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Washington Formation

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Washington Formation
Stratigraphic range: Permian
Bituminous coal (Washington Coal, Upper Pennsylvanian; Ohio)
TypeFormation
Unit ofDunkard Group[1]
Sub-unitsUpper Washington

Jollytown coal
Hundred sandstone
Upper Marietta
Washington “A” coal
Middle Washington
Lower Washington
Lower Marietta
Washington (No. 12) coal
Little Washington coal
Mannington sandstone
Waynesburg “A” coal
Waynesburg Sandstone
Elm Grove limestone

Cassville
UnderliesGreene Formation
OverliesWaynesburg Formation
Lithology
Primarylimestone, sandstone, coal
Othershale
Location
RegionOhio and West Virginia
CountryUnited States

The Washington Formation is a coal, sandstone, and limestone geologic formation located in Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia.[1] It dates back to the Lower Permian period, with its base at or near the Permian/Carboniferous boundary.[2][3] The Washington formation and the Dunkard Group as a whole was deposited at a time when the continents were in the process of forming the "Super Continent" Pangaea as well as a gradual drop in sea levels.[4] The result during this period was coals being thinner and impure with high ash content. The limestones found with in the formation are exclusively freshwater deposits.

Paleofauna

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The paleofauna of the Washington Formation is considered similar to that of the Texas Red Beds, sharing many fish and tetrapod taxa. Some of the taxa listed suggest an Artinskian age.[5] Lucas et al 2013 discusses the fauna of the formation.[5]


Synapsida

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Synapsids of the Washington Formation
Genus Species Notes
Dimetrodon D.limbatus Stated to be from a large specimen.[5]
Edaphosaurus E.boanerges A large edaphosaurid.[5]
Ophiacodon O.retroversus An ophiacodontid.[5] Stated to be large.[6]
Sphenacodontia indet. Indeterminate An indeterminate sphenacodont.[7]

Reptiliomorpha

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Reptiliomorphs of the Washington Formation
Genus Species Notes
Diadectes D. sp. A large diadectid.[5]
Protorothyris P.archeri A protorothyrid.[5]

Amphibia

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Amphibians of the Washington Formation
Genus Species Notes
Eryops E.megacephalus A large temnospondyl.[5]
Acheloma A.sp A terrestrial temnospondyl.[5]
Trimerorhachis T.insignis A fully aquatic temnospondyl.[5]
Diploceraspis D.burkei An aquatic lepospondyl with large outward growths of the head.[5]
Zatrachys Z.sp An armored terrestrial temnospondyl.[5]
Edops E.sp An aquatic temnospondyl.[5]
Megamolgophis M.agostini A possible lysophorian.[5]
Brachydectes B.sp A lysophorian.[5]

Selachia

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Selachians of the Washington Formation
Genus Species Notes
Orthacanthus O.texensis A large selachian.[5]
Xenacanthus X.luederensis A small selachian.[5]
Barbclabornia B.luederensis A giant selachian.[8]


Osteichthyes

[edit]
Osteicthyes of the Washington Formation
Genus Species Notes
Ectosteorhachis E.sp A large lobe finned fish.[5]
Palaeoniscoidea indet. Indet. Indeterminate paleoniscoids.[5]
Monongahela M.sp. A dipnoan.[5]

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 Berryhill, Henry L. Jr.; Swanson, Vernon E. (1962). "Geological Survey research 1962; Short papers in geology and hydrology" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. 450-C: 43–46. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
  2. ↑ Wayne Martin, Bernard Henniger (1965). "The Hockingport and Waynesburg Sandstones (Pennsylvanian and Permian) of the Dunkard Group: ABSTRACT". AAPG Bulletin. 49. doi:10.1306/a66335b4-16c0-11d7-8645000102c1865d. ISSN 0149-1423.
  3. ↑ M. A. Rendina, Wayne D. Martin (1985). "Provenance of Selected Sandstones and Mud Rocks of Dunkard Group (Upper Pennsylvanian-Permian) in Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania: ABSTRACT". AAPG Bulletin. 69. doi:10.1306/94885417-1704-11d7-8645000102c1865d. ISSN 0149-1423.
  4. ↑ Haq, Bilal U.; Schutter, Stephen R. (2008-10-03). "A Chronology of Paleozoic Sea-Level Changes". Science. 322 (5898): 64–68. Bibcode:2008Sci...322...64H. doi:10.1126/science.1161648. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 18832639.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Lucas, Spencer G. (2013-11-01). "Vertebrate biostratigraphy and biochronology of the upper Paleozoic Dunkard Group, Pennsylvania–West Virginia–Ohio, USA". International Journal of Coal Geology. SI:Dunkard Group Geology. 119: 79–87. Bibcode:2013IJCG..119...79L. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2013.04.007. ISSN 0166-5162.
  6. ↑ Olson, Everett C. (1970-02-05). "Trematops Stonei sp. nov. (Temnospondyli Amphibia) from the Washington Formation, Dunkard Group, Ohio". Kirtlandia. 8: 1–12.
  7. ↑ House, Ashley (2025). "A new sphenacodont synapsid from the early Permian Washington Formation of Ohio, USA" (PDF).
  8. ↑ Johnston, Gary (2003). "Dentitions of Barbclabornia (new genus, Chondrichthyes: Xenacanthiformes) from the Upper Palaeozoic of North America".


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