Edge Rewrite
pun Source code View original
Jump to content

Draft:Ahero Irrigation Scheme

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ahero Irrigation Scheme
Type of projectIrrigation scheme
ProductsRice (mainly IR2793 'Sindano', Komboka, and Basmati varieties)
LocationKisumu County
FounderGovernment of Kenya
CountryKenya
MinistryMinistry of Water, Sanitation and Irrigation
Launched1969
Funding
StatusOperational under National Irrigation Authority (NIA)
Ahero Irrigation Scheme is located in Kenya
Ahero Irrigation Scheme
Ahero Irrigation Scheme
Ahero Irrigation Scheme (Kenya)

The Ahero Irrigation Scheme is a large-scale rice irrigation project located in Kisumu County, Kenya, within the Kano Plains near the lower basin of the Nyando River.[1] Established in the late colonial and early post-independence period, the scheme is one of Kenya's public irrigation projects and an important rice-producing area in western Kenya.[2]

Unlike the gravity-fed Mwea, Ahero relies exclusively on pump-fed irrigation from the Nyando River, resulting in higher operational and energy costs.[3] The scheme is an important rice-producing and agricultural area in the Lake Victoria basin,[4] though it faces regional challenges, including seasonal flooding,[5] heavy catchment siltation and public health implications related to water-borne diseases.[6]

The scheme forms part of Kenya's broader national irrigation strategy alongside the Mwea, West Kano and Bunyala irrigation schemes.[1] It contributes to domestic rice production in western Kenya and supports thousands of households through farming, milling, transport and agricultural trade. The scheme faces persistent operational challenges, including recurrent flooding from the Nyando River basin, siltation, high electricity costs associated with pump irrigation and environmental pressures linked to climate change.[7][8]

Key statistics
Indicator Value Ref
Total area 4,768 acres [9][1]
Number of farmers ~3,000 [9][1]
Main crop Rice [1]
Water source River Nyando [10][11]
Irrigation type Pump-fed, continuous flooding [12]
Main rice variety IR2793 ("Sindano") [13]

Background and planning

[edit]

The Kano Plains were identified by British colonial agricultural officers as a good location for irrigated agriculture due to the region's flat topography, impermeable black cotton soils (vertisols) and close proximity to the perennial waters of the Nyando River and Lake Victoria.[14]

In 1953, a team of British experts conducted the first feasibility study to evaluate the region's potential for import-substitution rice farming and flood mitigation.[15] The planning of Ahero was heavily influenced by the colonial government's efforts to increase domestic food security and manage the settlement of indigenous populations during the demographic shifts of the 1950s.[8] However, large-scale construction did not materialize until after Kenya achieved independence.

History

[edit]

Colonial origins

[edit]

While the structural planning of the scheme occurred under British rule alongside projects like Mwea and Perkerra, the colonial administration primarily focused on surveying the hydrological dynamics of the Nyando River basin. Early agricultural experiments in the Kano Plains confirmed that the heavy vertisols, which frequently caused waterlogging and crop failure for traditional rain-fed agriculture, were perfectly suited for flooded rice paddies.[14][16]

Post-independence expansion

[edit]

The actual construction of the Ahero Irrigation Scheme began in 1966 as a pilot project orchestrated by the newly established National Irrigation Board (NIB).[17] The scheme was officially operationalized in 1969.[8]

To establish the scheme, the government acquired the land and resettled the local Luo inhabitants. Because the engineered farm blocks could only accommodate roughly 519 tenant families originally, excess populations were relocated or given alternative settlement options.[15] The original tenant farmers were allocated four-acre plots. In its early years, the scheme operated under a strict tenancy administration enforced by the NIB, dictating crop cycles, seed provision and marketing. Farmers were required to grow 'Sindano' (IR2793), a high-yielding rice variety, but many initially struggled with the transition from traditional agro-pastoralism to intensive, state-managed irrigation.[9]

Liberalization and reforms

[edit]

