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Newar
Nepal Lipi 𑐣𑐾𑐥𑐵𑐮 𑐮𑐶𑐥𑐶‎
Nepal lipi Varnamala Chart
Script type
Period
10th century to present
DirectionLeft-to-right Edit this on Wikidata
LanguagesNepal Bhasa & Sanskrit
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
Ranjana
Bhujimol
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Newa (333), ​Newa, Newar, Newari, Nepāla lipi
Unicode
Unicode alias
Newa
U+11400–U+1147F
A folio of Newar poem Atina Sundar Desh Kantipuri, written by Bhuwan Lakshmi, the queen consort of King Bhupalendra Malla in Newar script.
A 17th-century Devi Mahatmya manuscript written in Newar script.

The Newar script, known in the Newar language as Nepal lipi, Nepalakshar and Prachalit, is an abugida, one of the Nepalese scripts that descend from the Brahmi script. It is used to write Nepalbhasa (Newar) and Sanskrit. In the past, it has also been used for writing Nepali, Bengali, Maithili, and Hindustani in the Nepal Valley. Various publications are still published in this script including the Sikkim Herald the bulletin of the Sikkim government (Newari edition).[2][3]

Etymology

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The Newar script is known as "Nepalakshar" or "Nepal lipi", which means script of Nepal. This script is commonly referred as Newā Ākhaḥ in Modern-Newar language, and Newari Lipi in Nepali language. The Newar script is also known as Prachalit script ("popular script"), as it was one of the most widely used script among all of the scripts used in Nepal, with majority of manuscripts and inscription written in it.

The multilingual stone inscription of Pratap Malla dated to 1654 CE, uses "nevāra ākhala" (Newar script) to refer this script in Classical Newar.[4] Similarly, in a 1747 CE work, Capuchin friar Costantino da Ascoli refers to this script as Nepalese.[5]

History

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The Newar script first appeared in a manuscript entitled Laṅkāvatāra Sutra dated 908 CE.[6][7] The first inscription in the Newar script is the inscription of King Shankaradeva at Jaishideval, Kathmandu, dated to 920 CE. The first coin in this script appeared on one of King Shivadeva (1098–1126 CE). The oldest surviving manuscript of the Abhijnana Shakuntala, dated to the 12th century, was written in this script and is now situated at the Asiatic Society.[8] Similarly, the oldest surviving manuscript of the Ramayana dated 1019, was written in the Newar script.[9]

During the Malla dynasty, official records and inscriptions were written in Newar script. It was also used in official documents by the early Shah rulers, as shown by the Nepal-Tibet treaty of 1775, which was written in this script. Since late 1906, with rise of the Rana dynasty, official documents written in Newar script were declared illegal. Since then, the script started to be replaced by Devanagari.[10]

Alphabet

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Vowels

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Vowels Diactrics IAST & IPA With 𑐎 (ka) With 𑐐 (ga) Vowels Diactrics IAST & IPA With 𑐎 (ka) With 𑐐 (ga)
𑐀—a /ə/ 𑐎 𑐐 𑐁𑐵ā /aː/ 𑐎𑐵 𑐐𑐵
𑐂𑐶i /i/ 𑐎𑐶 𑐐𑐶 𑐃𑐷ī /iː/ 𑐎𑐷 𑐐𑐷
𑐄𑐸u /u/ 𑐎𑐸 𑐐𑐸 𑐅𑐹ū /uː/ 𑐎𑐹 𑐐𑐹
𑐆𑐺ṛ /r̩/ 𑐎𑐺 𑐐𑐺 𑐇𑐻ṝ /r̩ː/ 𑐎𑐻 𑐐𑐻
𑐈𑐼ḷ /l̩/ 𑐎𑐼 𑐐𑐼 𑐉𑐽ḹ /l̩ː/ 𑐎𑐽 𑐐𑐽
𑐊𑐾e /eː/ 𑐎𑐾 𑐐𑐾 𑐋𑐿ai /ai̯/ 𑐎𑐿 𑐐𑐿
𑐌𑑀o /oː/ 𑐎𑑀 𑐐𑑀 𑐍𑑁au /au̯/ 𑐎𑑁 𑐐𑑁
𑐀𑑄𑑄aṃ /ə̃/ 𑐎𑑄 𑐐𑑄 𑐀𑑅𑑅aḥ /əḥ/ 𑐎𑑅 𑐐𑑅

Some of the vowel diacritics have different appearances depending on whether the consonant has a top line or not. There are seven consonants without top lines: ga, ña, ṭha, ṇa, tha, dha and śa.[11]

Consonant

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Plosive Nasal Sonorant Fricative
Voiceless Voiced
Plain Aspirated Modal Breathy Modal Breathy Modal Breathy
Velar 𑐎ka /k/ 𑐏kha /kʰ/ 𑐐ga /ɡ/ 𑐑gha /ɡʱ/ 𑐒ṅa /ŋ/ 𑐓ṅha /ŋʱ/
Palatal 𑐔ca /t͡ɕ/ 𑐕cha /t͡ɕʰ/ 𑐖ja /d͡ʑ/ 𑐗jha /d͡ʑʱ/ 𑐘ña /ɲ/ 𑐙ñha /ɲʱ/ 𑐫ya /j/ 𑐴𑑂𑐫yha /jʱ/ 𑐱śa /ʃ/
Retroflex 𑐚ṭa /ʈ/ 𑐛ṭha /ʈʰ/ 𑐜ḍa /ɖ/ 𑐝ḍha /ɖʱ/ 𑐞ṇa /ɳ/ 𑐴𑑂𑐞ṇha /ɳʱ/ 𑐬ra /r/ 𑐭rha /ɾʱ/ 𑐲ṣa /ʂ/
Dental 𑐟ta /t/ 𑐠tha /tʰ/ 𑐡da /d/ 𑐢dha /dʱ/ 𑐣na /n/ 𑐤nha /nʱ/ 𑐮la /l/ 𑐯lha /lʱ/ 𑐳sa /s/
Labial 𑐥pa /p/ 𑐦pha /pʰ/ 𑐧ba /b/ 𑐨bha /bʱ/ 𑐩ma /m/ 𑐪mha /mʱ/ 𑐰va /w, ʋ/ 𑐴𑑂𑐰vha /wʱ/
Guttural 𑐴ha /ɦ/

Consonant conjuncts

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Consonant clusters are written by writing several consonant letters together in complex ligatures. How they are written depends on the shape of the letters and some letters have alternative shapes that are used depending on their position in the cluster.[11] The following table shows the consonant conjunction in the Newar script.

