which are often shared on otaku internet forums and Niconico. One such song, "Marisa Stole the Precious Thing", has been heavily referenced and parodied in derivative anime music videos and Internet memes.[41] "Marisa Stole the Precious Thing", alongside "Cirno's Perfect Math Class", "Night of Nights", and "Bad Apple!!" were included in the video game Touhou Spell Bubble.[42] Toby Fox, the creator of Undertale, cited Touhou Project as one of his musical influences.[43][44]

Bad Apple!!

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"Bad Apple!!", one of the most famous pieces of Touhou music, was originally composed by ZUN as the Stage 3 theme for the fourth game, Touhou Gensokyo ~ Lotus Land Story., released on August 14, 1998. According to ZUN, he aimed for a song that sounded "as old-fashioned as possible".[45] It was later included in the soundtrack collection Akyu's Untouched Score vol.1, released at the third Hakurei Shrine Reitaisai in 2006.[46]

The song saw a massive surge in popularity following a 2007 arrangement by the doujin circle Alstroemeria Records titled "Bad Apple!! feat. nomico". Arranged by Masayoshi Minoshima with vocals by the singer nomico, this version was released on the album Lovelight on May 20, 2007, at the 4th Hakurei Shrine Reitaisai.[47][48] The lyrics, written by Haruka, utilize the English idiom "bad apple" (referring to a rotten apple that spoils the barrel) to depict a protagonist struggling with apathy, introspection, and a desire to completely "change to white" or "turn to black."[49] The single reportedly reached #1 on the Japanese iTunes Store dance charts.[50] Between May 2017 and August 2018, Alstroemeria Records released three commemorative albums—10th Anniversary Bad Apple!!, PHASE 2, and PHASE 3—featuring various remixes and covers of the track.[51]

The visual component that cemented the song's internet fame began on June 8, 2008, when a user named Μμ uploaded a crude storyboard video to Niconico based on a shortened version of the song, asking for someone to animate it.[52] On October 27, 2009, a Niconico user named Anira (Japanese: あにら) published a completed black-and-white shadow play animation based on the storyboard.[53] The video, which features characters such as Reimu Hakurei and Marisa Kirisame transitioning fluidly while dancing, quickly gained popularity, reaching #1 on the Niconico daily rankings on November 15, 2009. Alstroemeria Records themselves praised the video, describing the motion as beautiful.[54] By March 2023, Anira's shadow art video had achieved over 30 million views on Niconico alone, making it the most-viewed Touhou-related video on the site.[55] In January 2025, a YouTube upload of the shadow art video surpassed 100 million views; however, as the video was an unauthorized reprint, the community encouraged viewers to support the official version uploaded by Alstroemeria Records to assert ownership. The video's global impact has been significant enough to warrant coverage by major international media such as CNN.[56]

Following the success of the shadow art video, "Bad Apple!! feat. nomico" was integrated into various official rhythm games and karaoke services. A limited version of Taiko no Tatsujin featuring the song was exhibited at Niconico Chokaigi 2 in 2013.[57] In 2019, DAM began distributing the song for karaoke,[58] followed by JOYSOUND in 2020, which included the music video.[59] In 2020, the mobile game BanG Dream! Girls Band Party! added a cover version by the in-game band Roselia (vocals by Aina Aiba).[60] The song was also added to Muse Dash in September 2021 as part of a collaboration pack.[61] In 2022, the rhythm game Touhou Danmaku Kagura included both the standard arrangement and a "Tetsuya Komuro Remix".[62][63] In May 2024, the game Project Sekai: Colorful Stage! feat. Hatsune Miku released a cover by the unit "25-ji, Nightcord de." accompanied by a 2D music video paying homage to the original shadow art.[64]

The song and its shadow art video also became a staple in the demoscene and retrocomputing communities, often used to demonstrate the capabilities of hardware presumed incapable of playing back full-motion video. Peter Dell, a programmer who contributed to a port, described the video as having become a graphical equivalent to "Hello, World!" programs for retro platforms.[65] Notable recreations include:

Games

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A glass wall featuring characters in Touhou Gensou Eclipse
A maid café featuring Touhou Gensou Eclipse, a Touhou commercialized mobile game, in Taichung, Taiwan

Due to the tolerant guidelines for derivative works, there are many fan games based on Touhou Project. While some of them adapt other game series' mechanics with Touhou Project characters, such as Koumajou Densetsu: Scarlet Symphony, which is based on Castlevania, original games are also available, such as an RPG called Labyrinth of Touhou.[39][80]

