Talk:Tlingit language

Obstruent voicing?

Hi.

Just wondering about the voiced stops & affricates. Are these really voiced? Or (like Athabaskan languages) are they really lenis voiceless unaspirated consonants that contrast with aspirated and ejective obstruents?

I havent read about Tlingit. Do the authors here know more about the phonetic realization of these?

Thanks.

— ishwar  (SPEAK) 15:25, 2005 Apr 18 (UTC)

Some (most?) younger speakers voice them under influence from English. Older speakers use unaspirated consonants as in Athabaskan languages. The orthographies represent them as voiced consonants and as such encourage their voicing, so we can expect a complete transition to voiced consonants over the next generation. However I have heard younger speakers use unvoiced unaspirated consonants word-finally, so I think that the two sounds are merging into a single phoneme and may end up varying by position. BTW I have an excellent reference to modern Tlingit phonology which I'll add to the references section this month some time (whenever it shows up via ILL). — Ts'éiyoosh 04:20, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Map

Nice work on the map. But it's not quite accurate, at least as far as existing research has it. See the Native Peoples and Languages of Alaska map by Krauss from the Alaska Native Language Center . This map shows a large interior lobe corresponding to the areas where Tlingit is/was spoken along the Atlin, Tagish, and Teslin people, and on the Taku River. — Ts'éiyoosh

hi. yes, i am aware that Krauss and others in Alaska have made several different linguistic maps. i havent actually seen these (although that particular map is not very expensive...). i have seen maps showing the inland Tlingit area, but Goddard (1996, 1999) does not show this. so, in the future i will change the map (you are welcome to do so, too). but, i did put a note on the description page (in commons) and now have pasted your comments there as well. thank you. — ishwar  (SPEAK) 19:38, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)

Tlingit - tlhIngan?

It seems to me that the obviously rare phoneme "tl" in this language was the inspiration for the same sound in Klingon. Perhaps the linguist who designed Klingon was inspired by the similarity of both names? Caesarion 09:25, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

probably not specifically Tlingit. Although not a common sound in the rest of the world, this alveolar lateral affricate is very common in the western half of North America. For example, it occurs in several of the Alsean, Chimakuan, Chinookan, Coosan, Nadene, Salishan, Tsimshian, Wakashan, and Wintuan families, and also in Haida, Lake Miwok, Molala, and Siuslaw (Lake Miwok borrowed the sound from neighboring Wintuan languages). If you look on a map, you can see that this is an areal feature of the mostly Northwest Coast and other western regions.

Outside of the Americas, Zulu has this sound. Other lateral affricates that are velar or palatal/postalveolar occur in Russia (Archi) and Tanzania (Hadza, Iraqw, & Sandawe).

So I think it is more a general western N. America inspiration that led to the inclusion of this sound in Klingon. If Tlingit (or Athabascan langs) were a specific inspiration for the phonology, I would expect series of unaspirated-aspirated-glottalized stops & affricates. peace – ishwar  (speak) 15:53, 2005 Jun 22 (UTC)

OK, I read a lot of the articles on these languages before, but until this one I never realized they featured that specific sound. Caesarion 09:09, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Orthography

There have been a number of orthographies for Tlingit in the past. At present there are three major systems in use. One is the “Canadian” system used by the Yukon Native Language Center for its publications as well as most Canadian Tlingit speakers and students. Another is the “American” orthography used by Sealaska in all of its publications. The third is the “email” orthography which is a sort of compromise between the other two.

The Canadian system features a set of diacritics which are used over vowels to indicate tone and length. It also uses the set of consonants kh, xh, gh to represent the uvular consonant series. It has not been used much outside of the YNLC publications except in one published book written about the Taku River people. The American system represents these with an underscore, an innovation from typewriter days: k, x, g. It also has digraphs for long vowels and uses diacritics only for marking tone (except for ÿ which is an archaic consonant). It has been in use in one form or another since the 1960s, and is the most commonly used orthography in print.

