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Map of the local universe within a billion light-years from Earth, showing neighboring superclusters and other structures forming filaments and voids.
A size comparison of the largest known cosmic voids

Below is a list of the largest cosmic structures so far discovered. The unit of measurement used is the megaparsec (approximately 3,262,000 light-years; 3.086×1019 kilometres).

This list includes superclusters, galaxy filaments, large quasar groups (LQGs), and as well as cosmic voids. The list characterizes each structure based on its longest dimension.

Note that this list refers only to the coupling of matter with defined limits, and not the coupling of matter in general (for example, the cosmic microwave background, which fills the entire universe). All structures in this list are defined as to whether their presiding limits have been identified.

Overview

[edit]
The Sloan Great Wall, the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, the Horologium-Reticulum and the Shapley Superclusters as seen in the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey

Physical sizes

[edit]

The diameter of cosmic structures is defined by either:

Charactaritsic size

[edit]

The characteristic size of a large-scale structure is the proper size in the present epoch. The proper size of a large-scale structure is

Longest dimension

[edit]

The longest dimension

For example, Huge LGQ, while its longest dimension is much larger at 1,240

Caveats

[edit]

There are reasons to be cautious about this list:

  • The Zone of Avoidance, or the part of the sky occupied by the Milky Way, blocks out light to several structures, making their limits imprecisely identified.
  • Some structures are too distant to be seen even with the most powerful telescopes.
  • Some structures have no defined limits or endpoints. All structures are believed to be part of the cosmic web, which is a conclusive idea. Most structures are overlapped by nearby galaxies, creating a problem of how to carefully define the structure's limit.
  • Interpreting the observational data requires assumptions about gravitational lensing, redshift, etc.

Lists

[edit]