The official guidelines regarding commercialization made finding physical copies of Touhou Project fan games in the West difficult until 2014. In 2014, Sony and Mediascape launched the "Play, Doujin!" (formally named "ZUN×PlayStation"[81]) initiative, which ZUN was involved in, allowing fan-made Touhou games to be ported to other platforms. The first three Touhou fan games to be ported were released on PlayStation 4 in September 2014.[82] Since then, more Touhou fan games have been released on various platforms such as PS4, Switch and Steam.[39] Yuyuko Saigyouji and Reimu Hakurei also made cameo character appearances in Square Enix's game Lord of Vermilion Re:2.[83]

Anime

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Several fanmade anime have been created for Touhou Project. ZUN has stated that no official anime would be made due to concerns over altering the series's target audience from shoot 'em up gamers. Even for fanmade anime, ZUN suggested that creators should not have excessive advertising, and restrict distribution.[84] Due to the official author's position, little progess were made of these fanmade anime.

Although created by amateur studios, these projects have sometimes included appearances by professional voice actors, such as Rie Tanaka. Doujin anime of note include Fantasy Kaleidoscope ~ The Memories of Phantasm (幻想万華鏡) by the circle Manpuku Jinja in 2011,[85] A Summer Day's Dream (夢想夏郷) by the doujin circle Maikaze,[86] and Hifuu Club Activity Record ~ The Sealed Esoteric History (秘封活动记录) by the Chinese doujin circle Kyoto Fantasy Troupe.[87]

A derivative anime from a commercial anime studio came in the form of Anime Tenchou x Touhou Project (アニメ店長 x 東方Project) by Ufotable to celebrate the 10th anniversary of Japanese goods chain Animate as a promotional video for the store combining Touhou Project with Animate's mascot, Meito Anizawa.[88]

Yukkuri

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Wikipe-tan drawn in the yukkuri style

A major Internet meme based on Touhou Project is "Yukkuri shite itte ne!!!" (ゆっくりしていってね!!!; often translated as "You should be taking it easy!!!"), which centers around the disembodied, deformed heads of Touhou Project characters, often referred to as "yukkuris". This meme originated from a crude attempt to draw the main characters Reimu and Marisa with Shift JIS art in late 2007. Yukkuris became so popular that the phrase "Yukkuri shite itte ne!!!" won bronze for 2008's "Net Slang of the Year" in Japan. Yukkuris also appear in Internet advertisements, the anime Natsu no Arashi! and Pani Poni, and games like Needy Streamer Overload and most notably, the front page of 2channel, one of the most visited Japanese websites.[89]

The yukkuris are often given voices by the text-to-speech synthesizer SofTalk,[90] and it has become popular in Japan to use yukkuris to stand-in and narrate online videos to the point that they became known as a genre called Yukkuri videos (ゆっくり動画).[91][92]

On May 15, 2022, a YouTuber unrelated to the Touhou fandom announced that they had registered the trademark rights of "Yukkuri-Chaban-Theater" (ゆっくり茶番劇) and would set an annual fee as the royalty, provoking backlash and criticism [ja] due to the perception of someone unrelated to the fandom commercializing its culture. Later, Dwango, which operates Nico Nico Douga, launched a negotiation to have the rights waived. The YouTuber announced that they had "decided to forego the trademark on May 23".[93] Currently, the "Yukkuri-Chaban-Theater" trademark is not valid.[94]

Other

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A Reimu cosplayer holding a Reimu Fumo doll

A popular internet meme is FumoFumo (ふもふも), referring to a line of plush dolls of characters from Touhou Project, which are designed by the Japanese illustrator Neji and manufactured by the Japanese merchandise company Gift.[95] The plush series features emotionless faces, scornful eyes, and the standard size is about two heads tall. After becoming popular, the dolls have since caused panic buying.[96]

In 2017, a crape myrtle cultivar, Lagerstroemia indica 'Lingmeng' (Chinese: 灵梦) was bred by Beijing Forestry University students and named after Reimu for its similarities to her outfit.[97]

References

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Notes

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  1. ↑ Many of the songs had been made remixing the original games' music.
  2. ↑ Touhou Project games themselves are also doujin games.
  3. ↑ 東方Projectオンリーイベンドの二大巨頭