The email orthography is a compromise between these two systems. It retains the digraphic long vowels; not the double vowels of Navajo, et sim., but ones similar to English pronounciations. It adopts the Canadian uvular graphs rather than the underscores for a technical reason—they are easily typed in email, but overstruck underscores are essentially impossible in plain text (^H_ notwithstanding).

The point to this explanation is that I am considering switching all of the Wikipedia entries using Tlingit from the American orthography to the email orthography. It is very difficult to constantly note the uvular consonants with the text “<u>k</u>”, the HTML cruft making the source almost unreadable. On the other hand writing the corresponding “kh” is simple, and easily read in both source and rendered form. There is no problem with kh being confused for k and h together, since the latter sequence does not seem to occur in Tlingit, and even if it did it would necessarily be the end of one syllable and the beginning of another, and would be easy to distinguish with a hyphen, e.g. k-h. This is similar to the use of hyphens in English to separate two vowels, e.g. co-ordinate, auto-assembly.

The only problem with this change is that some people may be unaware of the email orthography. This is unlikely for most active students of Tlingit (and for speakers who use computers) since they are already exposed to the email orthography in many informal situations. Indeed, as a community they developed the email orthography themselves, despite it not having any officially sanctioned use. Others will probably have little problem adapting to it since it differs little with the American system.

(I should admit that I have moved to the email orthography in my personal writing. I also have a fairly extensive article on Tlingit grammar that I have been writing, and am considering it for inclusion in Wikipedia as part of this article. I've used the email orthography throughout, so moving to this would ease the incorporation of this article.)

That's my proposal. Any comments? — Jéioosh 20:46, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

sounds good to me. usually we should go with the most widespread orthography. in the case of endangered langs, i think the definition of widespread use be what is used by language users (and not merely the majority usage in published work). this would be the most practical & useful approach in my opinion. these other orthographies are, i would guess, creations of linguists. a community-authored orthography is much better for many reasons. although sometimes they are not so linguistically sound, it seems that this email orthography is a sort of re-transliteration of the others: so it poses no problem (right?).

the underscores are a bad idea, too. i've heard that some scripts (among Salishan langs) are changing the underscores to different symbols because of computer issues & also they seem to harder to process psychologically (less salient).

in order to help anyone not aware of the email orthog., you can make an appendix on a separate page showing the correspondences between all orthographies.

good luck on your grammar (is it pedogagical?). peace – ishwar  (speak) 01:23, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

I will hack up a table to compare the orthographies, and one for alphabetic orderings. Once they look good enough I'll upload them to Wikipedia at Tlingit alphabet and add the article to the appropriate category. I'll put together some text about the different orthographies as well, their histories and such.

The grammar is pedagogical. It's inevitable that I use a lot of linguistic jargon, but it's meant to be useful for teaching as well. I'm deriving much of my information from Jeff Leer's PhD dissertation and Gillian Story and Constance Naish's masters dissertations, plus some information from the grammar sketch by Story and the grammar sketch in the Tlingit Verb Dictionary. Leer's work is a heavy mixture of linguistic theory from a novel autolexical perspective, and Naish and Story worked in tagmemics, so it's a problem of finding coherent pieces from very different theoretical backgrounds. I'll put some portions of the grammar that are more or less complete up here before the end of the year. — Jéioosh 02:24, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Update: I've created the article including the table. I'm now off to convert some of the articles, starting with Tlingit and Tlingit language. — Jéioosh 05:53, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Another update: I went through the Tlingit article and made the changes, as well as converting HTML entities (e.g. &eacute;). I realized that it would be a disservice to the knowledgable reader to convert the bibliography entries. So from now on the bibliographic entries which contain Tlingit text should use the orthography that they were originally titled in at publication. References to the books in running text should also be in the original orthography to reduce confusion. This seems to conform to the Principle of Least Astonishment. — Jéioosh 06:14, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