Large-scale structures

[edit]
Key (classification)
? Uncertain status (uncertainty in size)
! Uncertain status (candidate or disputed existence)
# Notable objects reported for reference
– Size restrictions
Structures with diameters longer than 30 megaparsecs
Structure name/designation Longest dimension (in megaparsecs) Key Method Type Notes
Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall (Great GRB Wall) 3,700[1] ! GW Potentially the first structure found to exceed 10 billion light-years.[1] Other researchers disputed its existence as a structure,[2][3][4] although an analysis of the most reliable current dataset supports it.[4]
Giant GRB Ring 1,720[5] ! Largest known regular formation in the observable universe.[5]
Correlated LQG orientations1,600[6] ! LQG
Giant Arc1,000[6] !
Coherent quasar polarisation1,000[6] ! LQG
Huge-LQG860[7] – 1,240[8] ! LQG The first structure found to exceed 1 gigaparsec.
U1.11 LQG780[9] LQG
Clowes–Campusano LQG630[9] LQG
SDSS-1a569.6[10]
SDSS-2a553.7[10]
SDSS-2b506.8[10]
Quipu 428[11] SCl
King Ghidorah Supercluster ~400[12] SCl Consists of at least 15 clusters plus other interconnected filaments. It is the most massive galaxy supercluster discovered so far.[12]
Big Ring 400[13]
Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex380[14] SClC Contains the Pisces–Cetus and Laniakea superclusters (see below).
The above sizes are incompatible with the cosmological principle according to all estimates. However, whether the existence of these structures itself constitutes a refutation of the cosmological principle is still unclear.
(End of Greatness) 370[8] – Structures larger than this size are incompatible with the cosmological principle according to all estimates. However, whether the existence of these structures itself constitutes a refutation of the cosmological principle is still unclear.[15]
Blazar LSS~350[6]
Newman LQG (U1.54)325[16] LQG
Perseus–Pegasus Filament310[17] – 425[18] GF This galaxy filament contains the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster, and is part of the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex (see above).[19]
Ho'oleilana 310[20] BAO Contains about 56,000 galaxies, located 820 million light-years away.[citation needed]
BOSS Great Wall271.1[21] GW, SClC Described as the richest known supercluster complex;[22] its mass and volume exceed the amount of the Sloan Great Wall.[21]
Shapley Supercluster (SCl 124)260[23] SCl First identified by Harlow Shapley as a cloud of galaxies in 1930, it was not identified as a structure until 1989.
Horologium-Reticulum Supercluster (SCl 48 + SCl 49)251.0–332.2[24] SCl Also known as the Horologium Supercluster.
CfA2 Great Wall (Coma Wall)240[6] GW
Serpens–Corona Borealis Supercluster234[11] SCl
Sloan Great Wall230[25] GW, SClC[25]
South Pole Wall220[26] – 420[27] GW The largest contiguous feature in the local volume and comparable to the Sloan Great Wall (see below) at half the distance.
Sculptor–Pegasus Supercluster216[11] SCl
Apus Supercluster211.8[10] SCl
Lepus Supercluster200.8[10]
Saraswati Supercluster~200[28] SCl
BGW A supercluster186.1[29] SCl Part of the BOSS Great Wall (see above)
BGW B supercluster172.9[29] SCl Part of the BOSS Great Wall (see above)
Perseus-Pisces Supercluster168.7[10]
Komberg-Kravtsov-Lukash LQG 10164[30] LQG
Laniakea160[31] SClCn The basin of attraction centered around the Great Attractor containing the Virgo Supercluster (see below) and 4 other superclusters around the latter.[32][33] Later research suggest it may be itself part of Shapley Supercluster.[10][34]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 11157[30] LQG
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 12155[30] LQG
Hercules Complex[34]154[11] SCl Also referred to as the extended Hercules Supercluster.[11]
Hyperion proto-supercluster150[35] pSCl The largest and earliest known proto– supercluster.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 5146[30] LQG
