Sungjeonggiwon
| Sungjeonggiwon | |
 The Thousand Character Classic, used as a textbook at seodang, contains an example of the Sungjeonggiwon. The preface on the right page records the date as "the Sinmi year, 64 years after Sungjeonggiwon" (崇禎紀元後六十四年辛未), corresponding to 1691 (the 30th year of the Kangxi era of the Qing dynasty) | |
| Korean name | |
|---|---|
| Hangul | 숭정기원 |
| Hanja | 崇禎紀元 |
| RR | Sungjeonggiwon |
| MR | Sungjŏnggiwŏn |
The Sungjeonggiwon (Korean: 숭정기원; Hanja: 崇禎紀元; lit. 'Age of Sungjeong'), also known as Hwangmyeong Sungjeonggiwon (황명숭정기원; 皇明崇禎紀元) or Hwangmyeonggiwon (황명기원; 皇明紀元), was a dating system used during the Joseon Korea. It was named after Chongzhen (崇禎; Sungjeong), the final era name of Ming China, and reflected Joseon's view that it had inherited the Chinese cultural and political tradition after the fall of the Ming. Beginning with the first year of the Chongzhen era (1628), years were counted as "years after Sungjeonggiwon" (숭정기원후; 崇禎紀元後) or "years after the Sungjeong era" (숭정후; 崇禎後). In some cases, dates were expressed using the sexagenary cycle and ordinal numbers rather than by counting the number of elapsed years.
History
[edit]From its foundation, the Joseon dynasty of Korea maintained a tributary relationship with the Ming dynasty of China, received Ming investiture, and adopted Ming era names. In 1637, following the Second Manchu invasion of Korea, King Injo of Joseon surrendered to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty at Samjeondo, and Joseon became a Qing tributary state. After the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644, the Qing dynasty established its rule over China. Among Joseon's scholar-officials, anti-Qing sentiment and the influence of the Little China ideology led many to continue regarding the Ming as the legitimate successor to the Chinese imperial tradition, while viewing the Qing as illegitimate.[1] Regarding the use of era names, the Joseon court initially continued to use the Chongzhen era name in internal documents. In royal tomb inscriptions, ancestral rites at the royal shrine, and Confucian temple ritual texts, dates were generally recorded without era names. Qing era names began to appear in ritual texts only after 1644, although the use of Ming era names and sexagenary-cycle dating remained common among the general population. After King Sukjong came to the throne (r. 1674–1720), he considered the practice of merely recording dates by the sexagenary cycle insufficient to express Joseon's remembrance of the Ming dynasty. He therefore introduced the practice of dating documents by counting the years after the Chongzhen era, known as the Sungjeonggiwon.[2][3] The dating system was subsequently used widely throughout Joseon society and remained in use until the reign of King Gojong (1864–1907).[2] In 2016, a traditional house in Wicheon-myeon, Geochang County, South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea, was still using the system on its annual Ipchuncheop (spring calligraphy) board, recording the date as "379 years after the Jeongchuk year of the Sungjeong era" (崇禎丁丑後三百七十九年).[4][5]
Examples
[edit]Cumulative year count
[edit]- 崇禎即位後二十八年 ('28 years after the accession of the Chongzhen Emperor'; 1655)[6]
- 崇禎紀元後八十三年 ('83 years after the beginning of the Sungjeonggiwon'; 1710)[7]
- 崇禎後百三十八年 ('138 years after the Sungjeong era'; 1765)[8]
- 崇禎紀元後二百六十三年 ('263 years after the beginning of the Sungjeonggiwon'; 1890)[9]
Year count combined with the sexagenary cycle
[edit]- 崇禎五十六年癸亥 ('the Gyehae year, the 56th year of the Sungjeong era'; 1683)[6]
- 崇禎七十七年歲次甲申 ('the Gapshin year, the 77th year of the Sungjeong era'; 1704)[10]
- 崇禎紀元九十三年庚子 ('the Gyeongja year, the 93rd year of Sungjeonggiwon'; 1720)[11]
- 皇明紀元後百二十年丁卯 ('the Jeongmyo year, 120 years after Hwangmyeonggiwon'; 1747)[12]