Similar to the broader irrigation sector in Kenya, Ahero's management faced intense pressure in the late 1990s. The rigid centralized control by the NIB, coupled with delayed payments and high input costs, led to farmer dissatisfaction.[18] Following the national liberalization of the rice sector after the 1998 Mwea farmers' revolt, Ahero transitioned toward participatory irrigation management (PIM). Farmers gained the right to form cooperatives, market their own rice to private millers and participate directly in the maintenance of secondary canals through Irrigation Water Users Associations (IWUAs).[19]

Modern administration

[edit]

With the passage of the Irrigation Act of 2019, the NIB was restructured into the National Irrigation Authority (NIA).[20] Today, the NIA is responsible for maintaining the primary pumping stations, main canals and flood-protection dykes, while local farmers handle on-farm operations and secondary water distribution.[21] The scheme has undergone several phases of rehabilitation, largely funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the World Bank, to expand its acreage and modernize its ageing pump infrastructure.[22]

Geography and environment

[edit]

Ahero is situated in the Kano Plains, a low-lying, flat topographical sink that forms part of the Lake Victoria basin.[23] The area sits at an altitude of approximately 1,150 m (3,770 ft) above sea level.[24]

The area receives two rainy seasons annually.[25] The main geographic feature of the scheme is its heavy, black cotton soil. These vertisols have a high clay content, which causes them to shrink and crack deeply during the dry season and swell to become impermeable during the rains.[12] While this impermeability restricts the cultivation of many crops, it allows the land to retain surface water effectively in flooded rice paddies.[26]

Water management infrastructure

[edit]
Nyando river at Ahero

Pumping systems

[edit]

Ahero operates through a pump-fed irrigation system.Water is abstracted directly from the Nyando River at a centralized pumping station.[5]

The scheme depends on electrically powered pumps to transfer water from the Nyando River into the canal network. Electric pumps transfer water from the Nyando River into the canal system. High electricity costs have periodically affected irrigation operations and maintenance.[27] Recent rehabilitation plans have included proposals for solar-powered pumping systems.[28][29]

Canal network

[edit]

Water from the Nyando River is distributed through a system of primary, secondary and tertiary canals.[30] Studies have found that siltation and erosion have reduced canal efficiency, leading to rehabilitation projects that introduced concrete lining in some sections.[5]

Drainage systems

[edit]

The flat terrain of the Kano Plains makes the scheme vulnerable to waterlogging.[31] The scheme includes an extensive network of drainage channels designed to drain excess water from the rice fields into the Lake Victoria basin.[32]

Flood control infrastructure

[edit]

The scheme is bounded by a system of large earth dykes designed to protect the agricultural blocks from the Nyando River. The river frequently floods during periods of heavy rainfall., frequently bursting its banks during the long rains.[7] The dykes require regular maintenance due to recurrent flooding.[33]

Settlement and land tenure

[edit]
Rice farmer in the Kano Plains near Ahero

The scheme's settlement structure traces back to the 1960s villagization policies. Displaced residents were organized into distinct scheme villages, allowing the state to consolidate the remaining land into large irrigation blocks.[34]

Farmers were initially given Temporary Occupation Licences (TOL) rather than freehold title deeds, officially classifying them as tenants on government-owned land.[35] Over time, the tenure system has limited farmers' ability to use land as collateral for commercial loans, as plots cannot be easily used as collateral for commercial bank loans. Additionally, the population growth has led to the informal, multi-generational subdivision of the original four-acre plots, increasing pressure on available farmland.[36]

Agriculture and production

[edit]
Rice paddies within the Ahero Irrigation Scheme

Rice cultivation

[edit]

Ahero practices a continuous flooding irrigation regime. Farmers rely on the staggered release of water to soak, puddle and level the fields before transplanting rice seedlings.[12]

Rice varieties

[edit]

Several rice varieties have been introduced into the scheme through agronomic research. Agronomic research has introduced several rice strains to the scheme.[37]

Major rice varieties grown in Ahero
Variety Type Maturity period Characteristics
IR2793 ("Sindano") Non-aromatic ~120–135 days High-yielding, long thicker grains; historically the backbone of the scheme.
Komboka Improved high-yield ~100–115 days Climate-resilient, requires less water and high yielding; shorter stalk resists lodging.
Basmati 370 Aromatic ~120–130 days Premium market variety fetching higher prices; grown in smaller quantities due to specific climatic and disease susceptibilities.

