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// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhat did Setophaga say? "Warbler" about the weather.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Setophaga
Blackburnian warbler, Setophaga fusca
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Parulidae
Genus: Setophaga
Swainson, 1827
Type species
Motacilla ruticilla[1]
Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms

Parula Bonaparte, 1838
Dendroica G. R. Gray, 1842

The Palm warbler is a member of the Setophaga genus
The palm warbler is a member of genus Setophaga

Setophaga is a genus of birds of the New World warbler family Parulidae. It contains at least 37 species. The Setophaga warblers are an example of adaptive radiation with the various species using different feeding techniques and often feeding in different parts of the same tree.

Most Setophaga species are long-range migrants, wintering in or near the New World tropics and seasonally migrating to breed in North America. In contrast, two Setophaga species, the palm warbler and yellow-rumped warbler, have winter ranges that extend along the Atlantic coast of North America as far north as Nova Scotia.[2] The males in breeding plumage are often highly colorful.

Taxonomy

[edit]

The genus Setophaga was introduced by the English naturalist William Swainson in 1827.[3] The type species was subsequently designated by Swainson in the same year as the American redstart Setophaga ruticilla.[4][5] The genus name Setophaga means moth eater in Ancient Greek; from σής : sēs (genitive σητός : sētós), "moth", and φάγος : phágos, "eating".[6]

Traditionally, most members (29 species) of Setophaga were recognized as belonging to the genus Dendroica. The only member of Setophaga was the American redstart. More recent genetic research suggested that Dendroica and Setophaga be merged.[7] This change was accepted by both the North American and South American Classification Committees of the American Ornithological Society[8][9] and the IOC World Bird List.[10] As the name Setophaga (published in 1827) takes priority over Dendroica (published in 1842), those who accept the merger transferred all Dendroica species to Setophaga.[7]

History

[edit]

A burst of speciation in Setophaga occurred between 4.5 and 7 million years ago.[11] This time frame roughly corresponds to the transition from the Miocene to the Pliocene period, when an abrupt rise in temperature and the fragmentation of forest habitats in North America[12] may have caused allopatric speciation in the genus. It is widely agreed that this speciation constitutes an adaptive radiation,[11][13][14] though recent evidence is mixed, noting that evidence of both adaptive and non-adaptive radiations exists.[15]

Up to several Setophaga species coexist in regions such as northeastern North America. Since these species are strikingly similar in both diet and morphology, this was once thought to be a violation of the laws of evolution. Further study concluded that species coexist through subtle feeding differences due to niche partitioning[16] and diffuse exploitative interspecific competition:[17] rather than compete directly for the same food resources, species utilize slightly different feeding strategies to capture a slightly different set of prey species.

List of species

[edit]

The genus contains 35 species.[18]

ImageCommon nameScientific nameDistribution
Adelaide's warblerSetophaga adelaidaePuerto Rico
American redstartSetophaga ruticillasouthern Canada and the eastern United States
Mangrove warblerSetophaga petechiaMangroves on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of tropical America as well as Caribbean islands
American yellow warblerSetophaga aestivaBreeds in North America, winters in Central and South America
Arrowhead warblerSetophaga pharetraJamaica
Bahama warblerSetophaga flavescensThe Bahamas
Barbuda warblerSetophaga subitaBarbuda in Antigua and Barbuda
Bay-breasted warblerSetophaga castaneaeastern and central Canada, as well as the extreme northern United States., northeastern South America, the Caribbean, and southern Central America
Blackburnian warblerSetophaga fuscasouthern Canada, westwards to the southern Canadian Prairies, the Great Lakes region and New England, to North Carolina. southern Central America and South America
Blackpoll warblerSetophaga striatanorthern North America, from Alaska throughout most of Canada, to the Adirondack Mountains of New York as well as New England in the northeastern United States. the Greater Antilles and the northeastern coasts of South America
Black-throated blue warblerSetophaga caerulescenseastern North America, the Caribbean, and Central America
Black-throated green warblerSetophaga virenseastern North America and western Canada and cypress swamps on the southern Atlantic coast. Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and southern Florida
Black-throated grey warblerSetophaga nigrescensfrom British Columbia to New Mexico, and winters in Mexico and the southwestern United States
Cape May warblerSetophaga tigrinasouthern Canada, the Great Lakes region, and New England
Cerulean warblerSetophaga ceruleaeastern North America, eastern slope of the Andes in South America
Chestnut-sided warblerSetophaga pensylvanicaeastern North America and in southern Canada, Central America south to northern Colombia
Elfin woods warblerSetophaga angelaePuerto Rico
Golden-cheeked warblerSetophaga chrysopariaCentral Texas
Grace's warblerSetophaga graciaesouthwestern United States, Mexico, northern Central America
Hermit warblerSetophaga occidentaliswest coast of the United States, Mexico and Central America as well as parts of the southern California coast.
Hooded warblerSetophaga citrinaeastern United States and into southernmost Canada (Ontario)
Kirtland's warblerSetophaga kirtlandiiGreat Lakes region of Ontario, Canada and the United States from Wisconsin and Michigan
Magnolia warblerSetophaga magnolianortheastern parts of the US, with states such as Minnesota and Wisconsin, northern parts of Canada, such as in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec
Northern parulaSetophaga americanaeastern North America from southern Canada to Florida
Olive-capped warblerSetophaga pityophilaCuba as well as Grand Bahama
Palm warblerSetophaga palmarumCanada and the northeastern United States
Pine warblerSetophaga pinuseastern North America
Plumbeous warblerSetophaga plumbeaDominica and Guadeloupe
Prairie warblerSetophaga discolornortheastern Mexico and islands in the Caribbean
Saint Lucia warblerSetophaga delicataSaint Lucia
Townsend's warblerSetophaga townsendinorthwestern coast of North America
Tropical parulaSetophaga pitiayumisouthernmost Texas and northwest Mexico (Sonora)
Vitelline warblerSetophaga vitellinaCayman Islands and on the Swan Islands in Honduras
Yellow-rumped warbler (includes Myrtle, Audubon's and Goldman's warblers)Setophaga coronatabreeds Alaska south to Guatemala and east to northeastern United States, winters in southern United States, Mexico, and western Caribbean
Yellow-throated warblerSetophaga dominicasouthern Pennsylvania and northern Missouri, to the Gulf of Mexico

