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// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhat did Tim Berne's sax say? It had a "burning" solo.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tim Berne
Background information
Born (1954-10-16) October 16, 1954 (age 71)
Syracuse, New York, U.S.
GenresAvant-garde jazz
OccupationMusician
InstrumentSaxophone
Years active1979–present
LabelsEmpire, Soul Note, Columbia, JMT, Screwgun, Thirsty Ear, ECM, Intakt
Websitescrewgunrecords.com

Tim Berne (born October 16, 1954)[1] is an American avant-garde jazz saxophonist and record label owner. His primary instruments are the alto and baritone saxophones.

Biography

[edit]
Tim Berne

Berne was born in Syracuse, New York, United States.[1] He has said that he had no interest in playing an instrument until he attended Lewis & Clark College in Oregon. Hearing the album Dogon A.D. (1972) by Julius Hemphill turned his attention toward jazz.[2] He was a fan of rhythm and blues, and it seemed to him that Hemphill was playing jazz with the soulfulness of R&B.[3] In 1974, he went to New York to find Hemphill, who gave him saxophone lessons and advice on how to manage his career.[1] Berne started the record label Empire Productions in 1979.[4][5]

For Empire, he recorded four albums with avant-garde jazz musicians such as John Carter, Alex Cline, Nels Cline, Olu Dara, Vinny Golia, Paul Motian, and Ed Schuller.[1] His next two albums appeared on Soul Note in the early 1980s.[1] In these sessions he worked with Motian, Schuller, Ray Anderson, Herb Robertson and others. He then got a contract with Columbia and recorded with Robertson, Hank Roberts, Bill Frisell and others.[1] During this time he also recorded a duo album with Frisell and two albums with John Zorn.[6][7] After two albums with Columbia, he signed with JMT, a label known for avant-garde jazz.[8]

In the 1990s, he recorded in the trio, Miniature, with Roberts and Joey Baron,[1] and in the band Caos Totale with Django Bates, Mark Dresser, Marc Ducret, Steve Swell, and Bobby Previte.[9] He led a trio with Michael Formanek and Jim Black, then added Chris Speed to form the quartet Bloodcount (which was occasionally a quintet with the addition of Ducret).[10] PolyGram bought JMT and closed it. This motivated Berne to start Screwgun Records as the outlet for his albums.[5]

Screwgun's first release was a 3-disc set by Bloodcount called Unwound, the music of which exemplified Berne's characteristic style of "explod[ing] the walls of traditional compositional form: instead of adhering to anything remotely resembling theme and variations, he intersperses thematic material–sometimes repeated, elongated, or truncated–with the careening pleasures of free improvisation."[11] During the late 1990s he continued to perform with Bloodcount, formed Paraphrase, a trio with Drew Gress and Tom Rainey,[12] and Big Satan, a trio with Ducret and Rainey.[13]

In the early 2000s, Berne formed several groups, including the trio Hard Cell with Rainey and Craig Taborn[14] and the quartet Science Friction (Berne, Ducret, Rainey, and Taborn).[15] He also collaborated with members of The Bad Plus for the project Buffalo Collision,[16] with Nels Cline of Wilco for the critically acclaimed album The Veil in 2011,[17] and with David Torn on several projects and recordings.

Berne formed the band Snakeoil with Matt Mitchell, Oscar Noriega, and Ches Smith, which released a self-titled album in 2012,[18] and six more recordings, with slight personnel changes, over the next decade. During this time, he has also recorded with members of The Bad Plus as Broken Shadows,[19] and in duos with several musicians. In 2023 he released Oceans And with Hank Roberts and Aurora Nealand.[20]

In the late 2010s albums by other musicians interpreting Berne's music have begun to appear. These include Førage by Matt Mitchell,[21] Koi by Gregg Belisle-Chi,[22] Palm Sweat by Marc Ducret,[23] and Oddly Enough by Gordon Grdina.[24]

Groups

[edit]

In approximate order of initial activity

Discography

[edit]