Mechanization

[edit]

Mechanization has increased in response to labour demands associated with land preparation in the heavy vertisols, Ahero has seen a steady increase in mechanization. Land preparation is heavily reliant on leased tractors, while combine harvesters are frequently utilized during peak harvest seasons to reduce post-harvest losses.[38]

Rice milling and marketing

[edit]

Rice milling and marketing in Ahero are largely handled by private millers and cooperatives. The Ahero Rice Growers Cooperative serves as a primary organizing body, assisting farmers with input credit and bulk marketing.[27]

Dozens of smallo medium-s ale private rice mills operate within Ahero town and its outskirts. The liberalized market means farmers can sell paddy directly to brokers at the farmgate.[39] However, domestic rice produced in Ahero faces intense economic competition from cheaper, imported Asian rice (primarily from Pakistan and India), leading local cooperatives to emphasize packaging, branding and quality control to remain competitive.[40]

Demographics and urbanization

[edit]

The growth of the irrigation scheme contributed to the expansion of Ahero town.[41] Ahero town rapidly evolved from a rural trading post into a regional agricultural centre, heavily populated by the Luo people. The town's economy is closely linked to the agricultural calendar, experiencing influxes of migrant labour from neighbouring counties during the intensive transplanting and harvesting windows.[42]

Transport and connectivity

[edit]

Ahero is positioned at the intersection of the A1 and B1 highways, directly linking Kisumu to Nairobi and the broader western Kenya region.[43] The road network facilitates the transportation of rice, machinery and agricultural inputs.[44]

Historically, the regional transport network was also supported by the Nakuru–Kisumu metre-gauge railway, which facilitated the bulk movement of agricultural goods to national markets during the late 20th century.[45] The scheme supplies rice to markets in Kisumu and other parts of western Kenya.[46] Fleets of commercial lorries and informal transporters move bulk paddy and packaged rice daily from Ahero's milling cooperatives to supply regional trading hubs, particularly Kisumu's Kibuye Market.

In March 2026, the Kenyan government commenced the multi-billion-shilling extension of the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) Phase 2B from Naivasha to Kisumu and Malaba.[47] The approved design route traverses the Kano Plains and includes a designated intermediate passenger and freight station located directly at Ahero.[48] Government officials stated that the railway could reduce transport costs for agricultural goods.[49]

Public health

[edit]

Ahero holds relevance in the study of tropical disease ecology. Studies have linked flood irrigation in Ahero to changes in mosquito ecology.[50]

Rice paddies created favourable breeding conditions for Anopheles mosquitoes, historically leading to increased malaria transmission rates compared to the surrounding non-irrigated savannas.[51] The network of canals and drainage ditches serves as a habitat for freshwater snails, making the farming population susceptible to schistosomiasis (bilharzia). Ahero has served as a primary field laboratory for organizations like the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) and the World Health Organization in studying the nexus between agricultural modernization, vector-borne diseases and the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets.[6]

Environmental impact

[edit]

Flooding and disasters

[edit]
Kenya flood risk map with Ahero classified as High Risk
River Nyando Flooded

Ahero is located within the Nyando floodplain and experiences recurrent flooding. During intense El Niño cycles, the Nyando River frequently breaches its protective dykes.[52] The 1997–1998 El Niño floods damaged irrigation infrastructure, destroyed crops and displaced residents in the Kano Plains.[53][33]

More recently, in 2020, a combination of torrential catchment rainfall and the historic backflow of Lake Victoria flooded villages in Ahero and West Kano,[54] causing damage to irrigation infrastructure.[55]

Furthermore, agricultural runoff loaded with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers drains directly into the Nyando wetlands and Winam Gulf, contributing to eutrophication and the spread of water hyacinth in Lake Victoria.[56]