Newar consonant conjuncts
𑐎𑐏𑐐𑐑𑐒𑐔𑐕𑐖𑐗𑐘𑐚𑐛𑐜𑐝𑐞𑐟𑐠𑐡𑐢𑐣𑐥𑐦𑐧𑐨𑐩𑐫𑐬𑐮𑐰𑐱𑐲𑐳𑐴
𑐎 𑐎𑑂𑐎𑐎𑑂𑐏𑐎𑑂𑐐𑐎𑑂𑐑𑐎𑑂𑐒𑐎𑑂𑐔𑐎𑑂𑐕𑐎𑑂𑐖𑐎𑑂𑐗𑐎𑑂𑐘𑐎𑑂𑐚𑐎𑑂𑐛𑐎𑑂𑐜𑐎𑑂𑐝𑐎𑑂𑐞𑐎𑑂𑐟𑐎𑑂𑐠𑐎𑑂𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐢𑐎𑑂𑐣𑐎𑑂𑐥𑐎𑑂𑐦𑐎𑑂𑐧𑐎𑑂𑐨𑐎𑑂𑐩𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐮𑐎𑑂𑐰𑐎𑑂𑐱𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐎𑑂𑐴
𑐏 𑐏𑑂𑐎𑐏𑑂𑐏𑐏𑑂𑐐𑐏𑑂𑐑𑐏𑑂𑐒𑐏𑑂𑐔𑐏𑑂𑐕𑐏𑑂𑐖𑐏𑑂𑐗𑐏𑑂𑐘𑐏𑑂𑐚𑐏𑑂𑐛𑐏𑑂𑐜𑐏𑑂𑐝𑐏𑑂𑐞𑐏𑑂𑐟𑐏𑑂𑐠𑐏𑑂𑐡𑐏𑑂𑐢𑐏𑑂𑐣𑐏𑑂𑐥𑐏𑑂𑐦𑐏𑑂𑐧𑐏𑑂𑐨𑐏𑑂𑐩𑐏𑑂𑐫𑐏𑑂𑐬𑐏𑑂𑐮𑐏𑑂𑐰𑐏𑑂𑐱𑐏𑑂𑐲𑐏𑑂𑐳𑐏𑑂𑐴
𑐐 𑐐𑑂𑐎𑐐𑑂𑐏𑐐𑑂𑐐𑐐𑑂𑐑𑐐𑑂𑐒𑐐𑑂𑐔𑐐𑑂𑐕𑐐𑑂𑐖𑐐𑑂𑐗𑐐𑑂𑐘𑐐𑑂𑐚𑐐𑑂𑐛𑐐𑑂𑐜𑐐𑑂𑐝𑐐𑑂𑐞𑐐𑑂𑐟𑐐𑑂𑐠𑐐𑑂𑐡𑐐𑑂𑐢𑐐𑑂𑐣𑐐𑑂𑐥𑐐𑑂𑐦𑐐𑑂𑐧𑐐𑑂𑐨𑐐𑑂𑐩𑐐𑑂𑐫𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐐𑑂𑐮𑐐𑑂𑐰𑐐𑑂𑐱𑐐𑑂𑐲𑐐𑑂𑐳𑐐𑑂𑐴
𑐑 𑐑𑑂𑐎𑐑𑑂𑐏𑐑𑑂𑐐𑐑𑑂𑐑𑐑𑑂𑐒𑐑𑑂𑐔𑐑𑑂𑐕𑐑𑑂𑐖𑐑𑑂𑐗𑐑𑑂𑐘𑐑𑑂𑐚𑐑𑑂𑐛𑐑𑑂𑐜𑐑𑑂𑐝𑐑𑑂𑐞𑐑𑑂𑐟𑐑𑑂𑐠𑐑𑑂𑐡𑐑𑑂𑐢𑐑𑑂𑐣𑐑𑑂𑐥𑐑𑑂𑐦𑐑𑑂𑐧𑐑𑑂𑐨𑐑𑑂𑐩𑐑𑑂𑐫𑐑𑑂𑐬𑐑𑑂𑐮𑐑𑑂𑐰𑐑𑑂𑐱𑐑𑑂𑐲𑐑𑑂𑐳𑐑𑑂𑐴
𑐒 𑐒𑑂𑐎𑐒𑑂𑐏𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐒𑑂𑐑𑐒𑑂𑐒𑐒𑑂𑐔𑐒𑑂𑐕𑐒𑑂𑐖𑐒𑑂𑐗𑐒𑑂𑐘𑐒𑑂𑐚𑐒𑑂𑐛𑐒𑑂𑐜𑐒𑑂𑐝𑐒𑑂𑐞𑐒𑑂𑐟𑐒𑑂𑐠𑐒𑑂𑐡𑐒𑑂𑐢𑐒𑑂𑐣𑐒𑑂𑐥𑐒𑑂𑐦𑐒𑑂𑐧𑐒𑑂𑐨𑐒𑑂𑐩𑐒𑑂𑐫𑐒𑑂𑐬𑐒𑑂𑐮𑐒𑑂𑐰𑐒𑑂𑐱𑐒𑑂𑐲𑐒𑑂𑐳𑐒𑑂𑐴
𑐔 𑐔𑑂𑐎𑐔𑑂𑐏𑐔𑑂𑐐𑐔𑑂𑐑𑐔𑑂𑐒𑐔𑑂𑐔𑐔𑑂𑐕𑐔𑑂𑐖𑐔𑑂𑐗𑐔𑑂𑐘𑐔𑑂𑐚𑐔𑑂𑐛𑐔𑑂𑐜𑐔𑑂𑐝𑐔𑑂𑐞𑐔𑑂𑐟𑐔𑑂𑐠𑐔𑑂𑐡𑐔𑑂𑐢𑐔𑑂𑐣𑐔𑑂𑐥𑐔𑑂𑐦𑐔𑑂𑐧𑐔𑑂𑐨𑐔𑑂𑐩𑐔𑑂𑐫𑐔𑑂𑐬𑐔𑑂𑐮𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐔𑑂𑐱𑐔𑑂𑐲𑐔𑑂𑐳𑐔𑑂𑐴
𑐕 𑐕𑑂𑐎𑐕𑑂𑐏𑐕𑑂𑐐𑐕𑑂𑐑𑐕𑑂𑐒𑐕𑑂𑐔𑐕𑑂𑐕𑐕𑑂𑐖𑐕𑑂𑐗𑐕𑑂𑐘𑐕𑑂𑐚𑐕𑑂𑐛𑐕𑑂𑐜𑐕𑑂𑐝𑐕𑑂𑐞𑐕𑑂𑐟𑐕𑑂𑐠𑐕𑑂𑐡𑐕𑑂𑐢𑐕𑑂𑐣𑐕𑑂𑐥𑐕𑑂𑐦𑐕𑑂𑐧𑐕𑑂𑐨𑐕𑑂𑐩𑐕𑑂𑐫𑐕𑑂𑐬𑐕𑑂𑐮𑐕𑑂𑐰𑐕𑑂𑐱𑐕𑑂𑐲𑐕𑑂𑐳𑐕𑑂𑐴
𑐖 𑐖𑑂𑐎𑐖𑑂𑐏𑐖𑑂𑐐𑐖𑑂𑐑𑐖𑑂𑐒𑐖𑑂𑐔𑐖𑑂𑐕𑐖𑑂𑐖𑐖𑑂𑐗𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐖𑑂𑐚𑐖𑑂𑐛𑐖𑑂𑐜𑐖𑑂𑐝𑐖𑑂𑐞𑐖𑑂𑐟𑐖𑑂𑐠𑐖𑑂𑐡𑐖𑑂𑐢𑐖𑑂𑐣𑐖𑑂𑐥𑐖𑑂𑐦𑐖𑑂𑐧𑐖𑑂𑐨𑐖𑑂𑐩𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐖𑑂𑐬𑐖𑑂𑐮𑐖𑑂𑐰𑐖𑑂𑐱𑐖𑑂𑐲𑐖𑑂𑐳𑐖𑑂𑐴