If you want to change the Canadian Tlingit-related articles (it's up to you whehter you use the YNLC orthography), you might want to do a search on "Atlin" and "Teslin" to find the relative articles. I know I put some Tlingit words in List of place names in Canada of Aboriginal origin and a few other places. Luigizanasi 07:10, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Luckily, aa tlein and deisleen don't differ between e-mail and American orthographies. The vowels differ in the Canadian orthography, but not many people use that outside of YNLC and its teachers. — Jéioosh 07:19, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Maybe back in 2005 it was a bit difficult to get the underline accent. But in Unicode, there is a simple and effective way of producing the underline: U+0331. There is no real technical reason why the underline accent should not be used and it is the usual Tlingit orthography. The underlines appear to be in use in language classes ( see http://www.sealaskaheritage.org/programs/language_resources.htm ). A number of Native langauges have evolved ASCII’ed orthographies (such as NetSiouan), but these were never intended to replace the actual writing systems, and published works continue to employ the accented orthographies. I suggest that the Tlingit page reverts back to the underlines (U+0331), not using html tags. This should be an easy fix. Any opinions? Technological “ease” should not dictate how languages are written, technology changes to fit language. And there’s absolutely no real barrier to using the underline accents. I would like to hear from people about this before I consider making changes to the Tlingit pages. I will also contact Tlingit language people about which orthography is actually in use by speakers and teachers. Languagegeek 20:48, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Number of speakers

The text says 500 native speakers, while the sidebar lists > 1,200 speakers. Is the sidebar including non-native speakers? (That would seem to go against what's done for most other languages). Or are there different numbers from different sources? A small discrepancy wouldn't be so bad, but these numbers are off by a large amount, so it would be good to stick with the more accurate number if there's a disagreement. Jiashudiwanjin 04:01, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

Data from the US Census (through the MLA) is unreliable because of self-reporting issues. Language revitalization enthusiasts often report themselves as speakers of a minority language when in fact they are second language learners with only limited fluency. Also, fluent minority speakers often fail to report this on the US Census. A genuine linguistic speaker survey has yet to be done for the whole population, and the only speaker surveys done recently were in Sitka, Haines, Atlin, and Teslin. Taken together they are too limited for guesstimation. The population numbers have been changed to reflect the last survey estimation done by Michael Krauss in 1995. The actual number now is probably considerably lower as almost all speakers are elderly (only two fluent speakers exist under the age of 60, one in Yakutat and one in Haines.) — 72.235.158.71 23:22, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

Actually, that is completely incorrect. For one, I am an individual who has been documented as being fluent. Second of all, thanks to language revitalization efforts, there are now more than that.00:19, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

Tongass dialect

I've been researching materials for Fort Tongass and Tongass Island and may yet dare to write Tongass people (without ethnography being my specialty...). In the websearches I found this interesting page on the Tongass dialect of Tlingit, and figured someone of the linguistics folks here might find it worthwhile to incorporate into the article, or even stub up a separate article.Skookum1 (talk) 15:56, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Considering there are only two native speakers, it isn’t really necessary to incorporate it into the article.Macy Sinrich (talk) 00:15, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

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Verbs?

Isn't there a rather large lexical category missing from the grammar section? There's a separate Tlingit noun article, but where is Tlingit verb? — Preceding unsigned comment added by VeryRarelyStable (talk • contribs) 09:57, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

Pronunciation

I am a native speaker of the language, and the pronunciation is not accurate. Tlingit is pronounced t͡ɬɪ̀nkɪ́tʰ. The pronunciation does not line up correctly to our writing system and phonology. For instance, the phoneme ɬ is always represented as l or L. The phoneme tɬ is always represented as tl or dl, depending on the context. Next we have the letter “i” which always represents the vowel ɪ. Macy Sinrich (talk) 00:07, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

The transcription is sourced to Maddieson et al. (2001), who say, The spelling of "Tlingit" represents a semi-Anglicized version of the word ɬinkít, which means 'person' in this language. A more ruthlessly Anglicized pronunciation, [ˈklɪŋkɪt], is commonly used in Alaska, including by many members of the ethnic group concerned (p. 136). Nardog (talk) 02:09, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