As leader/co-leader

[edit]
Release date Album Label Personnel Recording date Notes
1979 The Five Year Plan Empire Tim Berne (alto sax), Vinny Golia (woodwinds), John Carter (clarinet), Glenn Ferris (trombone), Roberto Miranda (bass), Alex Cline (drums) 1979
1980 7X Empire Tim Berne (alto sax), Vinny Golia (woodwinds), John Rapson (trombone), Nels Cline (guitar), Roberto Miranda (bass), Alex Cline (drums) 1980
1981 Spectres Empire Tim Berne (alto sax), Olu Dara (trumpet), James Harvey (trombone), Ed Schuller (bass), Alex Cline (drums) 1981
1982 Songs and Rituals in Real Time Empire Tim Berne (alto sax), Mack Goldsburg (tenor sax), Ed Schuller (bass), Paul Motian (drums) 1981
1983 The Ancestors Soul Note Tim Berne (alto sax), Mack Goldsburg (tenor sax), Herb Robertson (trumpet), Ray Anderson (trombone), Ed Schuller (bass), Paul Motian (drums) 1983
1984 Mutant Variations Soul Note Tim Berne (alto sax), Herb Robertson (trumpet), Ed Schuller (bass), Paul Motian (drums) 1983
1984 Theoretically Empire Tim Berne (alto sax), Bill Frisell (guitar) 1984
1987 Fulton Street Maul Columbia Tim Berne (alto sax), Bill Frisell (guitar), Hank Roberts (cello), Alex Cline (drums) 1986
1987 Sanctified Dreams Columbia Tim Berne (alto sax), Herb Robertson (trumpet), Hank Roberts (cello), Mark Dresser (bass), Joey Baron (drums) 1987
1988 Miniature JMT Tim Berne (alto sax), Hank Roberts (cello), Joey Baron (drums) 1988
1989 Tim Berne's Fractured Fairy Tales JMT Tim Berne (alto sax), Herb Robertson (trumpet), Mark Feldman (violin), Hank Roberts (cello), Mark Dresser (bass), Joey Baron (drums) 1989
1991 Pace Yourself JMT As Caos Totale; Tim Berne (alto sax), Herb Robertson (trumpet), Steve Swell (trombone), Marc Ducret (guitar), Mark Dresser (bass), Bobby Previte (drums) 1990
1991 Can't Put My Finger on It JMT As Miniature; Tim Berne (alto sax, baritone sax), Hank Roberts (cello), Joey Baron (drums) 1991
1993 Diminutive Mysteries (Mostly Hemphill) JMT Tim Berne (alto sax, baritone sax), David Sanborn (sopranino sax, alto sax), Marc Ducret (guitar), Hank Roberts (cello), Joey Baron (drums) 1992
1993 Loose Cannon Soul Note Tim Berne (alto sax, baritone sax), Michael Formanek (bass), Jeff Hirschfeld (drums) 1992
1994 Nice View JMT As Caos Totale; Tim Berne (alto sax), Herb Robertson (trumpet), Steve Swell (trombone), Django Bates (keyboards), Marc Ducret (guitar), Mark Dresser (bass), Bobby Previte (drums) 1993
1995 Lowlife: The Paris Concert JMT As Bloodcount; Tim Berne (alto sax), Chris Speed (tenor sax, clarinet), Marc Ducret (guitar), Michael Formanek (bass), Jim Black (drums) 1994
1995 Poisoned Minds: The Paris Concert JMT As Bloodcount; Tim Berne (alto sax, baritone sax), Chris Speed (tenor sax, clarinet), Marc Ducret (guitar), Michael Formanek (bass), Jim Black (drums) 1994
1995 Memory Select: The Paris Concert JMT As Bloodcount; Tim Berne (alto sax, baritone sax), Chris Speed (tenor sax, clarinet), Marc Ducret (guitar), Michael Formanek (bass), Jim Black (drums) 1994
1995 Inference Music & Arts Tim Berne (alto sax), Marilyn Crispell (piano) 1992
1996 Unwound Screwgun As Bloodcount; Tim Berne (alto sax, baritone sax), Chris Speed (tenor sax, clarinet), Michael Formanek (bass), Jim Black (drums) 1996
1997 Big Satan Winter & Winter As Big Satan; Tim Berne (alto sax, baritone sax), Marc Ducret (guitar), Tom Rainey (drums) 1996 Alternatively titled I Think They Liked In Honey
1997 Visitation Rites Screwgun As Paraphrase; Tim Berne (alto sax, baritone sax), Drew Gress (bass), Tom Rainey (drums) 1996
1997 Discretion Screwgun As Bloodcount; Tim Berne (alto sax, baritone sax), Chris Speed (tenor sax, clarinet), Michael Formanek (bass), Jim Black (drums) 1997
