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Rune
UCS Trans. IPA Proto-Germanic nameMeaning[ 1]
ᚠ f
/ɸ/, /f/ *fehu "cattle", "wealth"
ᚢ u
/u(ː)/ ?*ūruz "aurochs "
ᚦ þ /θ/, /ð/ ?*þurisaz "giant ", "monster"
ᚨ a
/a(ː)/ *ansuz "god "
ᚱ r
/r/ *raidō "ride, journey"
ᚲ k (c)
/k/ ?*kauną "boil"
ᚷ g
/ɡ/ *gebō "gift"
ᚹ w
/w/ *wunjō "joy"
ᚺ ᚻ h
/h/ *hagalaz "hail "
ᚾ n
/n/ *naudiz "need", "affliction"
ᛁ i
/i(ː)/ *īsaz "ice"
ᛃ j
/j/ *jēra- "year", "good year", "harvest"
ᛇ ï (æ)
?/æː/ [ 2] ?*ī(h)waz "yew-tree "
ᛈ p
/p/ ?*perþō Unknown
ᛉ z
/z/ ?*algiz "elk "[ a]
ᛊ ᛋ s
/s/ *sōwilō "sun"
ᛏ t
/t/ *tīwaz "Tiwaz "
ᛒ b
/b/ *berkanan "birch "
ᛖ e
/e(ː)/ *ehwaz "horse "
ᛗ m
/m/ *mannaz "man", "human"
ᛚ l
/l/ ?*laguz "water", "liquid"
ᛜ ŋ /ŋ/ *ingwaz "Ing "
ᛟ o
/o(ː)/ *ōþala- "inheritance", "household"
ᛞ d
/d/ *dagaz "day"
↑ Ralph Elliott suggested in 1980 "protection, defence"[ 3] [ 4]
↑ Barnes, Michael P. (2012). Runes: a handbook . Woodbridge: Boydell. p. 22. ↑ also rendered /ɛː/ , see Proto-Germanic phonology . ↑ Elliott, Ralph W. V. (1980). Runes: an introduction . Manchester: Manchester University Press ND. pp. 51– 53. ↑ Elliott, Ralph W. V. (1996). Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (eds.). The world's writing systems . Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 334.
