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Ummidia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ummidia
Temporal range: Palaeogene–present
Trap-Door Spider, Ummidia sp., from Austin, Texas
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Mygalomorphae
Family: Halonoproctidae
Genus: Ummidia
Thorell, 1875[1]
Type species
U. picea
Thorell, 1875
Species

56, see text

Synonyms[1]

Ummidia is a genus of mygalomorph spiders in the family Halonoproctidae, and was first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1875.[3] It is a genus of small to large trapdoor spiders that are usually black to very dark brown in color. It is a widely-distributed genus found in the southwestern Mediterranean, Central Asia, and in the Americas from Ohio south to Brazil. They live in hard-to-find silk-lined burrows hidden in leaf litter.

Taxonomy

[edit]

Ummidia split from the morphologically similar genus Conothele over 50 million years ago.[4]

Description

[edit]

Ummidia species are small to large trapdoor spiders, usually black to very dark brown in color. The abdominal coloration is generally dark grey, occasionally with a bright white dorsal patch, pale opalescence, or light patches at the apodemes. The cephalothorax is longer than it is wide. The pars cephalica is highest behind the eyes and sloping posteriorly. The carapace is evenly sclerotized, and is rough in males and smooth in females. The fovea is procurved and deep. At least the median eyes are on the tubercle, with the eye diameter being variable. The anterior eye row is procurved, while the posterior eye row is relatively straight to slightly recurved or procurved. The sternum is usually approximately as wide as it is long.[4]

Ummidia can be differentiated from all other halonoproctid genera except Conothele by the presence of a dorsal, glabrous, saddle-like depression on tibia III. Ummidia can be further distinguished from Bothriocyrtum, Cyclocosmia, and Hebestatis by the presence of clavate trichobothria and the absence of lateral sternal sigilla.[4]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

Ummidia is a wide-ranging genus, found in the southwestern Mediterranean, Central Asia, and in the Americas from as far north as Ohio and Maryland west to Arizona and south to Brazil, including the Greater and Lesser Antilles. Ballooning, a peculiar behavior among most mygalomorphs, has been observed in a few species. This behavior explains the genus' presence on multiple islands in the Caribbean, including the volcanic island of St. Vincent and possibly Bermuda.[4]

Ummidia spiders construct silk-lined burrows, usually with cork-type doors. These burrows are cryptic and difficult to find and are often covered in leaf litter.[4]

Species

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As of April 2022 it contained fifty-six species.[1]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 Gloor, Daniel; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Blick, Theo; Kropf, Christian (2022). "Gen. Ummidia Thorell, 1875". World Spider Catalog Version 23.0. Natural History Museum Bern. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  2. ↑ Roewer, C. F. (1955). Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940, bzw. 1954. 2. Band, Abt. a (Lycosaeformia, Dionycha [excl. Salticiformia]). 2. Band, Abt. b (Salticiformia, Cribellata) (Synonyma-Verzeichnis, Gesamtindex). Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles. p. 1715.
  3. ↑ Thorell, T. (1875). "Descriptions of several European and North African spiders". Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar. 13 (5): 1–203.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Godwin, Rebecca L.; Bond, Jason E. (2021-04-02). "Taxonomic revision of the New World members of the trapdoor spider genus Ummidia Thorell (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Halonoproctidae)". ZooKeys. 1027: 1–165. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1027.54888. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 8035127. PMID 33867800. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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