Timeline of Hama
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Hama, Syria.
Prior to 7th century
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- 11th century BCE – Town is "capital of Aramean kingdom of Hamath."[1]
- 854 BCE – Town taken by Assyrian Shalmaneser II.[2]
- 743 BCE – Assyrians in power again.[3]
- 740 BCE – Uprising.[3]
- 720 BCE – Uprising "crushed by Sargon."[2]
- 540 BCE – Persians in power (approximate date).
- 64 BCE – Town becomes part of the Roman province of Syria.
7th–19th centuries
[edit]- 639 CE – Town taken by Arab Muslim Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah.[2]
- 637 – Great Mosque built.[4]
- 10th century – Hamdanids in power.
- 968 – Town sacked by Byzantine forces of Nicephorus Phocas.[1]
- 11th century – Town sacked by Mirdasid forces.
- 1108 – Tancred, Prince of Galilee takes town.[2]
- 1114 – Seljuks in power.[1]
- 1157 – Earthquake.[5]
- 1172 – Nur al-Din Mosque built.
- 1175 – Saladin takes town from Zangids.[1]
- 1178 – Al-Muzaffar I Umar becomes Emir of Hama.[1]
- 1191 – Al-Mansur I Muhammad becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1221 – Al-Nasir Kilij Arslan becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1229 – Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1244 – Al-Mansur Muhammad II becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1260 – Town sacked by Mongols.
- 1284 – Al-Muzaffar III Mahmud becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1299 – Mamluks in power.[1]
- 1310 – Ayyubid Abu al-Fida becomes Emir of Hama.[5]
- 1323 – al-Izzi Mosque built.[4]
- 1326 – Abu'l-Fida Mosque built.[4]
- 1331 – Al-Afdal Muhammad becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1400 – Timurlane takes town.
- 1453 – al-Mamunye (water wheel) constructed.[citation needed]
- 1516 – Ottoman Turks in power.
- 1556 – Khan Rustum Pasha (caravansary) built.[citation needed]
- 1742 – Azm Palace built.
- 1858 – Population: 30,000.[6]
- 1864 – Town becomes capital of the Hamah sanjak (district) in the Vilayet of Sham.[1]
- 1875 – Cholera outbreak.[5]
- 1898 – Public library opens (approximate date).[7]
20th century
[edit]- 1901 – Population: 45,000 (approximate).[3]
- 1902 – Rayak-Hama railway begins operating.[8]
- 1906 – Aleppo-Hama railway constructed.[9]
- 1917 – Shaker al-Hanbali becomes mayor.[10]
- 1918 – Town becomes part of French Mandate of Syria.
- 1925 – 1925 Hama uprising, early October uprising by Hama's inhabitants led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji against the French mandate, subsequent crackdown by French forces. Part of the Great Syrian Revolt.[11]
- 1930 – Population: 60,000.[12]
- 1941 – Al-Taliya Sport Club formed.
- 1945 – Al-Nawair Sport Club formed.
- 1946 – City becomes part of independent Syrian Republic.
- 1960 – Population: 97,390.[13]
- 1963 – April: Anti-Baathist demonstrations.[14]
- 1964
- April: Conflict between Muslim Brotherhood and Baath leaders.[12]
- Population: 131,630 (estimate).[15]
- 1970 – Population: 137,421.[13]
- 1980 – February: Islamist uprising[16]
- 1981 – April: 1981 Hama massacre.
- 1982 – February: Muslim Brotherhood uprising against Hafez al-Assad government; crackdown.[16][17]
- 1985 – Population: 193,610 (estimate).[18]
- 1989 – Apamea Cham Palace Hotel built.[4]
21st century
[edit]- 2003 – Population: 427,369 (estimate).[13]
- 2008 – Population: 1,508,000 (estimate).[19]
- 2011
- 15 March–3 July: Mass demonstrations.[16][20]
- 3 July–4 August: Army crackdown on protesters.[21][22]
- September–December: Hama Governorate clashes[23]
- 2012
- 2012/13
- Autumn–spring: Rebels in control of Hamidiyah, Tariq Halab and Al-Arbain neighbourhoods[26]
- 2013
- 25 April–15 June: Rest of the city captured by SAA during 2013 Hama offensive.[27]
- 2024
- 30 November–5 December: Syrian opposition forces captured the city following fierce clashes.[28]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Whitaker 2008.