Footnotes

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  1. 1 2 Chang 2024.
  2. ↑ Pablos 2024.
  3. ↑ Maejima 2010, pp. 244.
  4. ↑ Yao 2018, pp. 127–128.
  5. ↑ Yao 2018, pp. 127–128; Satomi 2025, pp. 16 (144).
  6. ↑ Speranza, Nick (October 26, 2021). "Gaming the System: The most popular game you've never heard of thrives off of a respect for fanmade work". The Daily Free Press. Archived from the original on April 21, 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  7. ↑ AMBER V (May 31, 2024). "Touhou Project creator updates fan game guideline, asks indie creators to refrain from crowdfunding". AUTOMATON. Archived from the original on August 23, 2024. Retrieved August 23, 2024.
  8. ↑ 1000万IDの巨大サイトも創作の連鎖反応を引き起こす 音楽や映像で自由に表現 [The gigantic site of 10 million users sets off a chain reaction of creativity: The freedom of expression through music and video] (in Japanese). Weekly BCN. October 20, 2008. Archived from the original on March 30, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  9. ↑ "2007 11th Japan Media Arts Festival Open form" (in Japanese). Japan Media Arts Plaza, Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on February 15, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2007.
  10. ↑ "2007 Eleventh Japan Media Arts Festival Award-winning Works". Japan Media Arts Plaza, Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on February 9, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2008.
  11. ↑ "Most prolific fan-made shooter series". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
  12. ↑ Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2011. Guinness World Records Ltd. 2011. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-4053-6546-8.
  13. ↑ Kōichi Ichikawa (December 30, 2009). "The Comic Market Today and Overseas Participants" (PDF). Comic Market. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 2, 2011.
  14. ↑ Amber V (October 3, 2023). "Touhou isn't old: 15- to 19-year-olds make up the majority of the fandom even in 2023". AUTOMATON. Archived from the original on August 10, 2025. Retrieved October 1, 2026.
  15. ↑ Ayase Hirashima; Eri Hatano (February 2, 2024). 今、本当に推されている「人」「作品」が分かる 最旬"推し"新潮流. Nikkei Cross Trend (in Japanese). Archived from the original on February 22, 2024.
  16. 1 2 Green 2013.
  17. ↑ "August Dojin Data Base" (in Japanese). Addb.jp. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
  18. ↑ "What is the Comic Market? February 2008" (PDF) (in Japanese). Comiket. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 9, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  19. ↑ Fujimoto, Yukari (2014). "2. Naruto as Cultural Crossroads". In Berndt, Jaqueline; Kümmerling-Meibauer, Bettina (eds.). Manga's Cultural Crossroads. Cambridge Eng. New York: Routledge. p. 188 note 27. ISBN 9781134102839. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
  20. ↑ "Kantai Collection Comiket Circles Edge Ahead of Touhou Project Again". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  21. ↑ "Dōjin Circle Numbers Reveal Top Series at Comiket 89". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on June 16, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  22. ↑ Dennison, Kara (August 9, 2019). "Fate Still Reigns Supreme as Comiket's Most Represented Title". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on February 9, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  23. ↑ (同人誌と図書館)ジャンルコード別サークル数一覧（C82〜C88）と夏コミ告知 (in Japanese). Myrmecoleon (Researcher at the Meiji University Yoshihiro Yonezawa Memorial Library). August 6, 2015. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
    (同人誌と図書館)ジャンルコード別サークル数一覧（C85〜C91）と冬コミ告知 (in Japanese). Myrmecoleon (Researcher at the Meiji University Yoshihiro Yonezawa Memorial Library). December 15, 2016. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
    (同人誌と図書館)ジャンルコード別サークル数一覧（〜C81）と冬コミ告知 (in Japanese). Myrmecoleon (Researcher at the Meiji University Yoshihiro Yonezawa Memorial Library). December 27, 2011. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