1997 Saturation Point Screwgun As Bloodcount; Tim Berne (alto sax, baritone sax), Chris Speed (tenor sax, clarinet), Michael Formanek (bass), Jim Black (drums) 1997
1998 Ornery People Little Brother Tim Berne (alto sax, baritone sax), Michael Formanek (bass) 1997
1998 Cause & Reflect Level Green Tim Berne (alto sax, baritone sax), Hank Roberts (cello) 1998
1999 Please Advise Screwgun As Paraphrase; Tim Berne (alto sax, baritone sax), Drew Gress (bass), Tom Rainey (drums) 1998
2001 The Shell Game Thirsty Ear Tim Berne (alto sax), Craig Taborn (keyboards), Tom Rainey (drums) 2001
2001 Open, Coma Screwgun Tim Berne (alto sax), Hank Robertson (trumpet), Marc Ducret (guitar) with the Copenhagen Art Ensemble 2000
2002 Science Friction Screwgun Tim Berne (alto sax), Craig Taborn (keyboards), Marc Ducret (guitar), Tom Rainey (drums) 2001
2002 The Sevens New World ARTE Quartet with Marc Ducret (guitar) and David Torn (guitar, electronics) 2001
2003 The Sublime And Thirsty Ear As Science Friction; Tim Berne (alto sax), Craig Taborn (keyboards), Marc Ducret (guitar), Tom Rainey (drums) 2003
2004 Souls Saved Hear Thirsty Ear As Big Satan; Tim Berne (alto sax), Marc Ducret (guitar), Tom Rainey (drums) 2003
2004 Electric and Acoustic Hard Cell Live Screwgun As Hard Cell; Tim Berne (alto sax), Craig Taborn (keyboards), Tom Rainey (drums) 2004
2005 Feign Screwgun As Hard Cell; Tim Berne (alto sax), Craig Taborn (keyboards), Tom Rainey (drums) 2005
2005 Pre-Emptive Denial Screwgun As Paraphrase; Tim Berne (alto sax), Drew Gress (bass), Tom Rainey (drums) 2005
2006 Livein Cognito Screwgun As Big Satan; Tim Berne (alto sax), Marc Ducret (guitar), Tom Rainey (drums) 2006
2007 Seconds Screwgun As Bloodcount; Tim Berne (alto sax, baritone sax), Chris Speed (tenor sax, clarinet), Michael Formanek (bass), Jim Black (drums) 1997 Includes DVD
2008 Duck Screwgun As Buffalo Collision; Tim Berne (alto sax), Ethan Iverson (piano), Hank Roberts (cello), David King (drums) 2007
2011 Insomnia Clean Feed Tim Berne (alto sax, baritone sax), Chris Speed (clarinet), Baikida Carroll (trumpet), Dominique Pifarely (violin), Erik Friedlander (cello), Michael Formanek (bass), Jim Black (drums) 1997
2011 Old And Unwise Clean Feed Tim Berne (alto sax), Bruno Chevillon (bass) 2010
2011 The Veil Cryptogramophone As BB&C; Tim Berne (alto sax), Nels Cline (guitar), Jim Black (drums) 2009
2012 Snakeoil ECM Tim Berne (alto sax), Oscar Noriega (clarinet), Matt Mitchell (piano), Ches Smith (drums) 2011
2013 Shadow Man ECM As Snakeoil; Tim Berne (alto sax), Oscar Noriega (clarinet), Matt Mitchell (piano), Ches Smith (drums, vibraphone) 2013
2015 You've Been Watching Me ECM As Snakeoil; Tim Berne (alto sax), Oscar Noriega (clarinet), Ryan Ferreira (guitar), Matt Mitchell (piano), Ches Smith (drums, vibraphone) 2014
2015 Spare Screwgun As Snakeoil; Tim Berne (alto sax), Oscar Noriega (clarinet), Matt Mitchell (piano), Ches Smith (drums) 2013 Included with book of Steve Byram illustrations
2017 My First Tour - Live In Brussels None Tim Berne (alto sax), Herb Robertson (trumpet), Ed Schuller (bass), Paul Motian (drums) 1983 Digital Only
2017 Incidentals ECM As Snakeoil; Tim Berne (alto sax), Oscar Noriega (clarinet), Ryan Ferreira (guitar), Matt Mitchell (piano), Ches Smith (drums, vibraphone) 2014
2018 Angel Dusk Screwgun Tim Berne (alto sax), Matt Mitchell (piano) 2017
2019 Broken Shadows Intakt Tim Berne (alto sax), Chris Speed (tenor sax), Reid Anderson (bass), David King (drums) 2018
2020 The Fantastic Mrs. 10 Intakt As Snakeoil; Tim Berne (alto sax), Oscar Noriega (clarinet), Marc Ducret (guitar), Matt Mitchell (piano), Ches Smith (drums, vibraphone) 2019