Climate change and sustainability

[edit]
Hyacinth Menace on Lake Victoria

Studies have examined how climate variability affects irrigation in the Nyando basin. Variability in rainfall has been associated with both flooding and dry-season water shortages.[57] Prolonged droughts drastically reduce the water levels of the Nyando River, occasionally forcing the pumps to shut down and affecting irrigation operations.[57] Research institutions have studied water-saving irrigation methods such as Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and the introduction of drought-resistant crop varieties.[57]

Administration and management

[edit]

The scheme is administered by the National Irrigation Authority (NIA) via a specialized regional manager based in Ahero. The NIA maintains the capital-intensive infrastructure (the Nyando pumping station, the primary canal and heavy machinery).[1] At the farm level, Irrigation Water Users Associations (IWUAs) are empowered to enforce water rationing schedules, collect operations and maintenance fees and organize the manual desilting of tertiary canals.[58]

Economy and national significance

[edit]

Ahero is one of the principal rice irrigation schemes in western Kenya. Together with the nearby West Kano Irrigation Scheme, t contributes to domestic rice production in western Kenya.[15] The scheme directly sustains over 3,000 households and supports employment in the transport, milling, engineering and retail sectors across Kisumu County.[9]

Rice output statistics

[edit]

In terms of agricultural output, Ahero produces approximately 58,374 metric tonnes of paddy rice annually.[8] Ahero is among Kenya's major rice-producing irrigation schemes. Government agencies have supported expansion of the scheme as part of broader efforts to reduce rice imports, which routinely exceeds 700,000 metric tonnes due to rising urbanization and changing dietary habits.[59]

Research and education

[edit]

Ahero serves as an important center for agricultural and epidemiological research in East Africa. In 1968, the government established the Ahero Irrigation Research Station (AIRS) directly within the scheme, supported by the Dutch government (ILACO Euro consult BV).[60]

AIRS acts as the primary research wing for all NIA projects in western Kenya. It conducts advanced field trials on high-yielding rice cultivars, optimal fertilizer application rates, herbicide efficacy and tropical crop mechanization. The station collaborates routinely with universities such as Maseno University and the University of Nairobi and agricultural bodies like KALRO to optimize wetland agronomy.[61] The Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) utilizes the scheme for malaria vector ecology and public health interventions.[62]

Challenges

[edit]

The scheme faces several recurring operational and environmental challenges:

  • Energy overheads: The dependence on electric pumps makes the scheme vulnerable to operational deficits when energy costs outpace the revenue collected from farmers.[27]
  • Flood disasters: Despite the dyke infrastructure, recurrent backflow from Lake Victoria and flash floods from the Nyando River routinely devastate the crop yield.[32]
  • Siltation: Heavy soil erosion upstream in the Nandi Hills fills the primary canals with silt, requiring expensive, continuous mechanical dredging to maintain hydraulic flow.[63]
  • Avian pests: Huge flocks of Quelea birds frequently migrate into the Kano Plains, acting as an agricultural pest that requires constant mitigation.[64]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Ahero Irrigation Scheme – National Irrigation Authority". Retrieved 2026-05-17.
  2. ↑ "State to expand Ahero Irrigation Scheme at Sh80 million". Daily Nation. 2020-10-05. Retrieved 2026-05-17.
  3. ↑ World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) (2007). Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin: Final Report on the TransVic Project (PDF) (Report). World Agroforestry Centre. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  4. ↑ Moyale, George Khatete (2024). Evaluating the technical, managerial, socio-economic and environmental performance of Kenya's Ahero irrigation scheme using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) model (Thesis). Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  5. 1 2 3 National Irrigation Authority (2026). Environmental Impact Assessment Project Report for the Proposed Rehabilitation of Ahero Irrigation Scheme (PDF) (Report). National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  6. 1 2 Mutero, C. M.; Blank, H.; Konradsen, F.; Hoek, W. van der (2000). "Water management for controlling the breeding of Anopheles mosquitoes in rice irrigation schemes in Kenya". Acta Tropica. 14 (4): 253–263. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00644.x. PMID 11162464.
  7. 1 2 "Nyando – NWHSA". www.waterauthority.go.ke. Retrieved 2026-05-17.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "Ahero Irrigation Scheme". National Irrigation Authority. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  9. 1 2 3 4 National Irrigation Authority (July 2023). 17th Issue Newsletter: Western Kenya Irrigation Schemes (Report). National Irrigation Authority.
  10. ↑ Kenya Water Resources Authority (2021). Nyando Catchment Management Strategy (Report). Ministry of Water, Sanitation and Irrigation.
  11. ↑ Wanyama, Mukanda Kere; Waswa, Michael Nakitare; Ouma, Linda (August 2023). "Monitoring of annual effective dose (AED) in surface soils of Ahero rice fields, Kenya". Journal of Engineering and Technology for Industrial Applications. 9 (42): 29–33. doi:10.5935/jetia.v9i42.873. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  12. 1 2 3 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (1992). Feasibility Study on Kano Plain Irrigation Project (PDF) (Report). Japan International Cooperation Agency. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  13. ↑ Wamuswa, Nanjinia. "New Basmati variety takes Ahero rice fields by storm - FarmKenya Initiative". Farm Kenya Initiative. Retrieved 2026-05-17.
  14. 1 2 Chambers, R. (1969). Settlement Schemes in Tropical Africa; a study of organizations and Development. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  15. 1 2 3 National Irrigation Authority (July 2023). 17th Issue Newsletter: Western Kenya Irrigation Schemes (PDF) (Report). National Irrigation Authority. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  16. ↑ Onduru, Timothy A. (1992). Some aspects of economic change in Kano, Kenya, 1850-1963 (PDF) (M.A. Thesis). University of Nairobi. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  17. ↑ Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (1986). Economic Survey 1986 (PDF) (Report). Nairobi, Kenya. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  18. ↑ Nyabundi, Dalton. "Gloom amid plenty: The story of disillusioned Ahero farmers". The Standard. Retrieved 2026-05-17.
  19. ↑ Kabutha, C.; Mutero, C. (2003). From government to farmer-managed smallholder rice schemes: The unresolved case of the Mwea Irrigation Scheme in Kenya. CABI Digital Library.
  20. ↑ National Irrigation Authority (2022). Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended June 30, 2022 (PDF) (Report). The National Treasury. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  21. ↑ National Irrigation Authority (2023). Strategic Plan (2023-2027) (PDF) (Report). National Irrigation Authority. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  22. ↑ "The Project for the Rehabilitation of the Ahero Irrigation Scheme". Japan International Cooperation Agency. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  23. ↑ Okayo, Joyce; Odera, Peter; Oluchiri, Stanley Omuterema (November 2015). "Socio-economic characteristics of the community that determine ability to uptake precautionary measures to mitigate flood disaster in Kano Plains, Kisumu County, Kenya". Geoenvironmental Disasters. 2 (1) 26. Bibcode:2015GeoDi...2...26O. doi:10.1186/s40677-015-0034-5. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  24. ↑ "Kano Plain (Kanoplain) Map, Weather and Photos - Kenya: plain(s) - Lat:-0.116667 and Long:34.8667". www.getamap.net. Retrieved 2026-05-17.