Tesch–Engels LQG140[36] LQG
Komberg–Kravstov–Lukash LQG 3123[30] LQG
U1.90120[30][36][37] LQG
Sculptor Wall (Southern Great Wall)118–295[38][39] GW
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 2111[30] LQG
SCl 061107.0[40] SCl
SCl 027 (SCl 126)107.0[25] SCl Part of the Sloan Great Wall (see above). It also contains Abell 1650, 1750, and 1773.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 8104[30] LQG
Ursa Major Supercluster (SCl 109)≥100[41] SCl Also referred to as Ursa Majoris Supercluster.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 196[30] LQG
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 694[30] LQG
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 792[30] LQG
BGW D supercluster90.6[29] SCl Part of the BOSS Great Wall (see above)
z=2.38 filament around protocluster ClG J2143-442380[42] GF
Webster LQG75[36] LQG First LQG discovered.[36][43]
SCL @ 1338+2770[44][45] SCl (GW?) A rich supercluster with several galaxy clusters was discovered around an unusual concentration of 23 QSOs at z=1.1 in 2001. The size of the complex of clusters may indicate that a wall of galaxies exists there, instead of a single supercluster. One of the most distant known superclusters.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 966[30] LQG
Einasto Supercluster65[46] SCl
BGW C supercluster63.8[29] SCl Part of the BOSS Great Wall (see above)
Lynx–Ursa Major Filament60[47] GF
Pisces Supercluster (SCl 024)56.4[40] SCl
SCl 01956.4[25] SCl Part of the Sloan Great Wall (see above)
SCl 06455.7[40] SCl
SCl 09454.6[40] SCl
SCl 33653.3[40] SCl
A2142 supercluster (SCl 001)50.3[48][40] SCl Contains 1,038 galaxies and 108 galaxy groups, including Abell 2142 and 13 other groups with at least ten member galaxies.[48]
SCl 05550.3[40] SCl
SSA22 Protocluster50[49] GpC Giant collection of Lyman-alpha blobs.
Virgo Supercluster (Local Supercluster)45[50] # SCl A part of the Laniakea Supercluster (see above). It is centered around the Virgo Cluster and also contains the Local Group at the outskirts.
SCl 18943.7[40] SCl
SCl 47443.3[40] SCl
SCl 34942.6[40] SCl
SCl 53040.4[40] SCl
SCl 19838.7[40] SCl
SCl 31736.0[40] SCl
SCl 01135.4[40] SCl
SCl 049934.1[25] SCl Part of the Sloan Great Wall (see above)
SCl 22334.0[40] SCl
SCl 35133.0[40] SCl
QS 55032.9[51] SCl A quasi-spherical supercluster containing the galaxy cluster Abell 2052.
SCl 15232.8[40] SCl
QS 84932.0[51] SCl A quasi-spherical supercluster containing the galaxy cluster Abell 1983.
SCl 36631.1[40] SCl
SCl 22831.1[40] SCl
SCl 82730.0[40] SCl
Listed below are some notable structures under 30 megaparsecs in diameter, for the purpose of comparison.
Pisces-Cetus Supercluster[52] (SCl 010)22.8[40] SCl
Hercules Cluster18.65 GC
Perseus Cluster18.58 GC
Coma Cluster10.56 GC
Leo Cluster8.10 GC
Abell 21427.05 GC One of the most massive known objects, containing hundreds of galaxies and a large, elongated cloud of hot gases.
Porphyrion7 RG One of the largest known structures of galactic origin
Abell 5206.47 GC
MS 0302+176 SCl
Local Group5.11[53] GG A part of the Virgo Supercluster (see above). It contains the Milky Way Galaxy, which contains the Solar System where Earth orbits the Sun.
Alcyoneus5 RG One of the largest extents of radio structure of any radio galaxy identified.
Abell 20294.15 GC Contains IC 1101, which is the brightest member and among the largest known galaxies.
Centaurus Cluster3.36 GC
Virgo Cluster2.96 GC Heart of the Virgo Supercluster (see above) that also contains Messier 87 and the first black hole to be imaged in 2019.
NGC 7448's gas bridge0.8 HI Reported for Reference.
ESO 383-760.5409 G One of the largest known galaxies, roughly 20 times the size of the Milky Way Galaxy.
Reported for Reference.
Slug Nebula0.46 ELαN One of the largest known nebulae.
Reported for Reference.
Copeland Septet0.222 CC
Hickson 400.0518 CC

