Four Thieves Vinegar Collective
 | |
| Named after | Four thieves vinegar |
|---|---|
| Formation | 2015 |
| Founder | Michael Laufer |
| Legal status | Active |
| Purpose | Biohacking |
| Products | EpiPencil, Apothecary MicroLab |
| Website | fourthievesvinegar |
The Four Thieves Vinegar Collective is an anarchist biohacking group founded in 2015 by Michael Laufer. They have published instructions for the "EpiPencil", an epinephrine autoinjector, and the "Apothecary MicroLab", a do-it-yourself (DIY) device intended to make a variety of medications, most notably pyrimethamine (Daraprim). The medical community has criticized them for causing potential harm to patients with the DIY instructions, but Laufer claims to defend people's right to attempt their medical treatment.
Views
[edit]Laufer has compared his work to that of Women on Waves, a group that provides abortion medication to women in areas where abortion is illegal.[1] His motivation in founding the group is to provide medication to people when it is too expensive for them to afford, illegal to acquire, or unavailable due to it treating an orphan disease. He believes that providing lifesaving medication to those who need it justifies violating the intellectual property rights of pharmaceutical companies, and supports cognitive liberty.[2]
History
[edit]Laufer, trained in mathematics, formed the group in 2008 during a graduate school trip to El Salvador. While visiting a local medical clinic he learned that despite the existence of many clandestine chemistry labs producing methamphetamine and MDMA, the clinic was out of oral contraceptives. He investigated the possibility of DIY pharmaceuticals which culminated in the founding of Four Thieves in 2015.[3] He took the name from four thieves vinegar, a legendary plague cure.[4]
Four Thieves had formerly partnered with Chematica to develop recipes for the group's medication,[1] but this ended and they lost access to information and software they had been given after pharmaceutical company Merck bought the startup.[2]
EpiPencil
[edit]In 2016, after the price for an EpiPen was raised from $57 to $318 by its manufacturer Mylan, Four Thieves released instructions for how to build an "EpiPencil", a homemade epinephrine autoinjector that can be built for $30.[5] It is made from three off-the-shelf parts.[6] It has been criticized for potential danger, with Yvette d'Entremont criticizing the lack of sterility in the EpiPencil assembly. D'Entremont also highlighted the error of margin when drawing up the epinephrine could easily be misjudged, putting people's lives at risk.[7] Theresa Eisenman, a spokeswoman for the United States Food and Drug Administration, stated that using such a device is a "potentially dangerous practice".[8] The device is not known to have actually been used.[4]
Apothecary MicroLab
[edit]Four Thieves has released instructions for building an "Apothecary MicroLab", a DIY controlled lab reactor claimed to be able to synthesize a variety of medications. The group released instructions for manufacturing pyrimethamine (Daraprim) from acetonitrile, ethyl bromide, and dicyandiamide with it.[3][1] Laufer claims that it can also be used to make naloxone, cabotegravir, mifepristone, and misoprostol.[2] Jeremiah Johnson, a researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has stated that using it would be very dangerous as it could create the wrong drug or the wrong dose.[3] Eric von Hippel, an economist at MIT who supports DIY medication, has stated that the design could create chemical byproducts as well as or instead of the intended medication.[2]
Laufer claims that they have successfully synthesized cabotegravir, an experimental new integrase inhibitor, and asked heroin dealers to cut their product with it in order to help lower the rates of HIV infection among heroin users.[2]
Abortion
[edit]In 2022, Four Thieves released detailed instructions for how to make an abortion pill,[9] and subsequently distributed business cards at a hacker convention in Queens, New York, that were labeled "This Card is an Abortion" and had three doses of misoprostol embedded in them.[10]
Reception
[edit]Jose Gomez-Marquez, who is researching pharmaceuticals at MIT, has stated his belief that the group is more about publicity than medication, and is concerned about the danger of unvetted information being published.[3] Vinay Prasad, a professor of medicine at Oregon Health & Science University, believes that DIY medication is "foolhardy".[4]
Jo Zayner, another biohacker, believes that the group's work is more symbolic than anything else.[4]
Chemist Derek Lowe described the Vice magazine article on the collective as "largely bullshit".[11] He noted that they had synthesized known substances rather than producing new ones.[11] He also pointed out that their proposal to combat hepatitis C could accidentally cause treatment-resistant strains of hepatitis C.[11] In September 2024 Derek Lowe replied to further publicity for the group, pointing out that they don't address the fact that Sofosbuvir is given as part of a combination therapy or how they calculated the figure of $70 for a whole course of treatment.[12] He also pointed out that the group doesn't address waste disposal, purification, solvents or availability of starting materials.[12]
Legal status
[edit]Patricia Zettler, a former attorney at the FDA, believes that Four Thieves' work is legal because they are only providing information rather than drugs themselves.[4]
Members
[edit]Four Thieves' membership is generally composed of technically trained people, but does not include medical professionals.[2]
Michael Laufer