As for the vowels, they say Tlingit has a system of four distinctive vowel qualities, i, e, a, u. All four occur both long and short, with the short vowels tending to be pronounced more centralized than the long vowels (p. 141). So the use of ⟨i⟩ is defensible from a phonological standpoint, though for the sake of consistency with the body of the article ⟨ɪ⟩ may indeed be more appropriate. Nardog (talk) 02:14, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

We write the name either as Tlingit or Lingít. I can find many sources that say that ⟨ɪ⟩ is “i”. Am I able to connect a source and change the i to ɪ? Macy Sinrich (talk) 16:15, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

The transcription is preceded by the native name "Lingít". If the pronunciation starting with the lateral affricate is also used in Tlingit to refer to the language itself, you have to provide a source for that. In the meantime, I'll replace ⟨i⟩ with ⟨ɪ⟩ because that is consistent with the source cited and with the body of the article. Nardog (talk) 13:48, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

@MacySinrich: Please do not modify other people's comments. And "et al." means "and others", so "say" is correct. Nardog (talk) 13:53, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

INDH or just IND?

The article text includes:

(khu-ÿu-ÿa-t'áa, INDH.OBJ-PERF-(0, -D, +I)-hot)

I have not been able to either guess or remember or find the meaning of INDH in a linguistic context; for example, it is not included in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations.

Could the "H" be spurious, and could "IND.OBJ" be intended?Redav (talk) 15:34, 26 March 2021 (UTC)

@Redav: This is just an inspired guess, but the table in "Pronominals" has a row "INDEFINITE HUMAN". It's a pity that so much information here is unsourced and thus hard to verify. I trust that it is valid, but this presentation is highly problematic. –Austronesier (talk) 15:47, 26 March 2021 (UTC)

After reading on in the article, I encountered the term "INDEFINITE HUMAN". Supposedly, that is what is meant by "INDH". If so, it - together with a similar coding for "INDEFINITE NON-HUMAN" - may deserve being entered into the list on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations, with a proper citation provided by someone knowledgeable.Redav (talk) 15:51, 26 March 2021 (UTC)

@Austronesier: Since you deduced the same thing as I did and, moreover, since INDH and INDN are described in one of the external links (A Grammar of the Tlingit Language), I thought I'd just add them to the list in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations myself.Redav (talk) 16:33, 26 March 2021 (UTC)

Phonology

"Tlingit has a complex phonological system, compared to Indo-European languages such as English or Spanish."

Is it really compared to Indo-European languages by someone? There is no citation, and although I'm aware that this is very subjective, for me it looks much more similar to Northeast Caucasian languages like Avar and Lezgian. I personally don't see anything Indo-European-like about Tlingit's phonology. 185.51.250.252 (talk) 20:36, 8 September 2021 (UTC)

I think the point made here is something like: "much more complex than these two Indo-European languages" that many readers of enWP are familiar with. It is not unusual to find intros about the Pacific NW linguistic area which mention the more than average phonological complexity of these languages, using widely known IE languages such as English or Spanish as point of reference. I'll try to look for a source and a better way to put it. –Austronesier (talk) 21:36, 8 September 2021 (UTC)

Request for sample passage in the Tlingit language

Can we add a sample passage in the Tlingit language, for example the Lord's Prayer, which we have in the Tongva language article? 2605:A000:FFC0:5F:F9BD:9D:B97C:57D4 (talk) 01:58, 9 November 2023 (UTC)

Grammar section

Hi all,
The grammar section has multiple issues. I have already flagged it for needing more sources, but in my opinion it is also excessively detailed and, moreover, fails to sufficiently cover important topics like verbs and syntax. As far as I can tell, the grammar section was written in its entirety by James Crippen, a linguist specializing in Tlingit (who has also been inactive on Wikipedia for over 10 years), and it has barely been edited since. I have been able to find some sources backing up the claims made in the section, but I am still concerned that some information in the section does not merit inclusion in the encyclopedia, as it is available elsewhere and is technically difficult to understand anyway. Should some information be removed? What are your opinions? Thanks, EllaMinnowPea371 (talk) 07:34, 29 June 2025 (UTC)

GA review

This review is transcluded from Talk:Tlingit language/GA1. The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.

