| Journal name/Publisher |
Author(s) |
Title |
Year published |
Label used |
Link |
Peer reviewed? |
Topic |
Passing comment? |
Definition |
Notes |
| Studies in Conflict & Terrorism | Stephane J. Baele | Socio-Semantic Network Analysis for Extremist and Terrorist Online Ecosystems | 2025 | far-right | |  Y | Online British far-right ecosystem | No (for far-right) / Yes (for Reform) | Unclear: Reform seems to be included in contemporary British far-right, but above speaking about Nigel Farage it talks about the grafting of this anti-establishment cluster to those more traditionally associated with the far-right ideology. | |
| British Politics | Richard Hayton | To conserve or to reform? The reshaping of the right in British politics | 2025 | populist radical right / right-wing populist | | Y | Ideological profile of British right-wing parties | No | Populist radical right as part of the far-right (Using political science terminology, Reform UK can be most sensibly classified as a populist radical right party. This places it outside of the mainstream right and as part of the far right, but distinguishes it from the extreme right elements of the far right) but with features in common with Conservatives | |
| John Bartle, Nicholas Allen | An unpredictable pendulum: UK electoral dynamics in the twenty-first century | 2025 | populist | | Y | Electoral dynamics in British politics | Yes | | |
| Peter Dorey | ‘Things Fall Apart, the Centre-Right Cannot Hold’: the crises of British Conservatism since 1990 | 2025 | authoritarian populist Right | | Y | Conservative Party | Partially (many references to Reform and to the populist right, but the main topic are the Tories) | | |
| Jesse Grainger | Inclusive rhetoric, exclusive boundaries: strategic homonativism on the British right | 2026 | populist radical right | | Y | Homonationalism in the British Right | Yes (for populist radical right) / No (for Reform) | This article focuses on electorally relevant right-wing parties competing at general elections: the mainstream centre-right Conservative Party and parties of the Populist Radical Right (PRR), namely UKIP and Reform UK, following Mudde’s (2007) distinction between mainstream conservative and PRR actors. | |
| Journal of European Public Policy | Wouter van der Brug, Sara B. Hobolt, Sebastian Adrian Popa | The kids are Alt right? Age, authoritarian attitudes and far-right support in Europe | 2026 | far-right | | Y | Support for far-right parties in younger generations | No (for far-right) / Yes (for Reform) | "far right" seems to be used as a synonim of "radical right" | |
| Palgrave Macmillan | Anna-Maria Meuth | Dissemination and Prevention of Anti-Muslim Narratives and Practices in Urban Governance in England and Germany. In Radicalising the Mainstream in Western Europe The Far Right and Narratives of Islam in Contemporary and Historical Perspective (pp.127-159) | 2025 | far-right | |  N | Anti-muslim practices by far-right parties | No (for far-right) / Yes (for Reform) | Following Cas Mudde the term far-right is used as a generic term for movements such as extreme right, (populist) radical right, and (neo)fascists | book chapter |
| The Political Quarterly | Oliver Heath, Christopher Prosser, Humphrey Southall, Paula Aucott | The 2024 General Election and the Rise of Reform UK | 2024 | no label | | N | Reform electoral success in 2024 | No (for Reform) | | |
| Marta Miori, Jane Green | The Most Disproportionate UK Election: How the Labour Party Doubled its Seat Share with a 1.6-Point Increase in Vote Share in 2024 | 2025 | right-wing | | N | 2024 general election | Yes | | |
| Tom Wraight, Kai Roland Green | Global Britain versus Little England? National Identity and the Future of the British Right | 2024 | right-wing populist | | N | National Identity in British Right | No (for British Right) / Yes (for Reform) | | |
| Thomas Quinn, Nicholas Allen and John Bartle | ‘Surge-and-Collapse’ under First Past the Post: Reform UK’s Electoral Threat to the Conservative Party | 2025 | right-wing populist, right-wing | | Y | Effects of Reform' surge in a FPTP electoral system | Partially (for Reform: it's repeatedly cited but the focus is on the effects of its surge in elections rather than on the party itself) / Yes (for right-wing populist) | Undefined | |
| Thomas Quinn | What Would the British Party System Look Like under Proportional Representation? | 2023 | radical right, part of possible right-wing bloc | | Y | Effects of a PR electoral system on British party system | Partially (many references to both radical right parties and Reform, but the focus is on the party systems in Britain and Europe) | Undefined |
| Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics | George Henry Newth, Katy Brown and Aurelien Mondon | Researching and Understanding Far-Right Politics in Times of Mainstreaming | 2025 | far-right | | Y | Far-right in Europe | No (for far-right) / Yes (for Reform) | In terms of extreme right, we refer to the most illiberal forms of right-wing politics, which entail forms of violence, and outright hostility to (liberal) democracy. Radical right, instead, has been used to imply forms of politics combining nativism, authoritarianism and populism. While operating within the formal parameters set by liberal democracies and contesting elections, radical-right forms of politics maintain a hostility to certain liberal democratic processes. In current literature, the term far right has been used either as an umbrella concept for both the extreme and radical right (Pirro 2022), or as an analytical concept in and of itself, which shifts the focus towards parties which promote a racist ideology by acting in the space between the extreme and the mainstream (Mondon and Winter 2020). | |
| Journal of Contemporary European Studies | Luke Shuttleworth, Katy Brown, Aurelien Mondon | The pretence of the cordon sanitaire: non-collaboration as a distraction from discursive congruence | 2025 | far-right | | Y | Cordon sanitaire | No (for far-right) / Partially (for Reform: it's briefly dealt with within a chapter focused on the cordon sanitaire in the UK) | Undefined (far-right seems to be used for everything to the right of mainstream right-wing parties) | |
| Illiberalism Studies (illiberalism.org) | Katy Brown | Here Comes the Sun: Can the UK General Election Really Inspire Hope? | 2025 | far-right | | N | 2024 General elections and the rise of the far-right | No | Undefined | |
| Routledge | Anne West, David Wolfe, Basma B. Yaghi | School governance in England from 2010 to 2024: Academies, maintained schools and the changing roles of central and local government | 2025 | far-right | | N | school governance in England | Yes | ? | book chapter |
| Tim Bale | The UK: The pandemic and the tale of two populist parties | 2022 | populist radical right | | N | Effects of the Covid-19 pandemic for Reform | Yes (for radical right) / No (for Reform) | Undefined |
| Springer Nature Switzerland AG | Robert Ford, Tim Bale, Will Jennings, Paula Surridge | The Real Opposition? Reform UK, the Greens and Independents and The British Voter in 2024 in The British General Election of 2024 | 2025 | radical right (populist), "on the right" | | N | Reform and Green's electoral surge | No (for Reform) / Yes (for radical right) | Undefined (probably used as a general term to include everything to the right of center) | |
| Sean Kippin | Public Policy and Democratic Backsliding in the UK | 2024 | hard right | | N | UK Conservatives embracing elements of populist radical right | Yes | Kippin seems to use interchangeably "hard right", "far-right" and "radical right". For the definition of "radical right populism" he quotes Mudde: Radical right populism: an ideology which contains elements of populism, nativism, and authoritarianism (Mudde, 2016b). |
| Policy Studies Journal | Democratic backsliding and public administration: the experience of the UK | 2025 | far-right populist | | Y | UK Conservatives | No (for far-right populist) / Yes (for Reform) | |
| Frontiers in Political Science | Oliver Schmidtke | Transforming the centre right in Germany and the United Kingdom: the increasing prominence of identity politics and “culture wars” narratives | 2025 | far-right | | Y | Cultural wars narrative in mainstream center-right parties | Yes | Undefined (far-right seems to be used for everything to the right of mainstream right-wing parties) | |
| Paul Whiteley | The rise of the Reform party in Britain—Modeling Reform voting in the 2024 general election | 2026 | radical right, right-wing populist | | Y | Reform's support and political position | No | Reform combines different elements of the populist model. It is a radical right party which is both nativist and Eurosceptic. The former is often associated with racism, but the party does not explicitly support racial discrimination. Before he cites definitions by Mudde, Pilkington, Oesch and Rodujin et al. | |
| Journal of Cultural Economy | Théo Bourgeron | Economic sociology and the far-right | 2025 | far-right | | Y | Scholar review on studies about economic sociology and far right | No (for far-right) / Yes (for Reform) | Undefined | |
