Sases

Sases (Sasan)
Sases (Sasan)
Maharaja
	Rev Kharoshthi inscription: "Great king of kings, divine and saviour, Gondophares Sases".
Reign	1st century CE
Predecessor	Aspavarma (Apracharaja); Abdagases I (Indo-Parthian)
Successor	Vima Takto (Kushan)
Religion	Buddhism

Sases, also known as Gondophares IV Sases (Kharosthi: 𐨒𐨂𐨡𐨂𐨥𐨪 𐨯𐨯 Gu-du-pha-ra Sa-sa, Guduphara Sasa^[1]^[2]), sometimes named Sasan in the modern sources, was a king of the Indo-Parthian kingdom who ruled in Gandhara and the neighbouring areas. He is known solely from numismatic evidence, with his rule generally placed in the middle to the later half of the first century CE.

Probably hailing from the Apracha dynasty,^[3] at some point during his reign he assumed the title Gondophares after deposing Abdagases I, which was held by the supreme Indo-Parthian rulers. According to the alternative chronology advocated by Robert Senior, Sases is a likely candidate for several possible historical references to the Indo-Parthian kings of the 1st century CE, including in the Acts of Thomas and the Takht-i-Bahi inscription. Traditionally, these references have been thought to be about Gondophares I, as earlier scholars did not realise that "Gondophares" became a title after the death of this king.^[4]

Rule

Coin of Gondophares-Sases from Seistan in the Parthian style (Early-mid 1st century CE). **Obv** King with Parthian-style tiara. **Rev** BACILEYC BACIL(EWN M)EGAC YND-OFEPPhC OEPON MAZOM NOC CAh. Gondophares with Nike standing behind, crowning him.

In one of his coinage legends, Sases (Sasa) describes himself as the paternal nephew of Aspa, probably Aspavarma (Aśvavarma) and hence a grandson of Indravarma.^[5]^[3] He overthrew the dynasty founded by Gondophares,^[3] and assumed the position following Abdagases I along with adopting the title of Gondophares.^[6]

The Kushan ruler Vima Takto is known through numismatic evidence to have over struck the coins of Sasan, whilst a numismatic hoard had found coins of Sasan together with smaller coins of Kujula Kadphises.^[7]^[8] It has also been discovered that Sasan over struck the coins of Nahapana of the Western Satraps, this line of coinage dating between 40 and 78 CE.^[9]

Identification with Phraotes

In the 1st century CE, Phraotes, a Greek-speaking king of the city of Taxila, was met by the philosopher Apollonius of Tyana dated approximately to 46 CE, according to the Life of Apollonius Tyana written by Philostratus. The Gondophares who fits this date is Gondophares IV Sases, whose coinage has been dated to 40–78 CE.^[9] Apollonius describes the king as an Indian.^[11]

Family tree

Apracharajas

Vijayamitra
⁽¹⁾
r. c. 1st Century

Indravasu
⁽²⁾
r. c. 1st Century

Vispavarma
⁽³⁾
r. c. 1st Century

Indravarma
⁽⁴⁾
r. c. 20-50 CE

Aspavarma
⁽⁵⁾
r. c. 1st Century

Child of
Indravarma

Sasa
⁽⁶⁾
r. c. 1st Century

Notes

References

↑ Cunningham, Alexander, COINS OF THE INDO-SCYTHIANS. The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 8 (1888), pp. 199-248
↑ Coins of the Sakas, The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society Third Series, Vol. 10 (1890), pp. 103-172.
1 2 3 Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957). Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas). p. 215. The interesting additional information we get from these coins is that Sasan, a former associate of Gondophares and afterwards one of his successors in the Taxila region, was the son of Aspa's brother
↑ Jan Olbrycht, Marek (2016). "Dynastic Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of the House of Sāsān". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.). The Parthian and early Sasanian empires: adaptation and expansion: proceedings of a conference held in Vienna, 14-16 June 2012. Archaeological Monographs series. Oxford: Oxbow Books. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-78570-207-5. "Gondophares" passed into the title used by the rulers of Indo-Parthia, just like the honoriﬁc Arsaces in Parthia and Augustus in Rome.
↑ Indo-Greek and Indo-Scythian Coinage, Volumes 7 à 9, Michael Mitchiner, Hawkins Publications, 1976, p. 721.
↑ Srinivasan, Doris (30 April 2007). On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World. BRILL. p. 106. ISBN 978-90-474-2049-1. In the Indus valley Gondophares was succeeded by his nephew Abdagases and then by Sases.
↑ Srinivasan, Doris (30 April 2007). On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World. BRILL. p. 115. ISBN 978-90-474-2049-1.
↑ Dating and locating Mujatria and the two Kharahostes, Joe Cribb, p.29
1 2 Rienjang, Wannaporn; Stewart, Peter (14 March 2018). Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017. Archaeopress. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-1-78491-855-2.
↑ Metropolitan Museum of Art Item 38116
↑ De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860). "The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 17: 76. ISSN 0035-869X. JSTOR 25581224. Tho Indus passed, their new guide led them straight to Taxila, where was the palace of the Indian king.

[1] Cunningham, Alexander, COINS OF THE INDO-SCYTHIANS. The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 8 (1888), pp. 199-248

[2] Coins of the Sakas, The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society Third Series, Vol. 10 (1890), pp. 103-172.

[:0-3] 1 2 3 Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957). Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas). p. 215. The interesting additional information we get from these coins is that Sasan, a former associate of Gondophares and afterwards one of his successors in the Taxila region, was the son of Aspa's brother

[4] Jan Olbrycht, Marek (2016). "Dynastic Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of the House of Sāsān". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.). The Parthian and early Sasanian empires: adaptation and expansion: proceedings of a conference held in Vienna, 14-16 June 2012. Archaeological Monographs series. Oxford: Oxbow Books. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-78570-207-5. "Gondophares" passed into the title used by the rulers of Indo-Parthia, just like the honoriﬁc Arsaces in Parthia and Augustus in Rome.

[5] Indo-Greek and Indo-Scythian Coinage, Volumes 7 à 9, Michael Mitchiner, Hawkins Publications, 1976, p. 721.

[6] Srinivasan, Doris (30 April 2007). On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World. BRILL. p. 106. ISBN 978-90-474-2049-1. In the Indus valley Gondophares was succeeded by his nephew Abdagases and then by Sases.

[7] Srinivasan, Doris (30 April 2007). On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World. BRILL. p. 115. ISBN 978-90-474-2049-1.

[8] Dating and locating Mujatria and the two Kharahostes, Joe Cribb, p.29

[:1-9] 1 2 Rienjang, Wannaporn; Stewart, Peter (14 March 2018). Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017. Archaeopress. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-1-78491-855-2.

[10] Metropolitan Museum of Art Item 38116

[11] De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860). "The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 17: 76. ISSN 0035-869X. JSTOR 25581224. Tho Indus passed, their new guide led them straight to Taxila, where was the palace of the Indian king.

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