Nominator: EllaMinnowPea371 (talk · contribs) 03:08, 14 February 2026 (UTC)

Reviewer: Kamakou (talk · contribs) 02:18, 25 February 2026 (UTC)

Will be reviewing this article! Kamakou (talk) 02:18, 25 February 2026 (UTC)

Thanks for picking this up! I'll look forward to your comments. ellaminnowpea ^{(371 💬)} 02:47, 25 February 2026 (UTC)

1. Is it well written?

A. The prose is clear and concise, and the spelling and grammar are correct:

Consistent spelling and grammar, but a few bits that need a look-over.

"In fact, Tlingit northerly expansion into Eyak and Athabaskan territories was still taking place in recorded times" - Since "recorded times" is a large time-frame I checked Krauss 1980 for a more specific date, sadly he just wrote "historic times". Crippen 2010 says the expansion was still occurring near "European contact" on page 31 and 87, so the time-frame could be narrowed down to that instead in this article.

Changed to "during the time after European contact."

"Crippen estimated in 2019 that..." - Crippen was not mentioned by name before this point in the article, so it could be changed to "James A. Crippen estimated in 2019" to clarify who made the statement

 Done

B. It complies with the manual of style guidelines for lead sections, layout, words to watch, fiction, and list incorporation:

A few points here discussed below.

"thus essentially proving the Na-Dene family as including Tlingit." - Dürr & Renner 1995 do argue that the connection is proven, and there's a solid linguistic consensus that Tlingit is a Na-Dene language, I think NPOV would make the phrasing err on the side of caution here; maybe something along the lines of "it provided evidence" for the connection.

Reworded to "which lead to consensus among American linguists that the Na-Dene family included Tlingit." per quote from Dürr & Renner 1995: "But the Americans, in spite of the initial skepticism of influential scholars, finally accepted the Na-Dene hypothesis with reference to Tlingit, providing overwhelming evidence to corroborate Pinnow’s arguments."

"Jeff Leer has shown that the Tongass vowel system can directly derive the tonal features other dialects, so it can be concluded that the register contrast in Tongass gave rise to the tonal systems" - The "it can be concluded" part should be attributed to Krauss in the text, something like "the theory that [register contrast in Tongass gave rise to the tonal systems] has been supported by Krauss."

Changed to "so Krauss has supported the conclusion that the register contrast [...]"

2. Is it verifiable with no original research?

A. Source list present and in the right place.

B. Inline citations present wherever needed, excellent consistent sourcing!

C. It contains no original research:

D. No plagiarism. Copyvio Detector is very slow on my end right now but the article has no hits on CopyPatrol. Copyvio Detector loaded, all the similarities were in the bibliography or attributed quotes. I've spot checked statements that have cited Krauss, Leer, de Laguna and Malinowski as sources and none of them were copyvios.

3. Is it broad in its coverage?

A. All main aspects addressed.

B. Summary style used. Incredible work cleaning the article up from where it was last year :D

4. Is it neutral?

Unbiased and due weight given. Small things are mentioned in part 1, but no large issues.

5. Is it stable?

Stable and no edit wars.

6. Is it illustrated, if possible, by images?

A. All images are tagged with copyright statuses; all images are free.

B. Wonderful Wikitongues video as a supplement. Relevant image in infobox and dialect diagram aligns with linguistic consensus.

