Oti language
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|
| Otí | |
|---|---|
| Chavante, Xavante | |
| Otí[1] | |
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | State of São Paulo, Paranapanema River basin |
| Ethnicity | Otí |
| Extinct | early 20th century |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | oti |
| Glottolog | otii1244 |
| Linguasphere | 89-KAA-aa |
 Map of the Otí language | |
The Otí language, also known as Chavante or Euchavante, is a language isolate or an unclassified language once spoken in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, between the Peixe and Pardo rivers.[2] The language became extinct at the beginning of the 20th century. Only a few wordlists are preserved, totaling 110 words.
Classification
[edit]Oti is left unclassified by Lyle Campbell due to a paucity of information.[3] Greenberg classified Oti as a Macro-Jê language, but he provided almost no supporting data and has not been followed by other researchers.[4][5][6] Glottolog classifies it as a language isolate.[7]
History
[edit]The Oti were largely exterminated in the late 19th century out of fear that they were Kaingang.[8] Nimuendajú estimated that there were some 50 Oti in 1890.[9] By 1903, there were only 8, divided between two locations, one a few kilometers east of Indiana and east of Presidente Prudente, between the Peixe and Paranapanema rivers, and one in Platina, some 50 km northwest of Ourinhos. The traditional Oti lands up to 1870 had been located between these two places.[10] In 1910, three Oti people remained.[11] In 1988, the last Oti died.[12]
Vocabulary
[edit]Only 110 words of Otí were preserved, in a total of three wordlists.[13]
The following colective wordlist of Otí is taken from Quadros (1892),[14] Borba (1908: 73–76),[15] and Nimuendajú in Ihering (1912: 8).[1]
Quadros Borba Nimuendajú gloss inuáde man donduéde hipipá woman teuéde young man uictoma young woman ascábe athrabe káibĕ, athkabe father idúa fiduá kaié mother váca koaká, daká brother forte sister a'äi older sister kakí younger sister ko'ajé grandmother ko'á grandfather equéri cuejê old estouduéde itarduêde boy culi "bush Indian" ufúbi ursube head eteche naôdj hair cúa tuála forehead acli, athli eye inóne eyebrow acófi aconxe kō's(h)a ear sonduái assondlaibe nose afot mouth vê ûa teeth instúa breast aquejuè esteinde arm iquéce étjĕ finger etiu eltuê akjô' stomach fube buttocks atua neck jube fum foot etáge eteque taz(h) leg euîque knee astaete blood quatá cuatá jaguar apíla apila apíla 'female tapir' tapir biétj male tapir inchéla white-lipped peccary quicua antla, inthla, tócle, tothle collared peccary jagóde jagode z(h)agodj, digóde 'female deer' deer eféga armadillo foguedái fugidó, fogodó partridge palaiáo apalaiao iská, is(h)ká snake uida macaw ontirra howler monkey othigue[a] capybara guiacú guan uarriga jabuticaba nectube otter cái monkey tú solitary tinamou ilobi mosquito erredebe fish guatá gna'atá parrot etecubetei coati alábe tamandua flongue toucan dejuáca, tofoaca spot-winged wood quail aiêdĕ dog gáio cattle z(h)indé, gla'dō' bird chantle corn z(h)êbj, es(h)êbĕ rice istêbj bamboo nhadalee to kill inháre to beat mendoa to bake/roast uirgėlem to fight icabe to eat tanyenne to run roiábe sit down heumôde come escoguilabe get up bóje throw out birrua hole o'gode wax concéde kõsidé honey tajane bread igobe gobj house déxe pot, pan inhestecude bow torta arrow endáe axe chanin béia rain uotue day oteiaque night atáve sky esquentable esquentábe iskentál sun guiáde quyade moon tuásia tuasla star catiága thunder jatúme ray achô úgide fire ocochìa kos(h)îa water folháhe juartle field diguede forest rátcha stone dielsede diésĕ river birõa earth leilebe very umostiara long nojede red jaque[b] white hon black pequinhe 1 istonra 2 ojeleidapá 3 otí Chavante podeuêdĕ Kaingua sī'sua Brazilian
These wordlists are also reproduced in Ihering (1903).[16]
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- 1 2 Ihering, H. von. A ethnographia do Brazil meridional. Extracto de las Actas del XVII° Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, pág. 250 y siguientes. Buenos Aires: Imprenta de Coni Hermanos, 1912.
- ↑ Lyle Campbell, 1997. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195094271
- ↑ Campbell, Lyle (2012-01-13), "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America", in Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica (eds.), The Indigenous Languages of South America, DE GRUYTER, pp. 59–166, doi:10.1515/9783110258035.59, ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3, retrieved 2025-03-31
- ↑ Rodrigues, Aryon D. (1999). "Macro-Jê". In Dixon, Robert M. W.; Aĭkhenvalʹd, A. I︠U︡ (eds.). The Amazonian languages (PDF). Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57021-3.
- ↑ Nikulin, Andrey. 2020. Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo. Tese de Doutorado em Linguística, Universidade de Brasília.
- ↑ Ribeiro, Eduardo Rivail (2012). A grammar of Karajá (phd thesis). Chicago: University of Chicago.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2026). "Oti". Glottolog 5.3. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Ute Ritz-Deutch, 2008. Alberto Vojtech Fric, the German Diaspora, and Indian Protection in Southern Brazil, 1900–1920
- ↑ Nimuendajú, Curt 1942. The Šerente. Los Angeles.
- ↑ Fabre, Alain (2005). Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos. Edición electrónica (PDF).
- ↑ Nimuendajú, Curt (1993) [1910]. "O fim da tribo Oti" (PDF). Carta': falas, reflexões, memórias / informe de distribuição restrita do Senador Darcy Ribeiro. 9: 205–211.
- ↑ CEDI 1991. Oti-Xavante. CEDI 1991: 580–581.
- ↑ Campbell, Lyle (2024-06-25), "Unclassified and Spurious Languages", The Indigenous Languages of the Americas (1 ed.), Oxford University PressNew York, pp. 280–338, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197673461.003.0005, ISBN 978-0-19-767346-1, retrieved 2026-05-10
- ↑ Quadros, F. R. E. Memoria sobre os trabalhos de exploração e observação efetuada pela secção da comissão militar encarregada da linha telegráfica de Uberaba a Cuiabá, de fevereiro a junho de 1889. Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, Rio de Janeiro, v. 55, n. 1, p. 233–260, 1892.
- ↑ Borba, T. Actualidade Indígena (Paraná, Brazil). Curitiba: Impressora Paranaense, 1908. 171 pp.
- ↑ von Ihering, Hermann (1903). The Anthropology of the State of São Paulo, Brazil (PDF). São Paulo: Duprat & Comp.
External links
[edit]
Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Oti word list