𑐗 𑐗𑑂𑐎𑐗𑑂𑐏𑐗𑑂𑐐𑐗𑑂𑐑𑐗𑑂𑐒𑐗𑑂𑐔𑐗𑑂𑐕𑐗𑑂𑐖𑐗𑑂𑐗𑐗𑑂𑐘𑐗𑑂𑐚𑐗𑑂𑐛𑐗𑑂𑐜𑐗𑑂𑐝𑐗𑑂𑐞𑐗𑑂𑐟𑐗𑑂𑐠𑐗𑑂𑐡𑐗𑑂𑐢𑐗𑑂𑐣𑐗𑑂𑐥𑐗𑑂𑐦𑐗𑑂𑐧𑐗𑑂𑐨𑐗𑑂𑐩𑐗𑑂𑐫𑐗𑑂𑐬𑐗𑑂𑐮𑐗𑑂𑐰𑐗𑑂𑐱𑐗𑑂𑐲𑐗𑑂𑐳𑐗𑑂𑐴
𑐘 𑐘𑑂𑐎𑐘𑑂𑐏𑐘𑑂𑐐𑐘𑑂𑐑𑐘𑑂𑐒𑐘𑑂𑐔𑐘𑑂𑐕𑐘𑑂𑐖𑐘𑑂𑐗𑐘𑑂𑐘𑐘𑑂𑐚𑐘𑑂𑐛𑐘𑑂𑐜𑐘𑑂𑐝𑐘𑑂𑐞𑐘𑑂𑐟𑐘𑑂𑐠𑐘𑑂𑐡𑐘𑑂𑐢𑐘𑑂𑐣𑐘𑑂𑐥𑐘𑑂𑐦𑐘𑑂𑐧𑐘𑑂𑐨𑐘𑑂𑐩𑐘𑑂𑐫𑐘𑑂𑐬𑐘𑑂𑐮𑐘𑑂𑐰𑐘𑑂𑐱𑐘𑑂𑐲𑐘𑑂𑐳𑐘𑑂𑐴
𑐚 𑐚𑑂𑐎𑐚𑑂𑐏𑐚𑑂𑐐𑐚𑑂𑐑𑐚𑑂𑐒𑐚𑑂𑐔𑐚𑑂𑐕𑐚𑑂𑐖𑐚𑑂𑐗𑐚𑑂𑐘𑐚𑑂𑐚𑐚𑑂𑐛𑐚𑑂𑐜𑐚𑑂𑐝𑐚𑑂𑐞𑐚𑑂𑐟𑐚𑑂𑐠𑐚𑑂𑐡𑐚𑑂𑐢𑐚𑑂𑐣𑐚𑑂𑐥𑐚𑑂𑐦𑐚𑑂𑐧𑐚𑑂𑐨𑐚𑑂𑐩𑐚𑑂𑐫𑐚𑑂𑐬𑐚𑑂𑐮𑐚𑑂𑐰𑐚𑑂𑐱𑐚𑑂𑐲𑐚𑑂𑐳𑐴𑑂𑐚
𑐛 𑐛𑑂𑐎𑐛𑑂𑐏𑐛𑑂𑐐𑐛𑑂𑐑𑐛𑑂𑐒𑐛𑑂𑐔𑐛𑑂𑐕𑐛𑑂𑐖𑐛𑑂𑐗𑐛𑑂𑐘𑐛𑑂𑐚𑐛𑑂𑐛𑐛𑑂𑐜𑐛𑑂𑐝𑐛𑑂𑐞𑐛𑑂𑐟𑐛𑑂𑐠𑐛𑑂𑐡𑐛𑑂𑐢𑐛𑑂𑐣𑐛𑑂𑐥𑐛𑑂𑐦𑐛𑑂𑐧𑐛𑑂𑐨𑐛𑑂𑐩𑐛𑑂𑐫𑐛𑑂𑐬𑐛𑑂𑐮𑐛𑑂𑐰𑐛𑑂𑐱𑐛𑑂𑐲𑐛𑑂𑐳𑐛𑑂𑐴
𑐜 𑐜𑑂𑐎𑐜𑑂𑐏𑐜𑑂𑐐𑐜𑑂𑐑𑐜𑑂𑐒𑐜𑑂𑐔𑐜𑑂𑐕𑐜𑑂𑐖𑐜𑑂𑐗𑐜𑑂𑐘𑐜𑑂𑐚𑐜𑑂𑐛𑐜𑑂𑐜𑐜𑑂𑐝𑐜𑑂𑐞𑐜𑑂𑐟𑐜𑑂𑐠𑐜𑑂𑐡𑐜𑑂𑐢𑐜𑑂𑐣𑐜𑑂𑐥𑐜𑑂𑐦𑐜𑑂𑐧𑐜𑑂𑐨𑐜𑑂𑐩𑐜𑑂𑐫𑐜𑑂𑐬𑐜𑑂𑐮𑐜𑑂𑐰𑐜𑑂𑐱𑐜𑑂𑐲𑐜𑑂𑐳𑐜𑑂𑐴
𑐝 𑐝𑑂𑐎𑐝𑑂𑐏𑐝𑑂𑐐𑐝𑑂𑐑𑐝𑑂𑐒𑐝𑑂𑐔𑐝𑑂𑐕𑐝𑑂𑐖𑐝𑑂𑐗𑐝𑑂𑐘𑐝𑑂𑐚𑐝𑑂𑐛𑐝𑑂𑐜𑐝𑑂𑐝𑐝𑑂𑐞𑐝𑑂𑐟𑐝𑑂𑐠𑐝𑑂𑐡𑐝𑑂𑐢𑐝𑑂𑐣𑐝𑑂𑐥𑐝𑑂𑐦𑐝𑑂𑐧𑐝𑑂𑐨𑐝𑑂𑐩𑐝𑑂𑐫𑐝𑑂𑐬𑐝𑑂𑐮𑐝𑑂𑐰𑐝𑑂𑐱𑐝𑑂𑐲𑐝𑑂𑐳𑐝𑑂𑐴
𑐞 𑐞𑑂𑐎𑐞𑑂𑐏𑐞𑑂𑐐𑐞𑑂𑐑𑐞𑑂𑐒𑐞𑑂𑐔𑐞𑑂𑐕𑐞𑑂𑐖𑐞𑑂𑐗𑐞𑑂𑐘𑐞𑑂𑐚𑐞𑑂𑐛𑐞𑑂𑐜𑐞𑑂𑐝𑐞𑑂𑐞𑐞𑑂𑐟𑐞𑑂𑐠𑐞𑑂𑐡𑐞𑑂𑐢𑐞𑑂𑐣𑐞𑑂𑐥𑐞𑑂𑐦𑐞𑑂𑐧𑐞𑑂𑐨𑐞𑑂𑐩𑐞𑑂𑐫𑐞𑑂𑐬𑐞𑑂𑐮𑐞𑑂𑐰𑐞𑑂𑐱𑐞𑑂𑐲𑐞𑑂𑐳𑐞𑑂𑐴
𑐟 𑐟𑑂𑐎𑐟𑑂𑐏𑐟𑑂𑐐𑐟𑑂𑐑𑐟𑑂𑐒𑐟𑑂𑐔𑐟𑑂𑐕𑐟𑑂𑐖𑐟𑑂𑐗𑐟𑑂𑐘𑐟𑑂𑐚𑐟𑑂𑐛𑐟𑑂𑐜𑐟𑑂𑐝𑐟𑑂𑐞𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐟𑑂𑐠𑐟𑑂𑐡𑐟𑑂𑐢𑐟𑑂𑐣𑐟𑑂𑐥𑐟𑑂𑐦𑐟𑑂𑐧𑐟𑑂𑐨𑐟𑑂𑐩𑐟𑑂𑐫𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐟𑑂𑐮𑐟𑑂𑐰𑐟𑑂𑐱𑐟𑑂𑐲𑐟𑑂𑐳𑐟𑑂𑐴
𑐠 𑐠𑑂𑐎𑐠𑑂𑐏𑐠𑑂𑐐𑐠𑑂𑐑𑐠𑑂𑐒𑐠𑑂𑐔𑐠𑑂𑐕𑐠𑑂𑐖𑐠𑑂𑐗𑐠𑑂𑐘𑐠𑑂𑐚𑐠𑑂𑐛𑐠𑑂𑐜𑐠𑑂𑐝𑐠𑑂𑐞𑐠𑑂𑐟𑐠𑑂𑐠𑐠𑑂𑐡𑐠𑑂𑐢𑐠𑑂𑐣𑐠𑑂𑐥𑐠𑑂𑐦𑐠𑑂𑐧𑐠𑑂𑐨𑐠𑑂𑐩𑐠𑑂𑐫𑐠𑑂𑐬𑐠𑑂𑐮𑐠𑑂𑐰𑐠𑑂𑐱𑐠𑑂𑐲𑐠𑑂𑐳𑐠𑑂𑐴
𑐡 𑐡𑑂𑐎𑐡𑑂𑐏𑐡𑑂𑐐𑐡𑑂𑐑𑐡𑑂𑐒𑐡𑑂𑐔𑐡𑑂𑐕𑐡𑑂𑐖𑐡𑑂𑐗𑐡𑑂𑐘𑐡𑑂𑐚𑐡𑑂𑐛𑐡𑑂𑐜𑐡𑑂𑐝𑐡𑑂𑐞𑐡𑑂𑐟𑐡𑑂𑐠𑐡𑑂𑐡𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐡𑑂𑐣𑐡𑑂𑐥𑐡𑑂𑐦𑐡𑑂𑐧𑐡𑑂𑐨𑐡𑑂𑐩𑐡𑑂𑐫𑐡𑑂𑐬𑐡𑑂𑐮𑐡𑑂𑐰𑐡𑑂𑐱𑐡𑑂𑐲𑐡𑑂𑐳𑐡𑑂𑐴