- 1 2 3 4 Britannica 1910.
- 1 2 3 Chambers 1901.
- 1 2 3 4 ArchNet.org. "Hama". Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012.
- 1 2 3 Baedeker 1876.
- ↑ Murray 1858.
- ↑ David Dean Commins (11 August 1990), Islamic reform: politics and social change in late Ottoman Syria, New York: Oxford University Press (published 1990), ISBN 0195061039, 0195061039
- ↑ "Railway developments in Syria". Railway Age. Chicago. 1904.
- ↑ Lewis R. Freeman (1915). "Railway Lines of Syria and Palestine". Railway Age Gazette. New York.
- ↑ Sami Moubayed (11 August 2023), Steel & Silk: Men and Women who Shaped Syria 1900–2000, Seattle, USA: Cune Press (published 2006), ISBN 9781885942401
- ↑ Bou-Nacklie 1998.
- 1 2 David Dean Commins (2004), Historical Dictionary of Syria (2nd ed.), Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press
- 1 2 3 "Syria: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". World Gazetteer. Stefan Helders.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ↑ Malik Mufti (1996). Sovereign Creations: Pan-Arabism and Political Order in Syria and Iraq. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801431689.
- ↑ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966. pp. 140–161. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
- 1 2 3 "Syria Profile: Timeline". BBC News. 28 August 2011. Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
- ↑ Malise Ruthven (2004). Historical Atlas of Islam. Cartographica.
- ↑ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289. Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ "Table 8 – Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", Demographic Yearbook – 2018, United Nations, archived from the original on 5 November 2020, retrieved 24 January 2020
- ↑ "'Half a million' protest on streets of Hama". Al Jazeera. 8 July 2011. Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
- ↑ "UN council condemns use of force by Syria". Al Jazeera. 4 August 2011. Archived from the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
- ↑ "Syria: President Bashar al-Assad sacks governor of Hama". BBC News. 2 July 2011. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ↑ "Syria unrest: Hama legal chief 'resigns over killings'". BBC News. 1 September 2011. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2026.
- ↑ "Blast in Syria's Hama kills many". Al Jazeera. 26 April 2012. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2013. ISBN 978-1-62513-103-4.
- ↑ "Syria rebels launch attack in central Hama after months of calm". Reuters. 25 April 2013. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
- ↑ "Fierce fighting rages across Syria". Al Jazeera. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
- ↑ "Syrian rebels capture second major city as army withdraws from Hama". CNN. 5 December 2024. Archived from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
Bibliography
[edit]- Published in 19th century
- Abraham Rees (1819). "Hamah". The Cyclopædia. London.
- Josiah Conder (1830), "(Hamah)", The Modern Traveller, London: J.Duncan
- "Hamah", Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine, London: J. Murray, 1858, OCLC 2300777
- "Hama", Palestine and Syria, Leipsig: Karl Baedeker, 1876
- Published in 20th century
- "Hamah", Chambers's Encyclopaedia, London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1910. p. 869.
- Trudy Ring, ed. (1996), "Hama", Middle East and Africa, International Dictionary of Historic Places, Routledge, ISBN 9781884964039
- N. E. Bou-Nacklie (1998). "Tumult in Syria's Hama in 1925: The Failure of a Revolt". Journal of Contemporary History. 33 (2): 273–289. doi:10.1177/002200949803300206. S2CID 159788188.
- Published in 21st century
- J.L. Whitaker (2008), "Hamah", in Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley (eds.), Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO
- "Hama". Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford University Press. 2009.
External links
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35°08′N 36°45′E / 35.133°N 36.750°E
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