| Dialogues in Urban Research | Jason Luger | The city and the far-right grassroots? Reactionary neighbourhoods, beyond 'left behind | 2025 | far-right | | N | Review of Santamarina and Ince 2025 (who talk about UKIP but not Reform) | No (for far-right) / Yes (for Reform) | The reviewed article defines "far-right" as a broad movement that incorporates values linked to ultraconservatism, militarism, extreme masculinity, nativism, white supremacy and ultranationalism, but which also has internal inconsistencies and divergences (e.g., concerning climate change, their relation to neoliberalism or participation in democratic politics). | |
| Political Insight | Marietta van der Tol | Christian Nationalism And The Far Right: A Transnational Entanglement | 2025 | far-right | | N | Link between Christian nationalism and far-right parties | No (for far-right) / Yes (for Reform) | Undefined | |
| Jane Green, Marta Miori | Party Bloc Equilibrium: Britain’s Quiet Electoral Earthquake | 2025 | part of right-wing bloc | | N | British political landscape | Yes | | restricted access |
| Benjamin D. Hennig | In Focus: Labour’s 2024 Landslide: A Fragile Victory | 2024 | radical right, part of the far-right movement | | N | 2024 General Election | Yes | Undefined |
| Rob Ford | General Election 2024: A Big Night for the Smaller Parties | 2024 | radical right | | N | 2024 general election | Yes | Undefined |
| Ethnic and Racial Studies | Chetan Bhatt | Antiracism and the current moment | 2025 | far-right | | Y | Racism within the far right | No (for far right) / Yes (for Reform) | The term “far-right” therefore remains analytically useful (Pirro 2023), covering not only the “radical,” “populist” and “extreme” right but significant sections of the political mainstream, and this is the way it is used in the article. | |
| Barcelona Centre for International Affairs | Erica Consterdine | La politización de la inmigración en el Reino Unido: políticas simbólicas, fracasos de políticas y consenso bipartidista (The politicisation of immigration in the United Kingdom: symbolic policies, policy failures and bipartisan consensus) | 2025 | extreme right | | N | Immigration in recent British politics | Partially (many references to the extrema derecha but it's not the article's topic) | Undefined | in Spanish |
| Nations and Nationalism | Rafal Soborski, Michał P. Garapich, Anna Jochymek | Home-Making Through Deathscapes or How to Circumvent the Contradictions of Nationalism: The Case of Polish Far-Right Activists in Britain | 2025 | far-right | | Y | Polish Far-Right Activists in Britain | No (for far right) / Yes (for Reform) | umbrella concept which comprises both radical and extreme right, where the former accepts a majoritarian form of democracy from an illiberal, ‘ethnocractic’ perspective, while the latter is more or less openly anti-democratic with Nazism as its farthest extreme (Mudde 2019). | |
| Politics | Between civilisation, race, and nation: Transnational dimensions of far-right activism in post-Brexit Britain | 2025 | radical right as a subset of far-right | | Y | Polish Far-Right Activists in Britain | No | Britain’s far right, covering the cleavage under this umbrella category into ‘radical’ and ‘extreme’ right which differ by degree of distance from the political mainstream and democratic principles (Mudde, 2019). [...] Along with its authoritarianism and populism, the far right is defined by nativism, an ideology which ‘holds that states should be inhabited exclusively by members of the native group (‘the nation’) and that non-native elements (persons and ideas) are fundamentally threatening to the homogenous nation-state’ (Mudde, 2019: 27). | |
| Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties | Jonathan Wheatley | How the politics of culture and identity drive a gender gap among young voters: a study of UK voters in 2024 | 2026 | far-right | | Y | Gender gap among young voters | Yes | Undefined | |
| Korea Institute for International Economic Policy | Yoonjung Kim, Nam Seok Kim | The Recent Rise of the Far Right and Voters’ Anti-Refugee Attitudes in Europe | 2024 | far-right nationalist and eurosceptic | | N | Far right and anti-immigrant attitudes | No (for far-right) / Yes (for Reform) | We follow Rooduijn et al. (2023) to define the far-right parties in each country | |