Voids

[edit]

Voids are immense spaces between galaxy filaments and other large-scale structures. Technically, they are not structures. They are vast spaces that contain very few or no galaxies. They are theorized to be caused by quantum fluctuations during the early formation of the universe.

A list of the largest voids so far discovered is below. Each is ranked according to its longest dimension.

List of the largest voids
Void name/designation Proper size (in megaparsecs) Redshift Estimation method Notes
Eridanus Supervoid 1,660[54] 6[54] An analysis of the WMAP has found an irregularity of the temperature fluctuation of the cosmic microwave background within the vicinity of the constellation Eridanus, with the analysis found to be 70 microkelvins cooler than the average CMB temperature. One speculation is that a void could cause the cold spot, with the possible size based on a redshift of more than 2, as preferred on the left.[54]
LOWZ North 13788 905.464[55] 0.292 One of largest known voids, containing 109,066 galaxies.[55]
Local Hole (KBC Void) 616[56] 0.023±0.00022[56] Proposed void containing the Milky Way galaxy and Local Group as an explanation for the discrepancy in the Hubble constant. Existence is still disputed.[57][58]
LOWZ North 4739 566.146[55] 0.342
Dipole / Cold Spot Repellers546.3[10]
LOWZ North 16634 512.482[55] 0.349
LOWZ North 11627 510.026[55] 0.326
LOWZ South 4653 493.83[55] 0.342
LOWZ North 13222 464.794[55] 0.327
LOWZ North 14348 391.762[55] 0.343
LOWZ South 5589 340.522[55] 0.351
LOWZ North 13721 335.768[55] 0.367
LOWZ North 11918 306.154[55] 0.360
LOWZ North 5692 301.722[55] 0.370
Giant Void 300[59] Also known as Canes Venatici Supervoid
LOWZ North 11446 289.642[55]
LOWZ North 15734 287.794 [55]
LOWZ North 16394 286.416 [55]
LOWZ North 8541 281.442 [55]
LOWZ South 4775 275.806 [55]
LOWZ North 12092 273.322 [55]
LOWZ North 3294 272.136 [55]
Tully-11 void Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
CMASS South 7225 265.288 [55]
LOWZ North 14775 260.216 [55]
LOWZ South 6334 259.552 [55]
LOWZ North 10254 258.484 [55]
LOWZ North 13568 257.954 [55]
LOWZ North 11954 253.744 [55]
LOWZ North 3404 249.060 [55]
LOWZ South 3713 247.046 [55]
LOWZ South 4325 246.540 [55]
CMASS South 5582 244.306 [55]
Tully-10 void 792,000,000 Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
LOWZ North 6177 242.106 [55]
Tully-9 void 746,000,000 Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
B&B Abell-20 void 684,000,000
B&B Abell-9 void 652,000,000
List of the largest voids
Void name/designation Longest dimension (in megaparsecs) Redshift Estimation method Notes
Bahcall & Soneiro 1982 void 300[60] This suspected void ranged 100 degrees across the sky, and has shown up on other surveys as several separate voids. [60]
Northern Local Supervoid 339,000,000 Virgo, Coma, Perseus-Pisces, Ursa Major-Lynx, Hydra-Centaurus, Sculptor, Pavo-Corona Australes Superclusters form a sheet between the Northern and the Southern Local Supervoids. The Hercules Supercluster separates the Northern Local Void from the Boötes Void. The Perseus-Pisces and Pegasus Supercluster form a sheet separate the Northern and Southern Local Voids from the Pegasus Void.[61]
Boötes void 330,000,000 Also known as The Giant Nothing
1994EEDTAWSS-12 void 328,000,000
Local void 195,000,000 One of the nearest voids known and contains 3 galaxies.
Pegasus void 130,000,000 [62] The Perseus-Pisces Supercluster and Pegasus Supercluster form a sheet separate the Northern Local Void and Southern Local Void from the Pegasus Void.[61]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 . arXiv:2504.05354. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ↑ Christian, Sam (2020-07-11). "Re-examining the evidence of the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 495 (4): 4291–4296. arXiv:2006.00141. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1448. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 219177572.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ↑ Ukwatta, T. N.; Woźniak, P. R. (2016-01-01). "Investigation of redshift- and duration-dependent clustering of gamma-ray bursts". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 455 (1): 703–711. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2350. ISSN 0035-8711.
  4. 1 2 Horvath, I.; Szecsi, D.; Hakkila, J.; Szabo, A.; Racz, I.I.; Toth, L.V.; Pinter, S.; Bagoly, Z. (2020-08-22). "The clustering of gamma-ray bursts in the Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall: the largest structure in the Universe?". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 498 (2): 2544–2553. arXiv:2008.03679. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2460. ISSN 0035-8711. Cite error: The named reference "HS" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  5. 1 2 Balazs, L.G.; Bagoly, Z.; Hakkila, J.E.; Horvath, I.; Kobori, J.; Racz, I.I.; Toth, L.V. (2015-08-05). "A giant ring-like structure at 0.78 < z < 0.86 displayed by GRBs". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 452 (3): 2236–2246. arXiv:1507.00675. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.452.2236B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1421. S2CID 109936564.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Lopez, Alexia M.; Clowes, Roger G.; Williger, Gerard M. (2022). "A Giant Arc on the Sky". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 516 (2): 1557–1572. arXiv:2201.06875. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2204.