Sexagenary cycle with ordinal numbers
[edit]
- 崇禎紀元後再庚午 ('the second Gyeongo year after Sungjeonggiwon'; 1690)[13]
- 崇禎後再癸丑 ('the second Gyuchuk year after the Sungjeong era'; 1733)[14]
- 崇禎再紀後丙辰 ('the second Byeongjin year after the Sungjeong era'; 1736)[13]
- 崇禎後三周壬申 ('the third Imshin year after the Sungjeong era'; 1752)[15]
- 皇明崇禎紀元後三甲寅 ('the third Gapin year after Hwangmyeong Sungjeonggiwon'; 1794)[16]
- 皇明紀元後四庚寅 ('the fourth Gyeongin year after Hwangmyeonggiwon'; 1834)[17]
- 皇明紀元後四周甲午 ('the fourth Gap-o year after Hwangmyeonggiwon'; 1834)[13]
- 崇禎紀元後四己未 ('the fourth Gimi year after Sungjeonggiwon'; 1859)[18]
- 崇禎紀元後四乙丑 ('the fourth Eulchuk year after Sungjeonggiwon'; 1865)[19]
- 崇禎紀元後五丙戌 ('the fifth Byeongsul year after Sungjeonggiwon'; 1886)[20]
- 崇禎紀元後五壬辰 ('the fifth Imjin year after Sungjeonggiwon'; 1892)[13]
- 崇禎後五甲寅 ('the fifth Gapin year after the Sungjeong era'; 1914)[21]
Sexagenary cycle with or without ordinal numbers
[edit]- 戊辰後 ('after the Mujin year') refers to dates counted from the Mujin year, which was the first year of the Chongzhen era (1628)
- 崇禎紀元戊辰後丙辰 ('the Byeongjin year after the Mujin year of Sungjeonggiwon'; 1676)[22]
- 崇禎紀元戊辰後五十一年戊午 ('the Muo year, the 51st year after the Mujin year of Sungjeonggiwon'; 1678)[6]
- 崇禎紀元戊辰五十五年壬戌 ('the Imsul year, the 55th year after the Mujin year of Sungjeonggiwon'; 1682)[6]
- 大明崇禎戊辰後丁亥 ('the Jeonghae year after the Mujin year of Daemyeong Sungjeong'; 1707)[23]
- 皇明崇禎紀元戊辰之後一百三十三年庚辰 ('the Gyeongjin year, the 133rd year after the Mujin year of Hwangmyeong Sungjeonggiwon'; 1760)[24]
- 丙子後 ('after the Byeongja year') refers to dates counted from the Byeongja year (1636), the year of the Qing invasion of Joseon (Byeongjahoran)
- 崇禎丙子後三十一年丙午 ('the Byeongo year, the 31st year after the Byeongja year of the Sungjeong era'; 1666)[9]
- 崇禎丙子後三十五年庚戌 ('the Gyeongsul year, the 35th year after the Byeongja year of the Sungjeong era'; 1670)[9]
- 甲申後 ('after the Gapsin year') refers to dates counted from the Gapsin year (1644), the year of the fall of the Ming dynasty and the establishment of Qing rule in China
- 崇禎十七年甲申後十六年己亥 ('the Gihae year, the 16th year after the Gapsin year of the 17th year of the Sungjeong era'; 1659)[9]
- 崇禎甲申後四十年癸亥 ('the Gyehae year, the 40th year after the Gapsin year of the Sungjeong era'; 1683)[9]
- 崇禎甲申後五十年 ('the 50th year after the Gapsin year of the Sungjeong era'; 1694)[9]
- 崇禎甲申後六十三年丙戌 ('the Byeongsul year, the 63rd year after the Gapsin year of the Sungjeong era'; 1706)[9]
- 崇禎甲申後六十五年 ('the 65th year after the Gapsin year of the Sungjeong era'; 1708)[25]
- 再甲申後 ('after the second Gapsin year') refers to dates counted from the second Gapsin year (1704), which occurred 60 years after the first Gapsin year (1644)
- 崇禎再甲申後四十九年壬申 ('the Imsin year, the 49th year after the second Gapsin year of the Sungjeong era'; 1752)[13]
Others
[edit]- 崇禎重光作噩 (1681)[15]
- 崇禎紀元後四十二年丙寅 ('the Byeongin year, the 42nd year after Sungjeonggiwon'; 1686)[26]
- 後崇禎四十六年庚午 ('the Gyeongo year, the 46th year after the Sungjeong era'; 1690)[9]
- 崇禎丙午建祠後五十六年辛亥 ('the Sinhae year, the 56th year after the shrine was built in the Byeongo year of the Sungjeong era'; 1721)[27]
- 崇禎紀年後再壬戌 ('the second Imsul year after Sungjeongginyeon'; 1742)[28]
- 崇禎紀元後再庚辰 ('the second Gyeongjin year after Sungjeonggiwon'; 1760)[23]
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ↑ Sun (2004), pp. 193–196.
- 1 2 Song (2007), p. 74.
- ↑ Veritable Records of Sukjong, vol. 53; the 5th day, 5th month of 1713.
- ↑ "정겨운 느낌이 드는 전통한옥을 찾아서..." [In Search of a Traditional Hanok with a Warm and Welcoming Feel...]. NAVER Blog (in Korean). Archived from the original on 3 October 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
- ↑ "朝鮮人，為什麼無比懷念崇禎？" [Why Do Koreans Miss Chongzhen So Much?]. Sina (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- 1 2 3 4 Fujita (2018), p. 86.