2020 The Coanda Effect Relative Pitch Tim Berne (alto sax), Nasheet Waits (drums) 2019
2020 The Deceptive 4 Intakt As Snakeoil; Tim Berne (alto sax), Oscar Noriega (clarinet), Matt Mitchell (piano), Ches Smith (drums) 2017
2020 Spiders Out Of Your Head Untamed Tim Berne (alto sax), Matt Mitchell (piano) 2020 Digital Only
2020 Sacred Vowels Screwgun Tim Berne (alto sax) 2020 Digital Only
2020 Adobe Probe Screwgun Tim Berne (alto sax), Chris Speed (tenor sax), Shane Endsley (trumpet), Matt Mitchell (piano), Marc Ducret (guitar), Michael Formanek (bass), Dan Weiss (drums) 2009 Digital Only
2020 Broken Shadows Live Screwgun Tim Berne (alto sax), Chris Speed (tenor sax), Reid Anderson (bass), David King (drums) 2019 Digital Only
2020 1 Screwgun Tim Berne (alto sax), Matt Mitchell (piano) 2010 Digital Only
2020 Blood From A Stone Radio Legs Tim Berne (alto sax), Mark Helias (bass) 2020 Digital Only
2020 The Cosmos Screwgun As Hard Cell; Tim Berne (alto sax), Craig Taborn (keyboards), Tom Rainey (drums) 2007 Digital Only
2020 +Size Screwgun As Science Friction; Tim Berne (alto sax), Hank Robertson (trumpet), Craig Taborn (keyboards), Marc Ducret (guitar), Tom Rainey (drums) 2003 Digital Only
2021 Sensitive Screwgun As Hard Cell; Tim Berne (alto sax), Craig Taborn (keyboards), Tom Rainey (drums) 2000 Digital Only
2021 Attention Spam Screwgun As Bloodcount; Tim Berne (alto sax, baritone sax), Chris Speed (tenor sax, clarinet), Michael Formanek (bass), Jim Black (drums) 1997 Digital Only
2021 5 Screwgun As Bloodcount; Tim Berne (alto sax, baritone sax), Chris Speed (tenor sax, clarinet), Marc Ducret (guitar), Michael Formanek (bass), Jim Black (drums) 1997 Digital Only
2022 (D)IVO Mahakala Ivo Perelman (soprano sax), Tim Berne (alto sax), Tony Malaby (tenor sax), James Carter (baritone sax) 2022
2022 Tangled Screwgun Tim Berne (alto sax), Nasheet Waits (drums) 2021 Digital Only
2022 Decay Screwgun Tim Berne (alto sax), Ryan Ferreira (guitar), Michael Formanek (bass), Ches Smith (drums) 2015 Digital Only
2022 Zone One Screwgun Tim Berne (alto sax), Gregg Belisle-Chi (guitar) 2022 Digital Only
2022 Mars Intakt Tim Berne (alto sax), Gregg Belisle-Chi (guitar) 2021
2022 One More, Please Intakt Tim Berne (alto sax), Matt Mitchell (piano) 2021
2023 Oceans And Intakt Tim Berne (alto sax), Aurora Nealand (accordion, clarinet, voice), Hank Roberts (cello) 2022
2024 No Tamales On Wednesdays Screwgun As Science Friction; Tim Berne (alto sax), Craig Taborn (keyboards), Marc Ducret (guitar), Tom Rainey (drums) 2008 Digital Only
2024 Lucid/Still Screwgun As Oceans And; Tim Berne (alto sax), Aurora Nealand (accordion, voice), Hank Roberts (cello) 2023 Digital Only
2024 Burning Up Relative Pitch Tim Berne (alto sax), Chloë Sobek (violone) 2023
2024 Live At The 188 Club Screwgun Tim Berne (alto sax), Aurora Nealand (accordion, clarinet, voice), Mark Helias (bass) 2023 Digital Only
2024 Live In Someplace Nice Screwgun Tim Berne (alto sax), Bill Frisell (guitar) 1984 Digital Only
2024 Parlour Games Relative Pitch Tim Berne (alto sax), Michael Formanek (bass) 1991
2025 Yikes Too Out Of Your Head / Screwgun Tim Berne (alto sax), Gregg Belisle-Chi (guitar), Tom Rainey (guitar) 2024
2025 Poiēsis Relative Pitch Tim Berne (alto sax), Masayo Koketsu (alto sax), Nava Dunkelman (percussion) 2023
2025 Snakeoil OK Screwgun As Snakeoil; Tim Berne (alto sax), Oscar Noriega (clarinet), Matt Mitchell (piano), Ches Smith (drums) 2013 Digital Only
2025 In Lieu Of Screwgun As Snakeoil; Tim Berne (alto sax), Oscar Noriega (clarinet), Matt Mitchell (piano), Ches Smith (drums) 2012 Digital Only
2025 Medium Cool Radio Legs Tim Berne (alto sax, baritone sax), Mark Helias (bass) 1989 Digital Only