    ジャンルコード別サークル数一覧（C91〜C97）と冬コミ告知 (in Japanese). Myrmecoleon (Researcher at the Meiji University Yoshihiro Yonezawa Memorial Library). December 19, 2019. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  24. 1 2 Yao 2018.
  25. ↑ ZUN (January 18, 2004). うっかり. 上海アリス幻樂団 (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 5, 2004. Retrieved October 5, 2026. で、東方オンリーイベント（4月18日開催）のイベント名が決定しました。「博麗神社 例大祭」（はくれいじんじゃ れいたいさい）です。博麗神社のお祭りです。縁日みたいな物だと思って。（笑）お祭りらしくどんな方でも楽しく参加して頂きたいなぁ、という意味を込めました。
  26. ↑ 第1回博麗神社例大祭. Archived from the original on February 19, 2004. Retrieved October 5, 2026.
  27. ↑ Uhl, Will (November 24, 2014). "The story of the Touhou sensation". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on August 8, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
  28. 1 2 3 東方Wiki 2026.
  29. ↑ 「俺が決めていいなら...」原作者が参加する同人誌即売会「博麗神社例大祭」の特異性 代表が設立経緯とコロナ禍を振り返る. J-CAST ニュース (in Japanese). October 9, 2023. Archived from the original on April 18, 2026. Retrieved October 5, 2026. 原作者も参加する二次創作イベントは珍しい。例大祭はオンリーとして国内最大規模に成長した。
  30. ↑ 【コスプレ】“東方レイヤー”目線で語る「博麗神社例大祭」の魅力とは? 【インタビュー】. アニメ! アニメ! (in Japanese). May 11, 2019. Archived from the original on April 17, 2025. Retrieved October 5, 2026. 『東方Project（東方）』作品だけを扱った国内最大級の同人誌即売会「第十六回 博麗神社例大祭（例大祭）」が5月5日、東京ビッグサイト・西ホールで開催されました。
  31. ↑ 針の音楽|制作 – 合同参加作品. harimusic.net. Archived from the original on May 21, 2026. Retrieved October 5, 2026. 第一回博麗神社秋季例大祭(2014年11月24日) 頒布
  32. ↑ 第八回博麗神社例大祭、延期の日程についてのご案内 (in Japanese). March 20, 2011. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2026.
  33. ↑ 令和二年（第十七回）博麗神社例大祭、開催「中止」のお知らせ (in Japanese). 博麗神社社務所. April 12, 2020. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
  34. ↑ 啄雞 (March 15, 2024). 《東方Project》同人展「博麗神社例大祭in台灣」睽違5年再辦 歌謠祭也回歸!. udn遊戲角落 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on June 15, 2026. Retrieved October 5, 2026.
  35. ↑ 博麗神社例大祭 in 台湾 (in Japanese). 博麗神社社務所. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
  36. ↑ 東方紅樓夢公式Web. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2013.
  37. ↑ Yao 2018, pp. 128.
  38. ↑ 第4回東方紅楼夢 一般参加レポート. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018.
  39. 1 2 3 Cooke 2021.
  40. ↑ Gann 2012: "Every six months, Comiket sweeps Japan, and a boatload of doujin music albums are released... You could easily spend $1000 there and still miss something cool. Especially if you're down with all things Touhou-related.."
  41. ↑ ニコニコ動画の無断転載に「ありがとう」──「魔理沙は〜」「ウサテイ」のFlash作者が語る本音. ASCII.jp. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
  42. ↑ Lada, Jenni (November 13, 2020). "Review: Touhou Spell Bubble Pops". Siliconera. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
  43. ↑ "10 Games That Influenced Other Developers (But Most People Haven't Played)". CBR. August 29, 2021. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
  44. ↑ 『Undertale』トビー・フォックス×『東方』ZUN×Onion Games木村祥朗鼎談──自分が幸せでいられる道を進んだらこうなった──同人の魂、インディーの自由を大いに語る. Denfaminico Gamer (in Japanese). October 19, 2018. Archived from the original on October 19, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
  45. ↑ "Bad Apple!!". Toho Music database (in Japanese). Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2019. 出来るだけ昔っぽい曲をめざしたんですけど [I was aiming for a song that sounds as old-fashioned as possible]
  46. ↑ "Shanghai Music Room". Team Shanghai Alice. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
  47. ↑ "Alstroemeria Records » ARCD0018 / Lovelight". Alstroemeria Records. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  48. ↑ "ARCD0016, ARCD0018 Release INFO". Alstroemeria Records. May 18, 2007. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  49. ↑ "What is the meaning of the lyrics to "Bad Apple!!"?" (in Japanese). Utaten. September 11, 2025. Archived from the original on September 6, 2026. Retrieved October 1, 2026.
  50. ↑ Masayoshi Minoshima [@M_Minoshima] (October 17, 2018). "It's finally here!!!!!" (Tweet). Retrieved May 28, 2023 – via Twitter.
