Symplocos
| Symplocos Temporal range: | |
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| Plate by Philipp Franz von Siebold and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Embryophytes |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Spermatophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Symplocaceae |
| Genus: | Symplocos Jacq.[1] |
| Species | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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26 synonyms
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Symplocos is a genus of flowering plants in the order Ericales, and is the only genus in family Symplocaceae. It comprises about 400 species distributed through tropical and subtropical Asia, Australia, the western Pacific and the Americas.
Description
[edit]Species in this family are shrubs or trees; they may be dioecious, polygamous or bisexual. Leaves are mostly spirally arranged and are simple with entire or toothed margins; stipules are absent, petioles present, venation pinnate. Inflorescences take various forms, mostly a raceme, spike, panicle, glomerule or a solitary flower. Fruits are single-seeded drupes, often blue.[2][3]
Distribution
[edit]Symplocos is native to the following regions as defined in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions:[1][4]
- Indian Subcontinent: Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, West Himalaya
- China: China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Hainan, Inner Mongolia, Manchuria, Tibet
- Eastern Asia: Japan, Korea, Nansei-shoto, Ogasawara-shoto, Taiwan
- Indo-China: Andaman Is., Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Nicobar Is., Thailand, Vietnam
- Malesia: Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Maluku, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatera
- Papuasia: Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea, Solomon Is.
- Australia: New South Wales, Norfolk Is., Queensland
- Northwestern Pacific: Caroline Is.
- Southwestern Pacific: Fiji, New Caledonia, Santa Cruz Is., Vanuatu
- Mexico: Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest
- North-Central U.S.A.: Oklahoma
- South-Central U.S.A.: Texas
- Southeastern U.S.A.: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia
- Brazil: Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central
- Caribbean: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Leeward Is., Puerto Rico, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuelan Antilles, Windward Is.,
- Central America: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panamá
- Northern South America: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
- Southern South America: Argentina Northeast, Paraguay, Uruguay
- Western South America: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Fossil record
[edit]The oldest fossils of the genus date to the lower Eocene of Europe and North America, with the genus being present in Europe as late as the Pliocene.[5][6] Fossil seeds of †Symplocos granulosa are frequent in sediment rock layers of the Late Oligocene to the Late Miocene of Denmark, Germany, Austria and Poland. The fossil seeds are very similar to the seeds of the extant southern Chinese species Symplocos glandulifera and Symplocos sulcata. Fossil seeds of †Symplocos paucicostata are known from the Middle Pliocene sediment rock layers in Reuver, the Netherlands, and from the Late Pliocene sediment rock layers in northern Italy. The fossil seeds are very similar to the seeds of the extant East Asian species Symplocos paniculata.[7]
Selected species
[edit]- Symplocos adenophylla
- Symplocos anamallayana
- Symplocos anomala
- Symplocos badia
- Symplocos baehnii
- Symplocos barberi
- Symplocos blancae
- Symplocos bractealis
- Symplocos breedlovei
- Symplocos calycodactylos
- Symplocos candelabrum – Lord Howe Island, Australia
- Symplocos canescens
- Symplocos carmencitae
- Symplocos chloroleuca
- Symplocos clethrifolia
- Symplocos coccinea
- Symplocos cochinchinensis
- Symplocos cordifolia – Sri Lanka
- Symplocos coronata – Sri Lanka
- Symplocos costaricana – Central America
- Symplocos costata
- Symplocos cuneata – Sri Lanka
- Symplocos ecuadorica – Ecuador
- Symplocos fuscata
- Symplocos henschelii
- Symplocos hispidula
- Symplocos junghuhnii
- Symplocos longipes
- Symplocos lugubris
- Symplocos mezii
- Symplocos myrtacea – Japan
- Symplocos nairii
- Symplocos nicolsonii – India
- Symplocos nivea
- Symplocos octopetala
- Symplocos oligandra
- Symplocos paniculata – Japan, South Korea
- Symplocos pendula
- Symplocos peruviana
- Symplocos pluribracteata
- Symplocos pulchra – Sri Lanka
- Symplocos pyriflora
- Symplocos racemosa – China, South Asia
- Symplocos rimbachii
- Symplocos shilanensis
- Symplocos sousae
- Symplocos stawellii – eastern Australia
- Symplocos subandina
- Symplocos tacanensis
- Symplocos thwaitesii – eastern Australia
- Symplocos tinctoria – United States
- Symplocos trichoclada
- Symplocos truncata
- Symplocos tubulifera
- Symplocos verrucisurcula
- Symplocos versicolor
Extinct species
[edit]References
[edit]- 1 2 3 "Symplocos Jacq". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 15 July 2026.
- ↑ Jessup, L.W. (2011). "A taxonomic revision of Symplocos Jacq. (Symplocaceae) in Australia". Austrobaileya. 8 (3): 225–251.
- ↑ Nooteboom, H.P. (2004). "Symplocaceae". In Kubitzki, Klaus (ed.). Flowering Plants, Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. 6. Berlin: Springer. p. 443. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-07257-8. ISBN 978-3-642-05714-4.
- ↑ Brummitt, R.K. (2001). World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (PDF) (2nd ed.). International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG).
- ↑ Sadowski, Eva-Maria; Hofmann, Christa-Charlotte (2023-01-12). "The largest amber-preserved flower revisited". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 17. Bibcode:2023NatSR..13...17S. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24549-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9837116. PMID 36635320.
- ↑ Manchester, Steven R.; Fritsch, Peter W. (January 2014). "European fossil fruits of Sphenotheca related to extant Asian species of Symplocos: Sphenotheca transferred to Symplocos". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 52 (1): 68–74. doi:10.1111/jse.12060. S2CID 86227214.
- ↑ A reconsideration of the diversity of Symplocos in the European Neogene on the basis of fruit morphology by D. H. Mai and Edoardo Martinetto - Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 140(1):1-26, June 2006 - DOI:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2006.02.001
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