𑐢 𑐢𑑂𑐎𑐢𑑂𑐏𑐢𑑂𑐐𑐢𑑂𑐑𑐢𑑂𑐒𑐢𑑂𑐔𑐢𑑂𑐕𑐢𑑂𑐖𑐢𑑂𑐗𑐢𑑂𑐘𑐢𑑂𑐚𑐢𑑂𑐛𑐢𑑂𑐜𑐢𑑂𑐝𑐢𑑂𑐞𑐢𑑂𑐟𑐢𑑂𑐠𑐢𑑂𑐡𑐢𑑂𑐢𑐢𑑂𑐣𑐢𑑂𑐥𑐢𑑂𑐦𑐢𑑂𑐧𑐢𑑂𑐨𑐢𑑂𑐩𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐢𑑂𑐬𑐢𑑂𑐮𑐢𑑂𑐰𑐢𑑂𑐱𑐢𑑂𑐲𑐢𑑂𑐳𑐢𑑂𑐴
𑐣 𑐣𑑂𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐏𑐣𑑂𑐐𑐣𑑂𑐑𑐣𑑂𑐒𑐣𑑂𑐔𑐣𑑂𑐕𑐣𑑂𑐖𑐣𑑂𑐗𑐣𑑂𑐘𑐣𑑂𑐚𑐣𑑂𑐛𑐣𑑂𑐜𑐣𑑂𑐝𑐣𑑂𑐞𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐣𑑂𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐣𑑂𑐢𑐣𑑂𑐣𑐣𑑂𑐥𑐣𑑂𑐦𑐣𑑂𑐧𑐣𑑂𑐨𑐣𑑂𑐩𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐣𑑂𑐬𑐣𑑂𑐮𑐣𑑂𑐰𑐣𑑂𑐱𑐣𑑂𑐲𑐣𑑂𑐳𑐣𑑂𑐴
𑐥 𑐥𑑂𑐎𑐥𑑂𑐏𑐥𑑂𑐐𑐥𑑂𑐑𑐥𑑂𑐒𑐥𑑂𑐔𑐥𑑂𑐕𑐥𑑂𑐖𑐥𑑂𑐗𑐥𑑂𑐘𑐥𑑂𑐚𑐥𑑂𑐛𑐥𑑂𑐜𑐥𑑂𑐝𑐥𑑂𑐞𑐥𑑂𑐟𑐥𑑂𑐠𑐥𑑂𑐡𑐥𑑂𑐢𑐥𑑂𑐣𑐥𑑂𑐥𑐥𑑂𑐦𑐥𑑂𑐧𑐥𑑂𑐨𑐥𑑂𑐩𑐥𑑂𑐫𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐥𑑂𑐰𑐥𑑂𑐱𑐥𑑂𑐲𑐥𑑂𑐳𑐥𑑂𑐴
𑐦 𑐦𑑂𑐎𑐦𑑂𑐏𑐦𑑂𑐐𑐦𑑂𑐑𑐦𑑂𑐒𑐦𑑂𑐔𑐦𑑂𑐕𑐦𑑂𑐖𑐦𑑂𑐗𑐦𑑂𑐘𑐦𑑂𑐚𑐦𑑂𑐛𑐦𑑂𑐜𑐦𑑂𑐝𑐦𑑂𑐞𑐦𑑂𑐟𑐦𑑂𑐠𑐦𑑂𑐡𑐦𑑂𑐢𑐦𑑂𑐣𑐦𑑂𑐥𑐦𑑂𑐦𑐦𑑂𑐧𑐦𑑂𑐨𑐦𑑂𑐩𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐦𑑂𑐬𑐦𑑂𑐮𑐦𑑂𑐰𑐦𑑂𑐱𑐦𑑂𑐲𑐦𑑂𑐳𑐦𑑂𑐴
𑐧 𑐧𑑂𑐎𑐧𑑂𑐏𑐧𑑂𑐐𑐧𑑂𑐑𑐧𑑂𑐒𑐧𑑂𑐔𑐧𑑂𑐕𑐧𑑂𑐖𑐧𑑂𑐗𑐧𑑂𑐘𑐧𑑂𑐚𑐧𑑂𑐛𑐧𑑂𑐜𑐧𑑂𑐝𑐧𑑂𑐞𑐧𑑂𑐟𑐧𑑂𑐠𑐧𑑂𑐡𑐧𑑂𑐢𑐧𑑂𑐣𑐧𑑂𑐥𑐧𑑂𑐦𑐧𑑂𑐧𑐧𑑂𑐨𑐧𑑂𑐩𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐧𑑂𑐬𑐧𑑂𑐮𑐧𑑂𑐰𑐧𑑂𑐱𑐧𑑂𑐲𑐧𑑂𑐳𑐧𑑂𑐴
𑐨 𑐨𑑂𑐎𑐨𑑂𑐏𑐨𑑂𑐐𑐨𑑂𑐑𑐨𑑂𑐒𑐨𑑂𑐔𑐨𑑂𑐕𑐨𑑂𑐖𑐨𑑂𑐗𑐨𑑂𑐘𑐨𑑂𑐚𑐨𑑂𑐛𑐨𑑂𑐜𑐨𑑂𑐝𑐨𑑂𑐞𑐨𑑂𑐟𑐨𑑂𑐠𑐨𑑂𑐡𑐨𑑂𑐢𑐨𑑂𑐣𑐨𑑂𑐥𑐨𑑂𑐦𑐨𑑂𑐧𑐨𑑂𑐨𑐨𑑂𑐩𑐨𑑂𑐫𑐨𑑂𑐬𑐨𑑂𑐮𑐨𑑂𑐰𑐨𑑂𑐱𑐨𑑂𑐲𑐨𑑂𑐳𑐨𑑂𑐴
𑐩 𑐩𑑂𑐎𑐩𑑂𑐏𑐩𑑂𑐐𑐩𑑂𑐑𑐩𑑂𑐒𑐩𑑂𑐔𑐩𑑂𑐕𑐩𑑂𑐖𑐩𑑂𑐗𑐩𑑂𑐘𑐩𑑂𑐚𑐩𑑂𑐛𑐩𑑂𑐜𑐩𑑂𑐝𑐩𑑂𑐞𑐩𑑂𑐟𑐩𑑂𑐠𑐩𑑂𑐡𑐩𑑂𑐢𑐩𑑂𑐣𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐩𑑂𑐦𑐩𑑂𑐧𑐩𑑂𑐨𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐩𑑂𑐫𑐩𑑂𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐮𑐩𑑂𑐰𑐩𑑂𑐱𑐩𑑂𑐲𑐩𑑂𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐴
