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Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the gene ZP1. The ZP1 protein, together with the related proteins ZP2, ZP3, and ZP4, forms an envelope around oocytes called the zona pellucida.[5] The zona pellucida binds to sperm and functions as a “gatekeeper”, preventing an oocyte from being fertilized by multiple sperm or sperm from different species.[5] Certain pathogenic mutations in ZP1 have been associated with a lack of zona pellucida around oocytes,[6] leading to a type of infertility sometimes called Oocyte/zygote/embryo Maturation Arrest 1 (OZEMA1).[7]
Understanding of the function of ZP1 in humans has been limited by the fact that, unlike its ortholog in the commonly studied mouse model, human ZP1 appears capable of binding to human sperm.[5] The ortholog of ZP4 in mice is also a noncoding pseudogene, further complicating attempts to extrapolate mouse research on ZP proteins to human ZP proteins.[5]