| British Journal of Political Science | Matthijs Rooduijn, Andrea L. P. Pirro, Daphne Halikiopoulou, Caterina Froio, Stijn Van Kessel, Sarah L. De Lange, Cas Mudde and Paul Taggart | The PopuList: A Database of Populist, Far-Left, and Far-Right Parties Using Expert-Informed Qualitative Comparative Classification (EiQCC) | 2023 | far-right and populist | | Y | General guidelines for the creation of a database of far-right, far-left and populist parties | Database | Far-right parties: parties that are nativist (which is an ideology that holds that states should be inhabited exclusively by members of the native group and that non-native elements are fundamentally threatening to the homogenous nation-state) and authoritarian (which is the belief that, in a strictly ordered society, infringements of authority are to be punished severely) (Mudde 2007). | |
| ? | UK country report of far-right, far-left and populist parties | |
| Italian Political Science Review | Paul Taggart and Andrea L. P. Pirro | European populism before the pandemic | 2021 | populist, Radical right | | Y | Populism across Europe | No | nativism and authoritarianism (radical right, as per Mudde) |
| Party Politics | Andrej Zaslove, Robert A Huber and Maurits J. Meijers | The state of populism: Introducing the 2023 wave of the Populism and political parties expert survey | 2025 | populist, radical right (9 on a 1 to 10 left to right scale) | , | Y | Populism across Europe | Database | Radical right is undefined, I guess that the classification into party families was based on the expert surveys | |
| Public Sector Focus | Danny Dorling | Elections – theatres of fears or circuses of hope? | 2024 | far-right | | N | 2024 local elections | Yes | Undefined | |
| University of Glasgow | Christopher Claassen, Fred Paxton | Backlash Boys? Understanding The Gender Gap in Radical-Right Support Among Young People | 2025 | radical right | | N | Reform support among young males | No (for radical right) / Partially (for Reform, many references but the main topic are its voters and not the party in itself) | Reform UK is classified by The PopuList as both “populist” and “far right” (Rooduijn et al. 2023). ("radical right" seems to be used as a synonim of "far-right") | |
| medRxiv | Anthony A. Laverty, Nicholas S Hopkinson | Electoral outcomes and health inequality – association between respiratory disease and voting patterns in England | 2025 | right-wing populist | | N | Relation between poor health conditions and voting for Reform | Partially (the inclusion among the right-wing populist parties is not discussed, but it's a central assumption in the article; many references to Reform, but the main topic are its voters and not the party in itself) | Undefined | preprint |
| Journal of Historical Geography | Alan Lester | Our Island Stories: Country Walks Through Colonial Britain, Corinne Fowler. Allen Lane, London (2024), 432 pages, £25.00 hardback | 2024 | hard right | | Y | political struggle over Britain's colonial past | Yes | Undefined | book review |
| West European Politics | Nicole S. Martin, Ralph Scott, Roland Kappe | School subject choices in adolescence affect political party support | 2025 | radical right | | Y | Influence of school subjects' choice over political alignment | Partially (for radical right, very briefly discussed in a footnote) / Yes (for Reform) | traditional, authoritarian, and nationalist. | |
| Christopher Prosser | Fragmentation revisited: the UK General Election of 2024 | 2024 | right-wing populist | | Y | 2024 general election | Yes (for right-wing populist) / Partially (for Reform: many references but the main topic are the election and the electoral results, not the party itself) |
| British Medical Journal | Adrian O'Dowd | What does Reform UK mean for healthcare? | 2025 | no label | | Y | Reform's policies on healthcare | No | - | news analysis |
| Parliamentary Affairs | Lynn Bennie, Anders Widfeldt | Voices from the edge make breakthrough in British politics: The Greens, Reform UK, and independents | 2025 | radical right as a subset of far-right | | Y | Reform and Green's electoral surge | No | far right can be used as an umbrella term, with extreme right and radical right as its two main subsets. The former are antidemocratic, while the latter work within parliamentary democracy (Mudde 2019) | |
| Multimodality & Society | Robert Butler | How gesture shapes political identity: A multimodal analysis of adverbs of negation and modals in the discourse of Nigel Farage and Reform UK | 2025 | no label | | N | Political communication of Farage | Partially (many references to Reform, but the topic is not the party in itself, but rather the political communication of its leader | - | |
| French Journal of British Studies | Karine Tournier-Sol | The 2024 General Election and its Aftermath: Reform UK as a Disruptive Force in British Politics | 2025 | radical right | | Y | Reform UK's recent history | No | It cites two sources: this article by Tim Bale and Cas Mudde, Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe, 2007 | |
