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Original high-impedance electromagnetic surface design, proposed by Sievenpiper et al. in 1999[1]

A high impedance surface (HIS), also known as an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC), is an electromagnetic metasurface that emulates the properties of a perfect magnetic conductor. While conventional flat metal sheets, widely used in antenna systems, act as perfect electric conductors and reflect electromagnetic waves with a 180° degree phase shift, these surfaces cause no phase reversal in the reflected wave within their frequency band of operation, suppressing the conduction of alternating currents and propagation of surface waves.[2][3]

While the artificial magnetic conductors were studied as early as 1993,[4] the best-known HIS design was introduced in 1999 by Dan Sievenpiper in the form of hexagonal metallic patches placed on a grounded dielectric substrate and connected to the ground with metallic vias.[1] This particular design is also known as mushroom-type and Sievenpiper high-impedance surfaces.[5] Alternative designs without vias were also reported in the literature.[6][7] Impedance of a HIS is often modeled as a LC circuit;[2][1] more detailed electromagnetic modeling approaches based on impedance boundary conditions are also used.[8]

Applications of HIS include electromagnetic reflectors, antennas with reduced mutual coupling, electromagnetic absorbers and gap waveguides technology.[5]

See also

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References

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  1. 1 2 3 Sievenpiper, D.; Zhang, Lijun; Broas, R. F. J.; Alexopolous, N. G.; Yablonovitch, E. (1999). "High-impedance electromagnetic surfaces with a forbidden frequency band". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 47 (11): 2059–2074. doi:10.1109/22.798001.
  2. 1 2 Balanis, Constantine A. (2024). Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 947–960. ISBN 978-1-394-18001-1.
  3. ↑ Glybovski, Stanislav B.; Tretyakov, Sergei A.; Belov, Pavel A.; Kivshar, Yuri S.; Simovski, Constantin R. (2016). "Metasurfaces: From microwaves to visible". Physics Reports. 634: 1–72.
  4. ↑ Dewan, Raimi; Rahim, M. K. A.; Hamid, M. R.; Yusoff, M. F. M.; Samsuri, N. A.; Murad, N. A.; Kamardin, K. (2017). "Artificial magnetic conductor for various antenna applications: An overview". International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering. 27: e21105. doi:10.1002/mmce.21105.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  5. 1 2 Sarkar, Sayan (2025). "Celebrating 25 years of the high-impedance surface". IEEE Microwave Magazine. 26 (11): 22–36. doi:10.1109/MMM.2025.3535854.
  6. ↑ Feresidis, A. P.; Goussetis, G.; Wang, Shenhong; Vardaxoglou, J. C. (2005). "Artificial magnetic conductor surfaces and their application to low-profile high-gain planar antennas". IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 53 (1). doi:10.1109/TAP.2004.840528.
  7. ↑ Sohn, J. R.; Kim, Ki Young; Tae, Heung-Sik; Lee, H. J.; et al. (2006). "Comparative study on various artificial magnetic conductors for low-profile antenna". Progress in Electromagnetics Research. 61: 27–37. doi:10.2528/PIER06011701.
  8. ↑ Tretyakov, Sergei (2003). Analytical Modeling in Applied Electromagnetics. Norwood, Massachusetts: Artech House. pp. 217–239. ISBN 9781580533676.
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