Compilations

[edit]
Release date Title Label Included albums
1999 The Empire Box Screwgun The Five Year Plan, 7X, Spectres, Songs and Rituals in Real Time
2007 Mind Over Friction Screwgun Science Friction, The Sublime And

Albums featuring music by Tim Berne

[edit]
  • Matt Mitchell - Førage (Screwgun, 2017)
  • Gregg Belisle-Chi - Koi (Relative Pitch, 2021)
  • Gordon Grdina - Oddly Enough (Attaboygirl, 2022)
  • Marc Ducret - Palm Sweat (Out Of Your Head/Screwgun, 2023)
  • Gregg Belisle-Chi - Slow Crawl (Intakt, 2025)

As sideman

[edit]

With Ray Anderson

With Nels Cline

With Marc Ducret

  • Tower Vol. 2 (Ayler, 2011)
  • Tower Bridge (Ayler, 2014)

With Enten Eller

  • Melquiades (Splasc(H), 1999)
  • Auto da Fe (Splasc(H), 2001)

With Umberto Petrin

  • Ellessi (Splasc(H), 1999)

With Jazzophone Compagnie

  • Mosaiques (Yolk, 2000)

With Simon Fell

  • Positions & Descriptions (Clean Feed, 2011)

With Figure 8

With Michael Formanek

  • Extended Animation (Enja, 1992)
  • Low Profile (Enja, 1994)
  • Nature of the Beast (Enja, 1997)
  • The Rub and Spare Change (ECM, 2010)
  • Small Places (ECM, 2012)
  • The Distance (ECM, 2016)
  • Even Better (Intakt, 2019)
  • Pre-Apocalyptic (Out Of Your Head, 2020)

With Vinny Golia

  • Compositions for Large Ensemble (Nine Winds, 1984)
  • Facts of Their Own Lives (Nine Winds, 1986)

With Drew Gress

  • Spin & Drift (Premonition, 2001)
  • 7 Black Butterflies (Premonition, 2005)
  • The Irrational Numbers (Premonition, 2007)
  • The Sky Inside (Pirouet, 2013)

With Mark Helias

  • Split Image (Enja, 1985)
  • The Current Set (Enja, 1986)

With Julius Hemphill

With Ingrid Laubrock

With Mr. Rencore

  • Intollerant (Auand, 2011)

With Hank Roberts

With Herb Robertson

With Samo Salamon & Tom Rainey

  • Duality (Samo, 2012)

With George Schuller

  • Hellbent (Playscape, 2002)

With Ches Smith

  • Hammered (Clean Feed, 2013)
  • International Hoohah (For Tune, 2014)