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Parulidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
  2. ↑ "Explore BNA". Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
  3. ↑ Swainson, William (1827). "A synopsis of the birds discovered in Mexico by W. Bullock, F.L.S. and Mr. William Bullock jun". Philosophical Magazine. New Series. 1: 364–369 [368]. doi:10.1080/14786442708674330.
  4. ↑ Swainson, William (1827). "On several groups and forms in ornithology, not hitherto defined". Zoological Journal. 3: 343–363 [360].
  5. ↑ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 33.
  6. ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 355. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  7. 1 2 Lovette, Irby J.; et al. (2010). "A comprehensive multilocus phylogeny for the wood-warblers and a revised classification of the Parulidae (Aves)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (2): 753–70. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57..753L. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.018. PMID 20696258.
  8. ↑ Chesser R. T.; et al. (2011). "Fifty-Second Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds" (PDF). Auk. 128 (3): 600–613. Bibcode:2011Auk...128..600C. doi:10.1525/auk.2011.128.3.600. S2CID 13691956.
  9. ↑ A Classification of the Bird Species of South America, accessed 17 August 2016
  10. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "New World warblers, mitrospingid tanagers". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  11. 1 2 Lovette, I. J.; Bermingham, E. (1999-08-22). "Explosive speciation in the New World Dendroica warblers". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 266 (1429): 1629–1636. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0825. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1690178.
  12. ↑ Paleoclimate and evolution, with emphasis on human origins. New Haven London: Yale university press. 1995. ISBN 978-0-300-06348-6.
  13. ↑ Price, Trevor; Lovette, Irby J.; Bermingham, Eldredge; Gibbs, H. Lisle; Richman, Adam D. (October 2000). "The Imprint of History on Communities of North American and Asian Warblers". The American Naturalist. 156 (4): 354–367. Bibcode:2000ANat..156..354P. doi:10.1086/303397. ISSN 0003-0147. PMID 29592136.
  14. ↑ Sherry, Thomas W; Kent, Cody M (2022-03-25). "Extensions and limitations of MacArthur (1958): A review of ecological and evolutionary approaches to competition and diet in the New World wood warblers (Parulidae)". Ornithology. 139 (2) ukac010. doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukac010. ISSN 0004-8038.
  15. ↑ Leroy, Hélène; Bowie, Rauri C K; Rubáčová, Lucia; Matysioková, Beata; Remeš, Vladimír (2024-02-19). "A late burst of colour evolution in a radiation of songbirds (Passeriformes: Parulidae) suggests secondary contact drives signal divergence". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 37 (4): 401–413. doi:10.1093/jeb/voae023. ISSN 1420-9101. PMID 38373243.
  16. ↑ MacArthur, Robert H. (October 1958). "Population Ecology of Some Warblers of Northeastern Coniferous Forests". Ecology. 39 (4): 599–619. Bibcode:1958Ecol...39..599M. doi:10.2307/1931600. ISSN 0012-9658. JSTOR 1931600.
  17. ↑ Sherry, Thomas W; Kent, Cody M (2022-03-15). "Extensions and limitations of MacArthur (1958): A review of ecological and evolutionary approaches to competition and diet in the New World wood warblers (Parulidae)". Ornithology. 139 (2) ukac010. doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukac010. ISSN 0004-8038.
  18. ↑ AviList Core Team (2025). "AviList: The Global Avian Checklist, v2025". doi:10.2173/avilist.v2025. Retrieved 7 June 2026.
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