  25. ↑ Moyale, George Khatete (2024). Evaluating the technical, managerial, socio-economic and environmental performance of Kenya's Ahero irrigation scheme using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) model (PDF) (M.Sc. Thesis). Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  26. ↑ Opere, A. O.; Okello, B. (2011). "Hydrologic Analysis for River Nyando Using SWAT". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 15: 3639–3649.
  27. 1 2 3 Office of the Auditor-General (2019). Report of the Auditor-General and Financial Statements on Western Kenya Rice Mills Limited for the year ended 30 June, 2019 (PDF) (Report). Parliament of Kenya. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  28. ↑ "State to install water pumps at West Kano, Ahero to boost rice production". 2024-02-21.
  29. ↑ NA, K (2026-02-27). "Ahero Irrigation Scheme set for Sh650m expansion to tackle rice deficit".
  30. ↑ Owino, Justus W.; Ong'or, Basil T.; Mukolwe, Micah M. (2023). "Modeling Optimal Canal Conveyance Capacity for the Ahero Irrigation Scheme using the Hydrologic Engineering Centre River Analysis System (HEC-RAS)" (PDF). Journal of Water Management Modeling. 31: C510. doi:10.14796/JWMM.C510. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  31. ↑ Chumbe, Stellah A.; Ondigo, Bartholomew N. (October 2024). "Navigating the Deluge: Unraveling the Impact of Floods in Kano Plains, Kenya". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 112 (1): 10–11. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.24-0216. PMC 11720788. PMID 39353412. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  32. 1 2 "Ahero rice farmers count loses as floods wash off plantations". Citizen Digital. 2024-05-06. Retrieved 2026-05-17.
  33. 1 2 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (March 2009). The Study on Integrated Flood Management for Nyando River Basin in the Republic of Kenya: Final Report (Report). Ministry of Water and Irrigation.
  34. ↑ Tiffen, Mary (1985). Land tenure issues in irrigation planning design and management in Sub-Saharan Africa (PDF) (Report). Working Paper No. 16. London: Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  35. ↑ World Bank (24 May 1977). Kenya: Bura Irrigation Settlement Project Appraisal Report (PDF) (Report). World Bank Group. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  36. ↑ Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (2 September 2025). Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) (PDF) (Report). Japan International Cooperation Agency. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  37. ↑ "Ahero Irrigation Scheme – National Irrigation Authority". Retrieved 2026-05-17.
  38. ↑ Ahero Irrigation Research Station (2020). Mechanization and Agronomy Trials in Western Kenya (Report). National Irrigation Authority.
  39. ↑ Apind, Benard Owino (n.d.). Determinants Of Smallholder Farmers Market Participation; A Case Study Of Rice Marketing In Ahero Irrigation Scheme (Research Thesis). Collaborative Masters Program in Agricultural and Applied Economics. Retrieved 17 May 2026.{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  40. ↑ "Kenya imports Sh55bn rice annually as appetite for delicacy grows". Daily Nation. 10 September 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  41. ↑ "Kisumu to instal Sh20 million rice mill in Ahero town". 2021-03-28.
  42. ↑ "Mixed bag of goodies for locals as Ahero attains town status". Daily Nation. 2020-11-13. Retrieved 2026-05-17.
  43. ↑ "Isebania-Ahero road upgrade to boost trade with Tanzania". Business Daily. 2020-12-19. Retrieved 2026-05-18.
  44. ↑ "Good roads spur business growth in Nyanza". Daily Nation. 2020-06-28. Retrieved 2026-05-18.
  45. ↑ "Roaring metre-gauge awakens villages from Nakuru to Kisumu". 2021-09-26.
  46. ↑ "400 in Ahero benefit from contract farming as scheme diversifies crops". Daily Nation. 2020-07-01. Retrieved 2026-05-18.
  47. ↑ Kenya Railways Corporation (2022). Strategic Plan 2022–2027 (PDF) (Report). Kenya Railways Corporation. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  48. ↑ Kinyanjui, Moses (19 March 2026). "Inside the Ksh.500B Naivasha-Malaba SGR extension project". Citizen Digital. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  49. ↑ "Inside the Sh582B SGR expansion and its promise for Western Kenya". Pulse Kenya. 2026-03-20. Retrieved 2026-05-18.