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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  8. 1 2 Clowes, Roger; Harris, Kathryn A.; Raghunathan, Srinivasan; Campusano, Luis E.; Söchting, Ilona K.; Graham, Matthew J. (2013-01-11). "A structure in the early Universe at z ∼ 1.3 that exceeds the homogeneity scale of the R-W concordance cosmology". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1211 (4): 6256. arXiv:1211.6256. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.429.2910C. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts497. S2CID 486490.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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  12. 1 2 Shimawaka, Rhythm; Okabe, Nobuhiro; Shirasaki, Masat; Tanaka, Masayuki (22 November 2022). "King Ghidorah Supercluster: Mapping the light and dark matter in a new supercluster at z = 0.55 using the subaru hyper suprime-cam". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 519 (1): L45–L50. arXiv:2211.11970. Bibcode:2023MNRAS.519L..45S. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slac150. ISSN 1745-3933. S2CID 253761264.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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  14. ↑ Böhringer, Hans; Chon, Gayoung; Trümper, Joachim (2021). "The Cosmic Large-Scale Structure in X-rays (CLASSIX) Cluster Survey. II. Unveiling a pancake structure with a 100 MPC radius in the local Universe". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 651: A15. arXiv:2105.13999. Bibcode:2021A&A...651A..15B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140595.
  15. ↑ Nadathur, Seshadri (10 July 2018). "Seeing patterns in noise: Gigaparsec-scale 'structures' that do not violate homogeneity". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 434: 398–406. arXiv:1306.1700. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1028. S2CID 119220579.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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  29. 1 2 3 4 Cite error: The named reference einasto2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  35. ↑ Cucciati, O.; Lemaux, B. C.; Zamorani, G.; Le Fèvre, O.; Tasca, L. A. M.; Hathi, N. P.; Lee, K.-G.; Bardelli, S.; Cassata, P.; Garilli, B.; Le Brun, V.; MacCagni, D.; Pentericci, L.; Thomas, R.; Vanzella, E.; Zucca, E.; Lubin, L. M.; Amorin, R.; Cassarà, L. P.; Cimatti, A.; Talia, M.; Vergani, D.; Koekemoer, A.; Pforr, J.; Salvato, M. (2018). "The progeny of a cosmic titan: A massive multi-component proto-supercluster in formation at z = 2.45 in VUDS". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 619: A49. arXiv:1806.06073. Bibcode:2018A&A...619A..49C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833655. S2CID 119472428.
  36. 1 2 3 4 R.G.Clowes; "Large Quasar Groups - A Short Review"; 'The New Era of Wide Field Astronomy', ASP Conference Series, Vol. 232.; 2001; Astronomical Society of the Pacific; ISBN 1-58381-065-X ; Bibcode:2001ASPC..232..108C
  37. ↑ Graham, M. J.; Clowes, R. G.; Campusano, L. E. (1995). "Finding Quasar Superstructures". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 275 (3): 790. Bibcode:1995MNRAS.275..790G. doi:10.1093/mnras/275.3.790.
  38. ↑ Unveiling large-scale structures behind the Milky Way. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 67; Proceedings of a workshop at the Observatoire de Paris-Meudon; 18–21 January 1994; San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP); c1994; edited by Chantal Balkowski and R. C. Kraan-Korteweg, p.21 ; Visualization of Nearby Large-Scale Structures ; Fairall, A. P., Paverd, W. R., & Ashley, R. P. ; Bibcode:1994ASPC...67...21F
  39. ↑ 'Astrophysics and Space Science', Volume 230, Issue 1-2, pp. 225-235 Large-Scale Structures in the Distribution of Galaxies 08/1995 Bibcode:1995Ap&SS.230..225F
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 . Bibcode:2011A&A...532A...5E. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  41. ↑ Krause, M. O.; Ribeiro, A. L. B.; Lopes, P. A. A. (2013). "Distribution and evolution of galaxy groups in the Ursa Major supercluster". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 551: A143. arXiv:1302.5802. Bibcode:2013A&A...551A.143K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220071. S2CID 119199961.
  42. ↑ Francis, Paul J.; Palunas, Povilas; Teplitz, Harry I.; Williger, Gerard M.; Woodgate, Bruce E. (2004). "The Distribution of Lyα-emitting Galaxies at z =2.38. II. Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 614 (1): 75–83. arXiv:astro-ph/0406413. Bibcode:2004ApJ...614...75F. doi:10.1086/423417. S2CID 118037575.
  43. ↑ Webster, Adrian (May 1982). "The clustering of quasars from an objective-prism survey". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 199 (3): 683–705. Bibcode:1982MNRAS.199..683W. doi:10.1093/mnras/199.3.683.
  44. ↑ Tanaka, I. (2004). "Subaru Observation of a Supercluster of Galaxies and QSOS at Z = 1.1". Studies of Galaxies in the Young Universe with New Generation Telescope, Proceedings of Japan-German Seminar, held in Sendai, Japan, July 24–28, 2001. pp. 61–64. Bibcode:2004sgyu.conf...61T.
  45. ↑ Tanaka, I.; Yamada, T.; Turner, E. L.; Suto, Y. (2001). "Superclustering of Faint Galaxies in the Field of a QSO Concentration at z ~ 1.1". The Astrophysical Journal. 547 (2): 521–530. arXiv:astro-ph/0009229. Bibcode:2001ApJ...547..521T. doi:10.1086/318430. S2CID 119439816.