| Atlantis Press | Duoyao Zhang, Xin Luo | From “Ugly Duckling” to “Reform”: Explaining the Marginalisation and Resurgence of Britain’s Right-Wing Populist Parties | 2025 | (radical) right-wing populist | | N | Far-right parties in UK | No | What distinguishes the right-wing variant is its ideological fusion with nativism and authoritar- ianism.. Among these elements, “nativism” is the distinguishing feature that sets radical right-wing populism apart from other variants of populism. Mudde defines nativism as “an ideology, which holds that states should be inhabited exclusively by members of the native group (‘the nation‘) and that nonnative elements (persons or ideas) are fundamentally threatening to the homogeneous nation-state” (Mudde, 2007, p. 19) | in title |
| The British Journal of Politics and International Relations | Mabel Newton | International refugee norm sabotage: An analysis of anti-migration groups in the UK | 2025 | right-wing populist / radical right populist | | Y | Anti-migration groups in the UK | No (for radical right) / Partially (for Reform: many references but no part of the article is specifically dedicated to the party) | The main features of radical right populism are nativism, authoritarianism, and populism and include concepts of nationalism, sovereignty, security, and territorial authority (Mudde, 2010). | |
| European Educational Research Journal | Anja Giudici, Anna Pultar | Shaping illiberal citizenries: Far-right justifications of educational structures | 2024 | radical right as subset of far-right | | Y | Far-right parties' policies on education | No (for far-right) / Partially (for Reform: it's among the parties about which the article talks, but there's no specific discussion) | far right, whose ideology is based on authoritarianism, nativism, and either illiberalism or anti-democracy (Carter, 2018; Mudde, 2019). | |
| Polity Press | Cas Mudde | The Far Right Today | 2019 | far-right | | N | Far-right in Europe | No (for far-right) / Yes (for Reform) | Far right: a combination of both the extreme right and the radical right.
Radical right: ideologies that believe that inequalities between people are natural and positive and that accept the essence of democracy but oppose fundamental elements of liberal democracy.
Extreme right: ideologies that believe that inequalities between people are natural and positive and that reject the essence of democracy. | restricted access |
| Immigrants & Minorities | Khizar Humayun Ansari | Book Review: British Bangladeshi Muslims in the East End: the changing landscape of dress and language | 2025 | right-wing | | Y | review about a book on British Bangladeshi Muslims | Yes | Undefined | |
| Electoral Studies |
Jan Rovny, Jonathan Polk, Ryan Bakker, Liesbet Hooghe, Seth Jolly, Gary Marks, Marco Steenbergen and Milada Anna Vachudova |
The 2024 Chapel Hill Expert Survey on political party positioning in Europe: Twenty-five years of party positional data |
2025 |
9.2 on a 1-10 left-right scale |
|
Y |
Classification of European parties |
Database |
- |
|
| Mattia Zulianello, Erik Gahner Larsen | Populist parties in European Parliament elections: A new dataset on left, right and valence populism from 1979 to 2019 | 2021 | right-wing populist, not radical right | | Y | Populism in the European Union | Database | The classification used by Zulianello is the same in both papers. Right-wing populist parties are defined as: characterized by a clear positioning on Bobbio's understanding of the ‘right’, resulting from an exclusionary conception of the ‘pure people’, which can be ideationally informed by the interaction of populism with various forms of nationalism or neoliberalism. For the definition of "neoliberal populist parties" he quotes Mudde 2007, who defined them as neoliberal populism is defined by a core ideology of neoliberalism (primarily in terms of economy) and populism. In contrast to the populist radical right, the ideological feature of nativism is either not present or not central to the neoliberal populist party family, while the same applies to neoliberalism for the populist radical right. |
| Government and Opposition | Mattia Zulianello | Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe: From State-of-the-Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries | 2019 | right-wing populist, neoliberal (not radical right) | | Y | Classification of European populist parties | Database | |