Overall:

Pass or Fail:

Comments

On hold as there's only a few things that need to be addressed, but great work overall! I wish a vocabulary subsection could be added like the Danish language article, but that requires an extensive corpus analysis that the language doesn't have right now (to my knowledge). For the future, a section of numerals could be added by someone (maybe even me), since it's a good example of Tlingit being influenced by other languages post-contact. Just a few edits and this article should be good to go! Kamakou (talk) 05:10, 25 February 2026 (UTC)

Thank you very much for the kind words! There was actually a vocabulary section in a previous revision of the article, but it was unsourced and very short. In the future I will definitely see if I can find sources and build it up, but like you say, I doubt there is an extensive corpus analysis yet; most of the literature thus far has been focused on syntax and verb morphology.

I think I addressed all of your comments above, but please let me know if there's anything else I can fix! ellaminnowpea ^{(371 💬)} 08:02, 25 February 2026 (UTC)

Everything is in order, I've given it a check! Kamakou (talk) 17:06, 25 February 2026 (UTC)

Did you know nomination

The following is an archived discussion of the DYK nomination of the article below. Please do not modify this page. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as this nomination's talk page, the article's talk page or Wikipedia talk:Did you know), unless there is consensus to re-open the discussion at this page. You can locate your hook here. No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was: promoted by AirshipJungleman29 (talk) 15:17, 12 March 2026 (UTC)

(

• Comment or view
• Article history

)

• ... that the first writing system for Tlingit, a Native American language, was based on the Cyrillic alphabet?

• Source: "Preceding these two major Naish-Story orthographies there were two others intended for use by actual Tlingit speakers, although neither saw any popular adoption. The Russian Orthodox church produced various liturgical materials in Tlingit from the 1840s through the early 20th century, with a variety of different attempts at capturing Tlingit phonology in the Cyrillic alphabet." (Crippen 2019, p. 843)

• • ALT1: ... that most dialects of Tlingit are tonal, except for the now-extinct Tongass dialect? Source: "Tlingit can be divided into three primary dialects based on tonal phonology: Tongass, Southern, and Northern. Tongass Tlingit lacks tone... Both Southern and Northern Tlingit have a phonemic lexical contrast between H and L tones" (Crippen 2019, p. 826)
  • ALT2: ... that the TV series An Klondike and Northern Exposure both have Tlingit language dialogue? Source: Breathnach 2017 and Diffrient 2011, p. 14
  • ALT3: ... that verbs in the Tlingit language can be the equivalent of a complete sentence? Source: "But Tlingit verbs are intuitively closer to whole sentences than to single words" (Crippen 2019, p. 1)
  • Reviewed:

Improved to Good Article status by EllaMinnowPea371 (talk). Number of QPQs required: 0. Nominator has fewer than 5 past nominations.

ellaminnowpea ^{(371 💬)} 06:20, 2 March 2026 (UTC).

• I will review. MartinPoulter (talk) 16:01, 3 March 2026 (UTC)
• This is amazing work. I'm beyond impressed to see so much effort put in to document an endangered language in such detail and completeness. This is clearly original work and sourced to a lot of scholarly publications. I've put in a couple more wikilinks for linguistic technical terms, and my only suggestion for improvement (not affecting DYK eligibility) is the sentence about "...Alaska HB 216 recognized Tlingit as an official language of Alaska...". My guess is that Alaska HB 216 is a bill in the Alaska state legislature? This needs to be spelled out for those of us who don't know. For example, "The Alaska state legislature recognised Tlingit as an official language of Alaska in April 2014 when it passed bill HB 216" (if that's what happened). As to DYK eligibility: the nomination came within a few days of passing Good Article review and formally qualifies. No QPQ necessary. I think that ALT3 is hard to convey precisely in a few words and that it's preferable for the other articles wikilinked from the hook to be linguistic. So I'm a fan of both the original hook and ALT1, which are both stated in the article with the appropriate inline source. No preference between the two. Thanks for improving Wikipedia's coverage of endangered languages and for making this review so easy for me. MartinPoulter (talk) 16:33, 3 March 2026 (UTC)
  • Thank you very much for the kind words and encouragement! I've rewritten the sentence you mentioned according to your suggestion. I appreciate this thoughtful review :) ellaminnowpea ^{(371 💬)} 20:23, 3 March 2026 (UTC)