𑐫 𑐫𑑂𑐎𑐫𑑂𑐏𑐫𑑂𑐐𑐫𑑂𑐑𑐫𑑂𑐒𑐫𑑂𑐔𑐫𑑂𑐕𑐫𑑂𑐖𑐫𑑂𑐗𑐫𑑂𑐘𑐫𑑂𑐚𑐫𑑂𑐛𑐫𑑂𑐜𑐫𑑂𑐝𑐫𑑂𑐞𑐫𑑂𑐟𑐫𑑂𑐠𑐫𑑂𑐡𑐫𑑂𑐢𑐫𑑂𑐣𑐫𑑂𑐥𑐫𑑂𑐦𑐫𑑂𑐧𑐫𑑂𑐨𑐫𑑂𑐩𑐫𑑂𑐫𑐫𑑂𑐬𑐫𑑂𑐮𑐫𑑂𑐰𑐫𑑂𑐱𑐫𑑂𑐲𑐫𑑂𑐳𑐫𑑂𑐴
𑐬 𑐬𑑂𑐎𑐬𑑂𑐏𑐬𑑂𑐐𑐬𑑂𑐑𑐬𑑂𑐒𑐬𑑂𑐔𑐬𑑂𑐕𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐬𑑂𑐗𑐬𑑂𑐘𑐬𑑂𑐚𑐬𑑂𑐛𑐬𑑂𑐜𑐬𑑂𑐝𑐬𑑂𑐞𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐬𑑂𑐠𑐬𑑂𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐣𑐬𑑂𑐥𑐬𑑂𑐦𑐬𑑂𑐧𑐬𑑂𑐨𑐬𑑂𑐩𑐬𑑂𑐫𑐬𑑂𑐬𑐬𑑂𑐮𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐬𑑂𑐲𑐬𑑂𑐳𑐬𑑂𑐴
𑐮 𑐮𑑂𑐎𑐮𑑂𑐏𑐮𑑂𑐐𑐮𑑂𑐑𑐮𑑂𑐒𑐮𑑂𑐔𑐮𑑂𑐕𑐮𑑂𑐖𑐮𑑂𑐗𑐮𑑂𑐘𑐮𑑂𑐚𑐮𑑂𑐛𑐮𑑂𑐜𑐮𑑂𑐝𑐮𑑂𑐞𑐮𑑂𑐟𑐮𑑂𑐠𑐮𑑂𑐡𑐮𑑂𑐢𑐮𑑂𑐣𑐮𑑂𑐥𑐮𑑂𑐦𑐮𑑂𑐧𑐮𑑂𑐨𑐮𑑂𑐩𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐮𑑂𑐬𑐮𑑂𑐮𑐮𑑂𑐰𑐮𑑂𑐱𑐮𑑂𑐲𑐮𑑂𑐳𑐮𑑂𑐴
𑐰 𑐰𑑂𑐎𑐰𑑂𑐏𑐰𑑂𑐐𑐰𑑂𑐑𑐰𑑂𑐒𑐰𑑂𑐔𑐰𑑂𑐕𑐰𑑂𑐖𑐰𑑂𑐗𑐰𑑂𑐘𑐰𑑂𑐚𑐰𑑂𑐛𑐰𑑂𑐜𑐰𑑂𑐝𑐰𑑂𑐞𑐰𑑂𑐟𑐰𑑂𑐠𑐰𑑂𑐡𑐰𑑂𑐢𑐰𑑂𑐣𑐰𑑂𑐥𑐰𑑂𑐦𑐰𑑂𑐧𑐰𑑂𑐨𑐰𑑂𑐩𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑑂𑐬𑐰𑑂𑐮𑐰𑑂𑐰𑐰𑑂𑐱𑐰𑑂𑐲𑐰𑑂𑐳𑐰𑑂𑐴
𑐱 𑐱𑑂𑐎𑐱𑑂𑐏𑐱𑑂𑐐𑐱𑑂𑐑𑐱𑑂𑐒𑐱𑑂𑐔𑐱𑑂𑐕𑐱𑑂𑐖𑐱𑑂𑐗𑐱𑑂𑐘𑐱𑑂𑐚𑐱𑑂𑐛𑐱𑑂𑐜𑐱𑑂𑐝𑐱𑑂𑐞𑐱𑑂𑐟𑐱𑑂𑐠𑐱𑑂𑐡𑐱𑑂𑐢𑐱𑑂𑐣𑐱𑑂𑐥𑐱𑑂𑐦𑐱𑑂𑐧𑐱𑑂𑐨𑐱𑑂𑐩𑐱𑑂𑐫𑐱𑑂𑐬𑐱𑑂𑐮𑐱𑑂𑐰𑐱𑑂𑐱𑐱𑑂𑐲𑐱𑑂𑐳𑐱𑑂𑐴
𑐲 𑐲𑑂𑐎𑐲𑑂𑐏𑐲𑑂𑐐𑐲𑑂𑐑𑐲𑑂𑐒𑐲𑑂𑐔𑐲𑑂𑐕𑐲𑑂𑐖𑐲𑑂𑐗𑐲𑑂𑐘𑐲𑑂𑐚𑐲𑑂𑐛𑐲𑑂𑐜𑐲𑑂𑐝𑐲𑑂𑐞𑐲𑑂𑐟𑐲𑑂𑐠𑐲𑑂𑐡𑐲𑑂𑐢𑐲𑑂𑐣𑐲𑑂𑐥𑐲𑑂𑐦𑐲𑑂𑐧𑐲𑑂𑐨𑐲𑑂𑐩𑐲𑑂𑐫𑐲𑑂𑐬𑐲𑑂𑐮𑐲𑑂𑐰𑐲𑑂𑐱𑐲𑑂𑐲𑐲𑑂𑐳𑐲𑑂𑐴
𑐳 𑐳𑑂𑐎𑐳𑑂𑐏𑐳𑑂𑐐𑐳𑑂𑐑𑐳𑑂𑐒𑐳𑑂𑐔𑐳𑑂𑐕𑐳𑑂𑐖𑐳𑑂𑐗𑐳𑑂𑐘𑐳𑑂𑐚𑐳𑑂𑐛𑐳𑑂𑐜𑐳𑑂𑐝𑐳𑑂𑐞𑐳𑑂𑐟𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐳𑑂𑐡𑐳𑑂𑐢𑐳𑑂𑐣𑐳𑑂𑐥𑐳𑑂𑐦𑐳𑑂𑐧𑐳𑑂𑐨𑐳𑑂𑐩𑐳𑑂𑐫𑐳𑑂𑐬𑐳𑑂𑐮𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐳𑑂𑐱𑐳𑑂𑐲𑐳𑑂𑐳𑐳𑑂𑐴
𑐴 𑐴𑑂𑐎𑐴𑑂𑐏𑐴𑑂𑐐𑐴𑑂𑐑𑐴𑑂𑐒𑐴𑑂𑐔𑐴𑑂𑐕𑐴𑑂𑐖𑐴𑑂𑐗𑐴𑑂𑐘𑐴𑑂𑐚𑐴𑑂𑐛𑐴𑑂𑐜𑐴𑑂𑐝𑐴𑑂𑐞𑐴𑑂𑐟𑐴𑑂𑐠𑐴𑑂𑐡𑐴𑑂𑐢𑐴𑑂𑐣𑐴𑑂𑐥𑐴𑑂𑐦𑐴𑑂𑐧𑐴𑑂𑐨𑐴𑑂𑐩𑐴𑑂𑐫𑐴𑑂𑐬𑐴𑑂𑐮𑐴𑑂𑐰𑐴𑑂𑐱𑐴𑑂𑐲𑐴𑑂𑐳𑐴𑑂𑐴