  51. ↑ "ARCD0056 – 10th Anniversary Bad Apple!!". Alstroemeria Records. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  52. ↑ Μμ (June 8, 2008). 【Uploader want to watch】Bad Apple!! PV【Please someone picturize it】 (Video). Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. Retrieved January 1, 2021 – via Niconico.
  53. ↑ Anira (October 27, 2009). "【Touhou】Bad Apple!! PV【Shadow Art】". Niconico (in Japanese). Dwango. Archived from the original on October 30, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  54. ↑ "Bad Apple!! feat.nomico PV". Alstroemeria Records. October 28, 2009. Archived from the original on November 5, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
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  56. ↑ "Touhou fan derivative 'Bad Apple!! feat.nomico' shadow PV tops 100 million views... but may actually be an unauthorized reprint". Game*Spark (in Japanese). January 27, 2025. Archived from the original on October 1, 2026. Retrieved October 1, 2026.
  57. ↑ "Bad Apple!! is playable too, Don! Touhou songs included in Taiko no Tatsujin limited edition at Chokaigi 2". ITmedia. April 12, 2013. Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
  58. ↑ Takuto Yoshikawa (July 26, 2019). "DAM decides to distribute "Bad Apple!! feat. nomico" karaoke – of course with that shadow art PV...!". Game*Spark. IID, Inc. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2026.
  59. ↑ Animage Plus Editorial Department (March 19, 2020). "Touhou's "Bad Apple!! feat.nomico" comes to karaoke with shadow art MV!". Animage. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
  60. ↑ "Bushiroad and Craft Egg add "Thank you 3rd Anniversary! Cover Song Addition Campaign!" 2nd installment cover songs to "Garupa" on March 21". Social Game Info. Social Info. March 20, 2020. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2026.
  61. ↑ "'Muse Dash' and Touhou Project collaboration starts!". IGN Japan (in Japanese). September 30, 2021. Archived from the original on October 2, 2026. Retrieved October 1, 2026.
  62. ↑ "Bad Apple!! feat. nomico". Touhou Danmaku Kagura. Archived from the original on April 3, 2023. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  63. ↑ "Bad Apple!! feat.nomico (Tetsuya Komuro Remix)". Touhou Danmaku Kagura. Archived from the original on April 3, 2023. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  64. ↑ "Implementation of 'Bad Apple!!' in 'ProSeka' becomes a hot topic". Real Sound (in Japanese). May 25, 2024. Archived from the original on September 12, 2026. Retrieved October 1, 2026.
  65. ↑ Dell, Peter (2018). "Bad Apple HD". WUDSN. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved December 21, 2019. Bad Apple advanced to the modern "Hello World" for the retro computing demoscene. It has been converted to even the most obscure platforms including Atari VCS and Vectrex.
  66. ↑ "8088 Domination: Full motion video on an IBM PC". Neoteo (in Spanish). June 23, 2014. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2023.
  67. ↑ Benchoff, Brian (June 21, 2014). "(Better) Full Motion Video on the First PC". Hackaday. Archived from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
  68. ↑ "Bad Apple 64 – A mighty impressive C64 demo!". Indie Retro News. June 30, 2014. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  69. ↑ Fabio, Theodora (April 24, 2015). "Extreme Vectrex Multicart Plays Bad Apple". Hackaday. Archived from the original on September 8, 2025. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  70. ↑ Williams, Carl (July 16, 2015). "Bad Apple Ported to the Vectrex, Something that Should Technically not be Possible". Retro Gaming Magazine. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  71. ↑ Day, Lewin (January 8, 2019). "Bad Apple!! Via The Arduino Mega". Hackaday. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  72. ↑ "A fierce person who reproduced that "Bad Apple!!" shadow animation on the Apple IIe released nearly 40 years ago appears". GIGAZINE. April 3, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2023.
  73. ↑ Kontake (May 13, 2021). "Is this Excel art......? "Bad Apple!!" reproduced by cell painting has amazing reproducibility and smoothness". ITmedia. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