With Spring Heel Jack

  • Masses (Thirsty Ear, 2001)

With David Torn

  • Prezens (ECM, 2005)
  • Slipped on a Bar (Screwgun, 2009)
  • Sun of Goldfinger (ECM, 2019)
  • Congratulations To You (Screwgun, 2020)
  • xFORM (Screwgun, 2020)
  • Ozmir (Screwgun, 2022)
  • Mystic (Screwgun, 2023)
  • Ravens Low & Ready 2 (Screwgun, 2024)
  • Candid (Intakt, 2025)

With Stefan Winter

  • The Little Trumpet (JMT, 1986)

With Yōsuke Yamashita

  • Ways of Time (Verve, 1995)

With John Zorn

With GingerBlackGinger

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Who's Who of Jazz (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 0-85112-580-8.
  2. ↑ "Interview with Tim Berne (Part 1)". DO THE M@TH. 2016-03-30. Retrieved 2026-03-14.
  3. ↑ "Interview with Tim Berne (Part 2)". DO THE M@TH. 2016-03-31. Retrieved 2026-03-14.
  4. ↑ "Tim Berne Discography - Download Albums in Hi-Res". Qobuz. Retrieved 2026-03-14.
  5. 1 2 Lynch, Dave. "Tim Berne". AllMusic. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  6. ↑ John Zorn Plays The Music Of Ennio Morricone - The Big Gundown, 1986, retrieved 2026-03-14
  7. ↑ John Zorn - Spillane, 1987, retrieved 2026-03-14
  8. ↑ "Tim Berne". JazzTimes. 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2026-03-14.
  9. ↑ Tim Berne's Caos Totale - Nice View, 1994, retrieved 2026-03-14
  10. ↑ Astarita, Glenn (1997-07-01). "Tim Berne: Bloodcount Unwound". All About Jazz. Retrieved 2026-03-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ↑ Tesser, Neil (March 6, 1997). "Tim Berne's Bloodcount". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  12. ↑ "Please Advise, by Paraphrase & Tim Berne". Paraphrase & Tim Berne. Retrieved 2026-03-14.
  13. ↑ "BIG SATAN". JazzMusicArchives.com. Archived from the original on 2025-02-06. Retrieved 2026-03-14.
  14. ↑ Fordham, John (2005-10-07). "Tim Berne, Hardcell". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2026-03-14.
  15. ↑ Tim Berne, Marc Ducret, Tom Rainey, Craig Taborn - The Sublime And. Science Friction Live, 2003-10-07, retrieved 2026-03-14
  16. ↑ Fordham, John (2009-02-03). "Buffalo Collision". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2026-03-14.
  17. ↑ Fordham, John (28 July 2011). "Berne/Black/Cline/BB & C: The Veil". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  18. ↑ "Snakeoil". ECM Records. Retrieved 2026-03-14.
  19. ↑ Caropepe, Karen (2018-06-01). "Broken Shadows: Chris Speed, Tim Berne, Dave King & Reid Anderson". Earshot Jazz. Retrieved 2026-03-14.
  20. ↑ "Tim Berne/Hank Roberts/Aurora Nealand - Oceans And (Intakt, 2023)". The Free Jazz Collective. Retrieved 2026-03-14.
  21. ↑ Chinen, Nate (2017-03-30). "Pianist Matt Mitchell Goes Deep Into the Musical Psyche of Tim Berne on 'førage'". WBGO Jazz. Retrieved 2026-03-14.
  22. ↑ "DownBeat Reviews". downbeat.com. Retrieved 2026-03-14.
  23. ↑ "Palm Sweat: Marc Ducret Plays the Music of Tim Berne, by Marc Ducret". Tim Berne. Retrieved 2026-03-14.
  24. ↑ "Oddly Enough, by Gordon Grdina : The Music of Tim Berne". Gordon Grdina. Retrieved 2026-03-14.
  25. ↑ Gobbers, Bram (2021-06-18). "GINGERBLACKGINGER FT. TIM BERNE". Inside Jazz. Retrieved 2026-03-13.
  26. ↑ "Smalltalk Code, by GingerBlackGinger". GingerBlackGinger. Retrieved 2026-03-13.
[edit]
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