Consonants with vowel diacritics

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The following table contains the consonants with vowel diacritics.[12]

a ā i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ ḹ e ai o au am̐ aṃ aḥ
𑐀 𑐀𑐵 𑐂 𑐃 𑐄 𑐅 𑐆 𑐇 𑐈 𑐉 𑐊 𑐋 𑐌 𑐍 𑐀𑑃 𑐀𑑄 𑐀𑑅
k- 𑐎 𑐎𑐵 𑐎𑐶 𑐎𑐷 𑐎𑐸 𑐎𑐹 𑐎𑐺 𑐎𑐻 𑐎𑐼 𑐎𑐽 𑐎𑐾 𑐎𑐿 𑐎𑑀 𑐎𑑁 𑐎𑑃 𑐎𑑄 𑐎𑑅
kh- 𑐏 𑐏𑐵 𑐏𑐶 𑐏𑐷 𑐏𑐸 𑐏𑐹 𑐏𑐺 𑐏𑐻 𑐏𑐼 𑐏𑐽 𑐏𑐾 𑐏𑐿 𑐏𑑀 𑐏𑑁 𑐏𑑃 𑐏𑑄 𑐏𑑅
g- 𑐐 𑐐𑐵 𑐐𑐶 𑐐𑐷 𑐐𑐸 𑐐𑐹 𑐐𑐺 𑐐𑐻 𑐐𑐼 𑐐𑐽 𑐐𑐾 𑐐𑐿 𑐐𑑀 𑐐𑑁 𑐐𑑃 𑐐𑑄 𑐐𑑅
gh- 𑐑 𑐑𑐵 𑐑𑐶 𑐑𑐷 𑐑𑐸 𑐑𑐹 𑐑𑐺 𑐑𑐻 𑐑𑐼 𑐑𑐽 𑐑𑐾 𑐑𑐿 𑐑𑑀 𑐑𑑁 𑐑𑑃 𑐑𑑄 𑐑𑑅
ṅ- 𑐒 𑐒𑐵 𑐒𑐶 𑐒𑐷 𑐒𑐸 𑐒𑐹 𑐒𑐺 𑐒𑐻 𑐒𑐼 𑐒𑐽 𑐒𑐾 𑐒𑐿 𑐒𑑀 𑐒𑑁 𑐒𑑃 𑐒𑑄 𑐒𑑅
c- 𑐔 𑐔𑐵 𑐔𑐶 𑐔𑐷 𑐔𑐸 𑐔𑐹 𑐔𑐺 𑐔𑐻 𑐔𑐼 𑐔𑐽 𑐔𑐾 𑐔𑐿 𑐔𑑀 𑐔𑑁 𑐔𑑃 𑐔𑑄 𑐔𑑅
ch- 𑐕 𑐕𑐵 𑐕𑐶 𑐕𑐷 𑐕𑐸 𑐕𑐹 𑐕𑐺 𑐕𑐻 𑐕𑐼 𑐕𑐽 𑐕𑐾 𑐕𑐿 𑐕𑑀 𑐕𑑁 𑐕𑑃 𑐕𑑄 𑐕𑑅
j- 𑐖 𑐖𑐵 𑐖𑐶 𑐖𑐷 𑐖𑐸 𑐖𑐹 𑐖𑐺 𑐖𑐻 𑐖𑐼 𑐖𑐽 𑐖𑐾 𑐖𑐿 𑐖𑑀 𑐖𑑁 𑐖𑑃 𑐖𑑄 𑐖𑑅
jh- 𑐗 𑐗𑐵 𑐗𑐶 𑐗𑐷 𑐗𑐸 𑐗𑐹 𑐗𑐺 𑐗𑐻 𑐗𑐼 𑐗𑐽 𑐗𑐾 𑐗𑐿 𑐗𑑀 𑐗𑑁 𑐗𑑃 𑐗𑑄 𑐗𑑅
ñ- 𑐘 𑐘𑐵 𑐘𑐶 𑐘𑐷 𑐘𑐸 𑐘𑐹 𑐘𑐺 𑐘𑐻 𑐘𑐼 𑐘𑐽 𑐘𑐾 𑐘𑐿 𑐘𑑀 𑐘𑑁 𑐘𑑃 𑐘𑑄 𑐘𑑅
ṭ- 𑐚 𑐚𑐵 𑐚𑐶 𑐚𑐷 𑐚𑐸 𑐚𑐹 𑐚𑐺 𑐚𑐻 𑐚𑐼 𑐚𑐽 𑐚𑐾 𑐚𑐿 𑐚𑑀 𑐚𑑁 𑐚𑑃 𑐚𑑄 𑐚𑑅
ṭh- 𑐛 𑐛𑐵 𑐛𑐶 𑐛𑐷 𑐛𑐸 𑐛𑐹 𑐛𑐺 𑐛𑐻 𑐛𑐼 𑐛𑐽 𑐛𑐾 𑐛𑐿 𑐛𑑀 𑐛𑑁 𑐛𑑃 𑐛𑑄 𑐛𑑅
ḍ- 𑐜 𑐜𑐵 𑐜𑐶 𑐜𑐷 𑐜𑐸 𑐜𑐹 𑐜𑐺 𑐜𑐻 𑐜𑐼 𑐜𑐽 𑐜𑐾 𑐜𑐿 𑐜𑑀 𑐜𑑁 𑐜𑑃 𑐜𑑄 𑐜𑑅
ḍh- 𑐝 𑐝𑐵 𑐝𑐶 𑐝𑐷 𑐝𑐸 𑐝𑐹 𑐝𑐺 𑐝𑐻 𑐝𑐼 𑐝𑐽 𑐝𑐾 𑐝𑐿 𑐝𑑀 𑐝𑑁 𑐝𑑃 𑐝𑑄 𑐝𑑅
ṇ- 𑐞 𑐞𑐵 𑐞𑐶 𑐞𑐷 𑐞𑐸 𑐞𑐹 𑐞𑐺 𑐞𑐻 𑐞𑐼 𑐞𑐽 𑐞𑐾 𑐞𑐿 𑐞𑑀 𑐞𑑁 𑐞𑑃 𑐞𑑄 𑐞𑑅
t- 𑐟 𑐟𑐵 𑐟𑐶 𑐟𑐷 𑐟𑐸 𑐟𑐹 𑐟𑐺 𑐟𑐻 𑐟𑐼 𑐟𑐽 𑐟𑐾 𑐟𑐿 𑐟𑑀 𑐟𑑁 𑐟𑑃 𑐟𑑄 𑐟𑑅
th- 𑐠 𑐠𑐵 𑐠𑐶 𑐠𑐷 𑐠𑐸 𑐠𑐹 𑐠𑐺 𑐠𑐻 𑐠𑐼 𑐠𑐽 𑐠𑐾 𑐠𑐿 𑐠𑑀 𑐠𑑁 𑐠𑑃 𑐠𑑄 𑐠𑑅
d- 𑐡 𑐡𑐵 𑐡𑐶 𑐡𑐷 𑐡𑐸 𑐡𑐹 𑐡𑐺 𑐡𑐻 𑐡𑐼 𑐡𑐽 𑐡𑐾 𑐡𑐿 𑐡𑑀 𑐡𑑁 𑐡𑑃 𑐡𑑄 𑐡𑑅
dh- 𑐢 𑐢𑐵 𑐢𑐶 𑐢𑐷 𑐢𑐸 𑐢𑐹 𑐢𑐺 𑐢𑐻 𑐢𑐼 𑐢𑐽 𑐢𑐾 𑐢𑐿 𑐢𑑀 𑐢𑑁 𑐢𑑃 𑐢𑑄 𑐢𑑅
n- 𑐣 𑐣𑐵 𑐣𑐶 𑐣𑐷 𑐣𑐸 𑐣𑐹 𑐣𑐺 𑐣𑐻 𑐣𑐼 𑐣𑐽 𑐣𑐾 𑐣𑐿 𑐣𑑀 𑐣𑑁 𑐣𑑃 𑐣𑑄 𑐣𑑅
p- 𑐥 𑐥𑐵 𑐥𑐶 𑐥𑐷 𑐥𑐸 𑐥𑐹 𑐥𑐺 𑐥𑐻 𑐥𑐼 𑐥𑐽 𑐥𑐾 𑐥𑐿 𑐥𑑀 𑐥𑑁 𑐥𑑃 𑐥𑑄 𑐥𑑅
ph- 𑐦 𑐦𑐵 𑐦𑐶 𑐦𑐷 𑐦𑐸 𑐦𑐹 𑐦𑐺 𑐦𑐻 𑐦𑐼 𑐦𑐽 𑐦𑐾 𑐦𑐿 𑐦𑑀 𑐦𑑁 𑐦𑑃 𑐦𑑄 𑐦𑑅
b- 𑐧 𑐧𑐵 𑐧𑐶 𑐧𑐷 𑐧𑐸 𑐧𑐹 𑐧𑐺 𑐧𑐻 𑐧𑐼 𑐧𑐽 𑐧𑐾 𑐧𑐿 𑐧𑑀 𑐧𑑁 𑐧𑑃 𑐧𑑄 𑐧𑑅
bh- 𑐨 𑐨𑐵 𑐨𑐶 𑐨𑐷 𑐨𑐸 𑐨𑐹 𑐨𑐺 𑐨𑐻 𑐨𑐼 𑐨𑐽 𑐨𑐾 𑐨𑐿 𑐨𑑀 𑐨𑑁 𑐨𑑃 𑐨𑑄 𑐨𑑅
m- 𑐩 𑐩𑐵 𑐩𑐶 𑐩𑐷 𑐩𑐸 𑐩𑐹 𑐩𑐺 𑐩𑐻 𑐩𑐼 𑐩𑐽 𑐩𑐾 𑐩𑐿 𑐩𑑀 𑐩𑑁 𑐩𑑃 𑐩𑑄 𑐩𑑅
y- 𑐫 𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐶 𑐫𑐷 𑐫𑐸 𑐫𑐹 𑐫𑐺 𑐫𑐻 𑐫𑐼 𑐫𑐽 𑐫𑐾 𑐫𑐿 𑐫𑑀 𑐫𑑁 𑐫𑑃 𑐫𑑄 𑐫𑑅
r- 𑐬 𑐬𑐵 𑐬𑐶 𑐬𑐷 𑐬𑐸 𑐬𑐹 𑐬𑐺 𑐬𑐻 𑐬𑐼 𑐬𑐽 𑐬𑐾 𑐬𑐿 𑐬𑑀 𑐬𑑁 𑐬𑑃 𑐬𑑄 𑐬𑑅
l- 𑐮 𑐮𑐵 𑐮𑐶 𑐮𑐷 𑐮𑐸 𑐮𑐹 𑐮𑐺 𑐮𑐻 𑐮𑐼 𑐮𑐽 𑐮𑐾 𑐮𑐿 𑐮𑑀 𑐮𑑁 𑐮𑑃 𑐮𑑄 𑐮𑑅
v- 𑐰 𑐰𑐵 𑐰𑐶 𑐰𑐷 𑐰𑐸 𑐰𑐹 𑐰𑐺 𑐰𑐻 𑐰𑐼 𑐰𑐽 𑐰𑐾 𑐰𑐿 𑐰𑑀 𑐰𑑁 𑐰𑑃 𑐰𑑄 𑐰𑑅
ś- 𑐱 𑐱𑐵 𑐱𑐶 𑐱𑐷 𑐱𑐸 𑐱𑐹 𑐱𑐺 𑐱𑐻 𑐱𑐼 𑐱𑐽 𑐱𑐾 𑐱𑐿 𑐱𑑀 𑐱𑑁 𑐱𑑃 𑐱𑑄 𑐱𑑅
ṣ- 𑐲 𑐲𑐵 𑐲𑐶 𑐲𑐷 𑐲𑐸 𑐲𑐹 𑐲𑐺 𑐲𑐻 𑐲𑐼 𑐲𑐽 𑐲𑐾 𑐲𑐿 𑐲𑑀 𑐲𑑁 𑐲𑑃 𑐲𑑄 𑐲𑑅
s- 𑐳 𑐳𑐵 𑐳𑐶 𑐳𑐷 𑐳𑐸 𑐳𑐹 𑐳𑐺 𑐳𑐻 𑐳𑐼 𑐳𑐽 𑐳𑐾 𑐳𑐿 𑐳𑑀 𑐳𑑁 𑐳𑑃 𑐳𑑄 𑐳𑑅
h- 𑐴 𑐴𑐵 𑐴𑐶 𑐴𑐷 𑐴𑐸 𑐴𑐹 𑐴𑐺 𑐴𑐻 𑐴𑐼 𑐴𑐽 𑐴𑐾 𑐴𑐿 𑐴𑑀 𑐴𑑁 𑐴𑑃 𑐴𑑄 𑐴𑑅
kṣ- 𑐎𑑂𑐲 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐷 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐹 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐺 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐻 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐼 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐽 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐾 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐿 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑑀 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑑁 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑑃 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑑄 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑑅
tr- 𑐟𑑂𑐬 𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐵 𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐶 𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐷 𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐸 𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐹 𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐺 𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐻 𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐼 𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐽 𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐾 𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐿 𑐟𑑂𑐬𑑀 𑐟𑑂𑐬𑑁 𑐟𑑂𑐬𑑃 𑐟𑑂𑐬𑑄 𑐟𑑂𑐬𑑅
jñ- 𑐖𑑂𑐘 𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐵 𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐶 𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐷 𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐸 𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐹 𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐺 𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐻 𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐼 𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐽 𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐾 𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐿 𑐖𑑂𑐘𑑀 𑐖𑑂𑐘𑑁 𑐖𑑂𑐘𑑃 𑐖𑑂𑐘𑑄 𑐖𑑂𑐘𑑅