  74. ↑ "Bad Apple!! shadow PV reproduced with "math graphs"! "Function art" drawn with formulas including filling is amazing". Niconico News. February 16, 2023. Archived from the original on April 6, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
  75. ↑ Mototaki (May 4, 2023). "You can draw pictures with math formulas...! Astonished by the work that reproduced "Bad Apple!!" shadow PV with math formulas". ITmedia. Archived from the original on May 19, 2023. Retrieved May 20, 2023.
  76. ↑ "A movie that embeds that 'Bad Apple!!' shadow animation into a font appears". Gigazine (in Japanese). March 13, 2024.
  77. ↑ "Reproducing the 'Bad Apple!!' shadow PV with Rubik's Cubes!". Otakuma Keizai Shimbun (in Japanese). January 25, 2025. Archived from the original on February 17, 2026. Retrieved October 1, 2026.
  78. ↑ "Reproducing the 'Bad Apple!!' shadow PV with Minecraft Steve!". Nifty News (in Japanese). January 25, 2025.
  79. ↑ Minoru Hirota (February 18, 2012). "Connecting disappearing Japanese culture to young people: The light of "regeneration" on Nico Nico Douga". ASCII.jp. Kadokawa ASCII Research Laboratories. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2023.
  80. ↑ Liu, Stephanie (June 7, 2021). "Touhouvania Game Koumajou Remilia: Scarlet Symphony Will Appear on PC and Switch". Siliconera. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2026.
  81. ↑ 電撃オンライン. 『東方Project』とPlayStationの今後は!? ZUN氏らが参加した座談会を全文掲載【電撃PS】. dengekionline.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on October 4, 2026. Retrieved October 4, 2026.
  82. ↑ Cooke 2021; Nelkin 2014.
  83. ↑ "Valkyrie Profile, Star Ocean, And Tohou Crossover In Square Enix Arcade Game". Siliconera. September 27, 2012. Archived from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
  84. ↑ 东方系列同人动画《梦想夏乡》第二话C82发售. 新浪动漫. August 2, 2012. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved September 9, 2012. 此前东方系列的原作者ZUN曾在博客中表示担心如果东方动画化, 那么东方系列的主体FANS就不再是STG游戏玩家, 因此不会进行官方的动画化。即便制作同人动画化, 也要做到不向东方FANS以外的人过度宣传、限制流通等几点。所以东方这一热门题材在动画化方面一直表现得非常消极。
  85. ↑ "Touhou-Based 'The Memories of Phantasm' Anime Streamed". Anime News Network. August 16, 2011. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  86. ↑ musoukakyo | 舞風-Maikaze (in Japanese). Maikaze. Archived from the original on July 27, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
  87. ↑ 京都幻想剧团. Kyoto Fantasy Troupe. Archived from the original on June 20, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
  88. ↑ "Touhou Project, Anime Tenchou Get Anime by ufotable". Anime News Network. September 24, 2010. Archived from the original on September 25, 2010. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
  89. ↑ ネット流行語大賞は｢あなたとは違うんです [Net Slang of the Year goes to 'I am different from you'] (in Japanese). ITmedia. December 2, 2008. Archived from the original on August 13, 2009. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  90. ↑ 生首キャラと棒読みの化学反応──ニコ動で流行る「ゆっくり」動画とは?. マイナビニュース (in Japanese). April 2, 2010. Archived from the original on June 16, 2026. Retrieved April 26, 2025.
  91. ↑ 日経クロストレンド (May 26, 2022). ドワンゴが見解 ネット騒然の「ゆっくり茶番劇」騒動とは何か. 日経クロストレンド (in Japanese). Archived from the original on January 30, 2025. Retrieved April 26, 2025.
  92. ↑ ネット流行語大賞は｢あなたとは違うんです [Net Slang of the Year goes to 'I am different from you'] (in Japanese). ITmedia. December 2, 2008. Archived from the original on August 13, 2009. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  93. ↑ Satomi 2025.
  94. ↑ INPIT 2022.
  95. ↑ 「東方Project」のファンゲーム「幻想戦略録 – The Touhou Empires -」と東方ふもふもぬいぐるみシリーズがコラボ. 4Gamer.net (in Japanese). May 2, 2024.
  96. ↑ 「幻想戦略録 – The Touhou Empires -」に"ふもふもれいむ。"が参戦! 「東方ふもふもぬいぐるみシリーズ」とのコラボが決定. Gamer (in Japanese). May 2, 2024. Archived from the original on August 16, 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2024.
  97. ↑ 侯婧婧 (April 20, 2018). 植物以动漫角色命名 紫薇新品种取名“灵梦”火了. 南方都市报 (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved October 5, 2026 – via www.sohu.com.

Bibliography

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