| Oxford Academic | Angela K. Bourne | Muddy Waters: Populism and Democratic Defence in Responding to Populist Parties in Europe: The 'Other People' vs the 'Populist People' | 2023 | right-wing populist | | N | Populist parties in Europe | No (for right-wing populist) / Yes (for Reform) | It just takes the classification by Rodujin et al. and broadens it including in the "right-wing populist parties" also the parties classified by Rodujin as populist but not far-right | |
| Revista Más Poder Local | Iván Sánchez-Marañón | Populist Radical Right Communication on TikTok: The Case of Reform UK in the 2024 General Election | 2026 | radical right-wing populist as a subset of far-right | | Y | Reform's political communication | No | Scholars have identified PRR parties as a subset of far-right movements that reject outright extremism while maintaining a deeply oppositional stance toward liberal democracy and multiculturalism (Mudde, 2007; Golder, 2016) | |
| Social Science Research Network | Vladimir Bortun, Aaron Reeves | ‘The Party of Workers’? The Class Location and Classed Self-Presentation of Reform UK Party Candidates | 2026 | far-right, right-wing populist | | N | Class location and representation of Reform's candidates | No | Presenting themselves as on the side of ‘the people’ and against ‘the elite’ is the hallmark of right-wing populist parties worldwide (Mudde & Kaltwasser, 2017; Müller, 2016). [...] ‘the people’ defended by right-wing populists tends to be understood as the country’s ethnic majority. This contrasts to left-wing populists, who generally define ‘the people’ in socioeconomic terms, in opposition to the privileged wealthy elite (March, 2017). | |
| Representation | Isabella O'Brien | Is Representation Influence? Electoral Systems and the Radical Right | 2025 | radical right | | Y | Relation between proportional representation and radical right's influence | No (for radical right) / Partially (for Reform: many references, but the paper is most focused on ACT and UKIP) | The defining characteristic of the radical right in Europe is not populism; it is nativism (Fagerholm, 2018). The radical right can be identified by its focus on nativism combined with its anti-system attitudes (Rydgren, 2017). Radical right parties are antiimmigrant and often xenophobic, claiming a need to protect a country’s national identity and security. These parties are socially conservative, with a focus on family values as well as law and order. Unlike the extreme right, the radical right does not always outright reject democracy but rather is unsatisfied with its current functioning and the socalled elites who run it (Rydgren, 2018). | |
| Political Studies | Davide Vampa, Alan Convery and Fraser McMillan | Symbiotic Polarization as a Barrier to Populist Radical Right Success: Scottish Exceptionalism in Comparative Context | 2026 | radical right | | Y | Radical right in Scotland | No (for radical right) / Partially (for Reform: many references but the paper is focused mainly on the Scottish political system, whereas the party's profile is discussed only very briefly) | We follow the categorization provided by Rooduijn et al. (2024) | |
| Open Science Framework | Stuart J. Turnbull-Dugarte, Jack Bailey, Daniel Devine, Zachary Dickson, Sara B. Hobolt, Will Jennings, Robert Johns, Katharina Lawall | Accommodating the Radical Right: The Electoral Costs for Social Democratic Parties | 2025 | radical right | | N | Response of social democratic parties to the radical right on immigration | Partially (for radical right, many references but the focus is on the reaction by social democratic parties) / Yes (for Reform) | Our characterisation of Reform UK as a radical right-wing party is congruent with evaluations from both the PopuList (V3.0) project (Rooduijn et al., 2024) and the Chapel Hill Expert Survey (Hooghe et al., 2024). | |
| The Journal of Politics | Stuart J. Turnbull-Dugarte, Alberto Lopez Ortega | Far Right Normalization & Centrifugal Affect. Evidence from the Dating Market | 2025 | radical right | | Y | Acceptance of radical right voters in the dating market | No (for radical right) / Partially (for Reform: the focus is on the acceptance, not on the party itself) | Both parties have been categorized as radical right-wing parties according to data from both the PopuList (V3.0) project (Rooduijn et al., 2024) and within the Chapel Hill Expert Survey (Hooghe et al., 2024). | |
| Journal of Common Market Studies | Gianfranco Baldini, Edoardo Bressanelli, Arianna Giovannini | ‘Turning the Page’? The 2024 UK General Elections and First Implications of Labour’s Landslide Victory | 2025 | radical right populist | | Y | 2024 General Election | Yes (for radical right) / Partially (for Reform: many references but the focus is on the political system, not on the party) | Undefined |