  46. ↑ Sankhyayan, Shishir; Okabe, Joydeep; Tempel, Elmo; More, Surhud; Einasto, Maret; Dabhade, Pratik; Raychaudhury, Somak; Athreya, Ramana; Heinämäki, Pekka (13 November 2023). "Identification of Superclusters and Their Properties in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Using the WHL Cluster Catalog". The Astrophysical Journal. 958 (1): 62. arXiv:2309.06251. Bibcode:2023ApJ...958...62S. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acfaeb.
  47. ↑ The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, volume 121, issue 2, pp. 445–472. "Photometric Properties of Kiso Ultraviolet-Excess Galaxies in the Lynx-Ursa Major Region" 04/1999 Bibcode:1999ApJS..121..445T
  48. 1 2 . Bibcode:2015A&A...580A..69E. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  49. ↑ Umehata, Hideki (2019). "ALMA Deep Field in the SSA22 proto-cluster at z = 3". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 15: 157–161. doi:10.1017/S1743921319009591. S2CID 233342554.
  50. ↑ Klypin, Anatoly; Hoffman, Yehuda; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Gottlober, Stefan (2003). "Constrained Simulations of the Real Universe: The Local Supercluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 596 (1): 19–33. arXiv:astro-ph/0107104. Bibcode:2003ApJ...596...19K. doi:10.1086/377574. S2CID 1830859.
  51. 1 2 Heinämäki, P.; Teerikorpi, P.; Douspis, M.; Nurmi, P.; Einasto, M.; Gramann, M.; Nevalainen, J.; Saar, E. (2022). "Quasi-spherical superclusters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 668: A37. arXiv:2210.13294. Bibcode:2022A&A...668A..37H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244239.
  52. ↑ Porter, Scott C.; Raychaudhury, Somak (2005). "The Pisces-Cetus supercluster: A remarkable filament of galaxies in the 2dF Galaxy Redshift and Sloan Digital Sky surveys". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 364 (4): 1387–1396. arXiv:astro-ph/0511050. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.364.1387P. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09688.x. S2CID 14599403.
  53. ↑ McCall, Marshall L. (29 April 2013). "A Council of Giants". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 440 (1) (published 10 March 2014): 405–426. arXiv:1403.3667. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.440..405M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu199.
  54. 1 2 3 Owusu, Stephen; Da Silveira Ferreira, Pedro; Notari, Alessio; Quartin, Miguel (2023). "The CMB cold spot under the lens: Ruling out a supervoid interpretation". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2023 (6): 040. arXiv:2211.16139. Bibcode:2023JCAP...06..040O. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2023/06/040. S2CID 254069386.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Mao, Qingqing; Berlind, Andreas A.; Scherrer, Robert J.; Neyrinck, Mark C.; Scoccimarro, Román; Tinker, Jeremy L.; McBride, Cameron K.; Schneider, Donald P.; Pan, Kaike; Bizyaev, Dmitry; Malanushenko, Elena; Malanushenko, Viktor (2017). "A Cosmic Void Catalog of SDSS DR12 BOSS Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 835 (2): 161. arXiv:1602.02771. Bibcode:2017ApJ...835..161M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/161. S2CID 119098071.
  56. 1 2 Cai, Rong-Gen; Ding, Jia-Feng; Guo, Zong-Kuan; Wang, Shao-Jiang; Yu, Wang-Wei (2021). "Do the observational data favor a local void?". Physical Review D. 103 (12): 123539. arXiv:2012.08292. Bibcode:2021PhRvD.103l3539C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.103.123539. S2CID 229180790.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  57. ↑ Kenworthy, W. D’Arcy; Scolnic, Dan; Riess, Adam (2019-04-24). "The Local Perspective on the Hubble Tension: Local Structure Does Not Impact Measurement of the Hubble Constant". The Astrophysical Journal. 875 (2): 145. arXiv:1901.08681. Bibcode:2019ApJ...875..145K. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab0ebf. ISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 119095484.
  58. ↑ Haslbauer, Moritz; Banik, Indranil; Kroupa, Pavel (October 23, 2020). "The KBC void and Hubble tension contradict $\Lambda$CDM on a Gpc scale $-$ Milgromian dynamics as a possible solution". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 499 (2): 2845–2883. arXiv:2009.11292. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2348.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  59. ↑ Kopylov, A. I.; Kopylova, F. G. (February 2002). "Search for streaming motion of galaxy clusters around the Giant Void" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 382 (2): 389–396. Bibcode:2002A&A...382..389K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011500. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-18.
  60. 1 2 Bahcall, N. A.; Soneira, R. M. (1982) "An approximately 300 MPC void of rich clusters of galaxies" (PDF) Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, vol. 262, Nov. 15, 1982, p. 419-423. Bibcode:1982ApJ...262..419B doi:10.1086/160436
  61. 1 2 Einasto, Jaan; Einasto, Maret; Gramann, Mirt (1989) "Structure and formation of superclusters. IX - Self-similarity of voids" (PDF) Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices (ISSN 0035-8711), vol. 238, May 1, 1989, p. 155-177. Bibcode:1989MNRAS.238..155E
  62. ↑ S.A. Pustilnik (SAO), D. Engels (Hamburg), A.Y. Kniazev (ESO, SAO), A.G. Pramskij, A.V. Ugryumov (SAO), H.-J. Hagen (Hamburg) (2005) [ "HS 2134+0400 - new very metal-poor galaxy, a representative of void population?"] arXiv:astro-ph/0508255v1 Bibcode:2006AstL...32..228P doi:10.1134/S1063773706040025

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