[edit]Michael Swan Laufer (sometimes styled as Mixæl Laufer[13]) is the de facto leader of the 'Four Thieves Vinegar Collective'.[14][15][16] Laufer is notable for creating the EpiPencil, an open source alternative to the Epipen.[14][17]
Laufer has a Ph.D. in mathematics and physics from the CUNY Graduate Centre.[18] Laufer was the director of mathematics at Silicon Valley's Menlo College,[15] and a part time teacher of mathematics at San Quentin State Prison, California.[14] Laufer is also a Senior Research Fellow at the UNESCO Crossings Institute.[19] In 2008 Laufer went to El Salvador where he saw hospitals that had run out of birth control medicine, he founded the Four Thieves Vinegar Collective shortly afterwards.[15] Laufer publicly shared videos in 2016 that illustrated how to manufacture generic version of the Epi-Pen epinephrine auto-injector from components readily available to the public.[20][21]
Laufer is working on a DIY controlled lab reactor that he calls the Apothecary MicroLab that will allow people to manufacture their own pharmaceuticals at home.[14] The first version is able to manufacture pyrimethamine, the same drug that in 2016 increased in price in USA from $13 to $750 in 2019.[20][22][23] Laufer's work is both about access to medicine and about the right to personal autonomy and information, seeking to undo a trend that has put healthcare decision-making in the control of financially motivated private actors.[15] Laufer believes that providing lifesaving medication to those in need justifies violation of intellectual property rights.[24] He wants to find simple ways to produce emergency contraceptives and common medications for HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C.[20]
In 2019 Laufer co-created a mesh-network sub-dermal implant that costs less than US$50, allowing humans to internally carry wireless routers.[25] Soon after, he had one implanted in himself.[25]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- 1 2 3 Rosenblatt, Seth (July 25, 2016). "Hacker targets Big Pharma with homebrew meds". The Parallax. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Oberhaus, Daniel (July 26, 2018). "Meet the Anarchists Making Their Own Medicine". Vice. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
- 1 2 3 4 Brown, Kristen V. (August 2, 2017). "A DIY Pharmaceutical Revolution Is Coming—If It Doesn't Kill Us First". Gizmodo. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Piller, Charles (October 13, 2017). "An Anarchist Is Teaching Patients to Make Their Own Medications". Scientific American. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
- ↑ Condliffe, Jamie (September 20, 2016). "It Costs $30 to Make a DIY EpiPen, and Here's the Proof". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
- ↑ Laufer, Mixæl (September 19, 2016). "Introducing the EpiPencil". Four Thieves Vinegar Collective. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018.
- ↑ Weill, Kelly (April 13, 2017) [September 22, 2016]. "Please Do Not Hack Your Own EpiPen". The Daily Beast. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
- ↑ Leonard, Kimberly (September 23, 2016). "EpiPen Alternative? Meet the $30, DIY EpiPencil". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
- ↑ Koebler, Jason (May 3, 2022). "Anarchist Collective Shares Instructions to Make DIY Abortion Pills". Vice. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
- ↑ Franceschi-Bicchierai, Lorenzo (July 22, 2022). "DIY Collective Embeds Abortion Pill Onto Business Cards, Distributes Them At Hacker Conference". Vice. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
- 1 2 3 Lowe, Derek (July 30, 2018). "Anarchist Drugs For All. Yeahboy". Science. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
- 1 2 Lowe, Derek (September 9, 2024). "Anarchist Drugs Again". Science. Retrieved September 25, 2024.
- ↑ "Mixæl S Laufer Twitter Account". Twitter. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 Piller, Charles. "An Anarchist Is Teaching Patients to Make Their Own Medications". Scientific American. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 Oberhaus, Daniel (July 26, 2018). "Meet the Anarchists Making Their Own Medicine". Vice. Archived from the original on January 7, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
- ↑ "Was the EpiPen Hack Ethical?". KQED. June 5, 2017. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
- ↑ By (September 22, 2016). "Should You Build Your Own EpiPen?". Popular Science. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
- ↑ "Menlo College Mathematician Michael Laufer Shoots to Fame with EpiPencil". Menlo College. October 4, 2016. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
- ↑ "People | University of Oregon-UNESCO Crossings Institute". unesco.uoregon.edu. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
- 1 2 3 "Hackers Offer a DIY Alternative to the $600 EpiPen". IEEE Spectrum. September 19, 2016. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
- ↑ Livni, Ephrat (September 27, 2016). "Hackers created a $30 DIY version of the EpiPen". Quartz. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
- ↑ Larson, Selena (September 24, 2016). "Outrageous EpiPen prices lead some people to make their own". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
- ↑ Leonard, Kimberly (September 23, 2016). "EpiPen Alternative? Meet the $30, DIY EpiPencil". US News. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
- ↑ Lehman, Peter G (December 2020). "Beyond chemistry: DIY medicine" (PDF). Chemistry in Australia. December 2020 - February 2021: 35. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2021 – via Royal Australian Chemical Institute.
- 1 2 Oberhaus, Daniel. "This DIY Implant Lets You Stream Movies From Inside Your Leg". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved December 1, 2021.