  50. ↑ Githeko, A. K.; Service, M. W.; Mbogo, C. M.; Atieli, F. K.; Juma, F. O. (August 1993). "Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite and entomological inoculation rates at the Ahero rice irrigation scheme and the Miwani sugar-belt in western Kenya". Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology. 87 (4): 379–391. doi:10.1080/00034983.1993.11812782. PMID 8250629.
  51. ↑ Ijumba, J. N.; Lindsay, S. W. (2001). "Impact of irrigation on malaria in Africa: paddies paradox". Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 15 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2915.2001.00279.x. PMID 11297100.
  52. ↑ Wara, Calvince (December 2015). Climate Change Impacts on the Water Cycle and River Flow Regime of Nyando River Catchment in Kenya (Master's Thesis). KU Leuven. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.20641.51043.
  53. ↑ "Kenyans recall terrible effects of 1997 El Nino rains as they prepare for deluge". Daily Nation. 2023-09-25. Retrieved 2026-05-17.
  54. ↑ Abuom, Paul O.; Shivoga, William A.; Anyona, Douglas N.; Dida, Gabriel O. (July 2020). "Effect of land use on soil quality in Rivers Nyando and Yala Catchments of Lake Victoria Basin, Western Kenya". Agricultural Science Research Journal. 10 (7): 164–173. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  55. ↑ Daily Nation (15 May 2020). "Thousands displaced as River Nyando bursts its banks". Nation Media Group.
  56. ↑ World Bank (2019). Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project II: Implementation Completion and Results Report (Report).
  57. 1 2 3 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (2018). Data Collection Survey on Flood Risk Management in the Republic of Kenya (PDF) (Report). Japan International Cooperation Agency. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  58. ↑ "Mandate & Core Values – National Irrigation Authority". Retrieved 2026-05-17.
  59. ↑ Kenya News Agency (KNA) (27 February 2026). "Ahero Irrigation Scheme set for Sh650m expansion to tackle rice deficit". The Star. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  60. ↑ System, Wordpress. "AHERO IRRIGATION RESEARCH STATION – National Irrigation Authority". Retrieved 2026-05-17.
  61. ↑ Kenya Soil Survey (1970). United Nations Development Programme -Irrigation Research Station Ahero Kenya Report No.2 1970 (Report). Kenya Soil Survey. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  62. ↑ Karanja, D.; Khamala, C. P. M. (1991). "Ecological studies on Anopheles mosquitoes in the small scale rice farms at the Ahero Rice Irrigation Scheme in Western Kenya". KEMRI / KETRI Annual Proceedings. University of Nairobi. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  63. ↑ World Agroforestry Centre (2006). Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin: Final Report on the TransVic Project (PDF) (Report). World Agroforestry Centre. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  64. ↑ "Ahero rice farmers staring at losses as birds invade paddies". Daily Nation. 2020-06-29. Retrieved 2026-05-17.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Akoko, George; Kato, Tasuku (2020). "Evaluation of Irrigation Water Resources Availability and Climate Change Impacts". Water. 12 (9): 2330. doi:10.3390/w12092330.
  • Chambers, R. (1969). Settlement Schemes in Tropical Africa; a study of organizations and Development. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Ijumba, J. N.; Lindsay, S. W. (2001). "Impact of irrigation on malaria in Africa: paddies paradox". Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 15 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2915.2001.00279.x. PMID 11297100.
  • Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (2018). Data Collection Survey on Flood Risk Management in the Republic of Kenya (PDF) (Report). Japan International Cooperation Agency.
  • Kabutha, C.; Mutero, C. (2003). From government to farmer-managed smallholder rice schemes: The unresolved case of the Mwea Irrigation Scheme in Kenya. CABI Digital Library.
  • Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (March 2009). The Study on Integrated Flood Management for Nyando River Basin in the Republic of Kenya: Final Report (Report). Ministry of Water and Irrigation.
  • Mutero, C. M.; Blank, H.; Konradsen, F.; Hoek, W. van der (2000). "Water management for controlling the breeding of Anopheles mosquitoes in rice irrigation schemes in Kenya". Acta Tropica. 14 (4): 253–263. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00644.x. PMID 11162464.
  • National Irrigation Authority (July 2023). 17th Issue Newsletter: Western Kenya Irrigation Schemes (Report). National Irrigation Authority.
  • Opere, A. O.; Okello, B. (2011). "Hydrologic Analysis for River Nyando Using SWAT". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 15: 3639–3649.
  • World Bank (2019). Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project II: Implementation Completion and Results Report (Report).
[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Ahero_Irrigation_Scheme&oldid=1368567625"