Some letters in Newar have alternative forms that are used when combined with certain vowel diacritics or included in a consonant cluster.[11]

  • Letter bha and ha changes appearance when combined with any of the vowel diacritics u, ū, ṛ, ṝ, ḷ and ḹ.
  • Letter ja and ra forms ligatures together with the vowels u and ū.
  • Vowels u changes appearance when combined with the letters ga, ta, bha and śa.

Symbols

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Numerals

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𑑐𑑑𑑒𑑓𑑔𑑕𑑖𑑗𑑘𑑙
0123456789

Unicode

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Newar script was added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2016 with the release of version 9.0.

The Unicode block for Newar, called Newa, is U+11400–U+1147F:

Newa[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+1140x 𑐀‎ 𑐁‎ 𑐂‎ 𑐃‎ 𑐄‎ 𑐅‎ 𑐆‎ 𑐇‎ 𑐈‎ 𑐉‎ 𑐊‎ 𑐋‎ 𑐌‎ 𑐍‎ 𑐎‎ 𑐏‎
U+1141x 𑐐‎ 𑐑‎ 𑐒‎ 𑐓‎ 𑐔‎ 𑐕‎ 𑐖‎ 𑐗‎ 𑐘‎ 𑐙‎ 𑐚‎ 𑐛‎ 𑐜‎ 𑐝‎ 𑐞‎ 𑐟‎
U+1142x 𑐠‎ 𑐡‎ 𑐢‎ 𑐣‎ 𑐤‎ 𑐥‎ 𑐦‎ 𑐧‎ 𑐨‎ 𑐩‎ 𑐪‎ 𑐫‎ 𑐬‎ 𑐭‎ 𑐮‎ 𑐯‎
U+1143x 𑐰‎ 𑐱‎ 𑐲‎ 𑐳‎ 𑐴‎ 𑐵‎ 𑐶‎ 𑐷‎ 𑐸‎ 𑐹‎ 𑐺‎ 𑐻‎ 𑐼‎ 𑐽‎ 𑐾‎ 𑐿‎
U+1144x 𑑀‎ 𑑁‎ 𑑂‎ 𑑃‎ 𑑄‎ 𑑅‎ 𑑆‎ 𑑇‎ 𑑈‎ 𑑉‎ 𑑊‎ 𑑋‎ 𑑌‎ 𑑍‎ 𑑎‎ 𑑏‎
U+1145x 𑑐‎ 𑑑‎ 𑑒‎ 𑑓‎ 𑑔‎ 𑑕‎ 𑑖‎ 𑑗‎ 𑑘‎ 𑑙‎ 𑑚‎ 𑑛‎ 𑑝‎ 𑑞‎ 𑑟‎
U+1146x  𑑠‎   𑑡‎ 
U+1147x
Notes
1.^As of Unicode version 17.0
2.^Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
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See also

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References

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Citations

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Bibliography

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  • Masica, Colin (1993). The Indo-Aryan languages.
  • Pandey, Anshuman (3 May 2011). "N4038: Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Prachalit Nepal Script in ISO/IEC 10646" (PDF). Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  • Pandey, Anshuman (29 February 2012). "Proposal to encode the Newar Script in ISO/IEC 10646" (PDF). Retrieved 16 June 2026.
  • Poudel, Nayanath (17 June 2023). "nevāra śabdako prācīnatā" [Historicity of the term "Newar"]. Gorkhapatra (in Nepali). Archived from the original on 21 May 2024.
  • Regmi, Dinesh Chandra; Shakya, Rabison, eds. (2018). Lipi Srot Pustika. Rastriya Abhilekhalaya.
  • Tamot, Kashinath (1991). नेपालमा प्रचलित लिपिको परिचय (Nepalma Prachalit Lipiko Parichaya) (in Nepali). Madhuparka.
  • Tomba, Marco Della (1878). Gli scritti del Padre Marco Della Tomba, missionario nelle Indie orientali, raccolti, ordinati ed illustrati sopra gli autografi del Museo Borgiano (in Italian). Le Monnier.
  • Tuladhar, Prem Shanti (2000). Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Itihas: History of Nepalbhasa Literature (in Newari). Nepal Bhasa Academy. ISBN 99933-56-00-X.
  • Upadhyay, Baldeva (2017). Sanskrit Vangmaya Ka Brihat Ithas (in Hindi). Uttarpradesh Sanskrit Samsthan.
  • Van Driem, George (2022). Languages of the Himalayas. Vol. 2. Brill. ISBN 9789004514928.

Further reading

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