- ↑ "金澤大學所藏／近代教育掛圖 0426 文烈公重峯趙先生戰場紀蹟碑拓本 二" [Kanazawa University Collection / Modern Educational Wall Charts 0426: Rubbing of the Stele Commemorating Yi Yi's (Jo Jung-bong) Battlefield Achievements, Part 2]. Kyoto University Library Digital Archive (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2013-02-20.
- ↑ "청암사 용암선사탑비" [Stele of Master Yongam of Cheongamsa Temple]. Digital Local Culture Encyclopedia of Korea (in Korean). Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Fujita (2018), p. 87.
- ↑ Veritable Records of Sukjong, vol. 39; the 19th day, 3rd month of 1704.
- ↑ Mongwajip, vol. 3.
- ↑ "화산군 이연 신도비" [Stele of Prince Hwasan Yi Yeon]. NAVER Blog (in Korean). Archived from the original on 3 October 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Fujita (2018), p. 88.
- ↑ "Harvard Mirador Viewer". iiif.lib.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- 1 2 Hirase (1993), p. 95.
- ↑ "이순신신도비(李舜臣神道碑) 노양(鷺梁)" [Stele of Yi Sun-sin (Noryang)]. Korea University Korean History and Culture Database (in Korean). Archived from the original on 3 October 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
- ↑ "둔옹선생문집 (遁翁先生文集)" [Collected Works of Master Dunong]. Korea University Korean History and Culture Database (in Korean). Archived from the original on 3 October 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
- ↑ "崇禎紀元後四己未元子誕生慶科增廣別試文武科殿試榜目" [List of Candidates Passing the Special Civil and Military Examination Held for the Celebration of the Crown Prince's Birth, the Fourth Gimi Year after Sungjeonggiwon]. Taiwan Digital Archives (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 30 September 2023.
- ↑ "金澤大学所藏／近代教育掛圖 0433 有明朝鮮兩王子紀蹟碑拓本" [Kanazawa University Collection / Modern Educational Wall Charts 0433: Rubbing of the Stele Commemorating the Achievements of Two Korean Princes of the Ming Dynasty]. Kyoto University Library Digital Archive (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
- ↑ The Joseon document Nakchon Park Seonsaeng Yugo (駱村朴先生遺稿), held in the Fudan University Collection, item no. AB096506-08.
- ↑ Seoul National University Kyujanggak Collection, Cheondae Sokyurok (天臺續游錄), item no. Kyugu 565-1.
- ↑ Hirase (1993), p. 92.
- 1 2 Hirase (1993), p. 93.
- ↑ "이주진묘표음기(李周鎮墓表隂記)" [Inscription on the Reverse of the Tomb Stele of Yi Ju-jin]. Archived from the original on 3 October 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
- ↑ "북관대첩비(北關大捷碑) 개요와 내용" [Overview and Contents of the Bukgwan Victory Stele] (PDF). Independence Hall of Korea. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2023.
- ↑ Kanazawa Shōsaburō. "朝鮮書籍目錄" [Catalogue of Joseon Books]. Archived from the original on 25 February 2025.
- ↑ Fujita (2018), p. 89.
- ↑ "김홍주 신도비(金弘柱神道碑)" [Stele of Kim Hong-ju]. Archived from the original on 3 October 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
Works cited
[edit]- Fujita, Ryosaku (2018). "朝鮮の年号と紀年（下）" [Era Names and Year Reckoning in Korea (Part 2)] (PDF). Tōyō Gakuhō (in Japanese): 53–91. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2024.
- Hirase, Takao (1993). "日本近世の亀趺碑―中国および朝鮮半島の歴代亀趺碑との比較を通して・その続―" [Turtle Stele Inscriptions in Early Modern Japan: A Comparison with Historical Turtle Steles in China and the Korean Peninsula, Continued] (PDF). 東洋文化研究所紀要 [Bulletin of the Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia] (in Japanese). 122: 75–99. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2024.
- Office of Annals (1728). Sukjong Sillok 朝鮮肅宗實錄 [Veritable Records of Sukjong] (in Literary Chinese). National Institute of Korean History.
- Sun, Weiguo (2004). "從正朔看朝鮮王朝尊明反清的正統意識" [Pro-Ming/Anti-Qing Sentiment and the Question of Legitimacy: Choson Korea's Use of Ming Reign Titles]. Sinological Studies. 22 (1): 191–218. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
- Song, Huijuan (2007). 清代中朝宗藩关系嬗变研究 [Research on the Evolution of Qing–Joseon Tributary Relations] (in Chinese). Jilin University Press. ISBN 9787560135656.
- Kim, Chang-jip (1758). "훈지록서 (塤篪錄序)" [Preface to the Hunjirok]. Mongwajip 몽와집 (夢窩集) [Collected Works of Mongwa].
Further reading
[edit]- "숭정기원 환산표 [崇禎紀元 換算表]" [Conversion Table for the Sungjeong Giwon] (in Korean). Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- "小史 使用了二百多年的年號-崇禎" [A Brief History of the Era Name Chongzhen Used for More Than Two Hundred Years] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2020.