Rubas River
| Rubas Rubaschay | |
|---|---|
 | |
  Location within Caucasus Mountains  Location within Republic of Dagestan | |
| Native name | Рубас (Russian) |
| Location | |
| Countries | Russia |
| Region | Caucasus |
| Village | Rubas |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Main Caucasian Range Greater Caucasus |
| • location | Tabasaransky, Kurakhsky, and Derbentsky Districts, Dagestan, Russia |
| • coordinates | 41°54′09″N 47°42′10″E / 41.90250°N 47.70278°E |
| • elevation | 28 m (92 ft) |
| Mouth | |
• location | Caspian Sea |
• coordinates | 41°56′14″N 48°23′05″E / 41.93722°N 48.38472°E |
| Length | 92 km (57 mi)[1] |
Basin size | 1,180 km2 (460 sq mi) |
| Discharge | |
| • average | 593 m3/s (20,900 cu ft/s)[1] |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Afnachay, Khanagchay, Karchag-Su, and Kamyshchay |
| • right | Samur–Derbent Canal |
Rubas (Russian: Рубас),[2][3] also known as Rubaschay,[4] is a river flowing through the Tabasaransky, Kurakhsky, and Derbentsky districts of Dagestan.
The river is 92 km long.[1] The area of its drainage basin is 1,180 km2.[1]
Geography
[edit]It originates from springs on the northeastern slope of one of the ridges of Inner Dagestan, 3.4 km southeast of Mount Dzhufu-Dag, and flows into the Caspian Sea near the villages of Arablyar and Mollakent.
Hydrology
[edit]The river has a flood regime during the warm season and low water levels in winter. The highest annual discharges usually occur following rainfall. Summer rain floods can sometimes be catastrophic. The mean annual discharge is 1.01 m3/s, while the maximum is 59.3 m3/s.[1]
Tributaries
[edit]The largest tributaries are the Afnachay, Khanagchay, Karchag-Su, and Kamyshchay. In its lower reaches, water from the Samur–Derbent Canal is periodically discharged into the river.
Study of the river and its significance for water management
[edit]The river has been studied at the Khuchni and Rubas stream gauges. Its waters are used for irrigation; the canal named after Valerian Kuybyshev begins 3 km upstream from the village of Rubas.
Archaeology
[edit]In the lower reaches of the river, on its right bank, approximately 3 km upstream from the village of Chulat, a multilayered Paleolithic site, Rubas-1, is located on an extensive terrace-like escarpment at an elevation of ~30 m above the water level. The oldest archaeological materials at the site are associated with Layer 5 and represent a small-tool industry of the Early Paleolithic. The layer is tentatively dated to ~2.2–2.3 million years ago, corresponding to the final stage of the Akchagylian transgression of the Caspian Sea.[5][6]
The industry is characterized by a large number of small artifacts (~2–4 cm), frequent use of non-flake blanks (fragments and pieces), weak typological differentiation, and unstable tool forms. The assemblage is dominated by artifacts with various notches and spike-like projections, as well as scraper-like tools. The formation of the cultural-bearing layer at the Rubas-1 complex is associated with the final stage of the Akchagylian transgression of the Caspian Sea and is tentatively dated to ~2.2–2.3 million years ago. This makes the Rubas-1 complex one of the oldest known archaeological industries in the Caucasus and Eurasia as a whole. An absolute date obtained from an ash horizon in landslide deposits of the Rubas River is 1.5 ± 0.04 million years ago.[7][8]
Near the confluence of the Karchag-Su River with the Rubas, there is a group of sites designated Shor-Dore-1–6. Their cultural-bearing layer dates to the Late Baku period (0.4–0.3 million years ago).[9]
See also
[edit]- Battle of Rubas River, 1579
References
[edit]- 1 2 3 4 5 Surface Water Resources of the USSR, Vol. 9: Transcaucasia and Dagestan, Issue 3: Dagestan
- ↑ Surface Water Resources of the USSR: Hydrological Coverage. Vol. 9: Transcaucasia and Dagestan. Issue 3: Dagestan / Ed. by P. P. Burtova. — Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1964. p. 76.
- ↑ Rubas. Dictionary of Names of Hydrographic Features in Russia and Other CIS Member States. Ed. by G. I. Donidze. — Moscow: Kartgeotsentr–Geodezizdat, 1999. — p. 316. — ISBN 5-86066-017-0.
- ↑ Rubaschay. verum.icu State Water Register/Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. 2021.
- ↑ "Archaeology in a Changing Russia (A. P. Derevyanko, V. N. Zenin (Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences): "The Earliest Industries of Southeastern Dagestan")" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2014-04-18. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
- ↑ Derevyanko A. P., Anoykin A. A., Slavinsky V. S., Borisov M. A. New data on the Early Paleolithic assemblage of the Rubas-1 site (based on 2007 fieldwork materials)
- ↑ Derevyanko A. P., Anoykin A. A., Kazansky A. Yu., Matasova G. G. "New data to substantiate the age of the Early Paleolithic complex of artifacts from the Rubas-1 locality (Primorsky Dagestan) // News of the Altai State University. Issue No. 3 (87) / volume 2 / 2015". cyberleninka.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2018-06-15. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
- ↑ Leshchinsky S. V. Substantiation of the relative age of the lower cultural horizon at the Rubas-1 site // Derevyanko A. P., Amirkhanov Kh. A., Zenin V. N., Anoykin A. A., Rybalko A. G. Problems of the Paleolithic of Dagestan. — Novosibirsk, 2012.
- ↑ Anoykin A. A."Archaeological materials from the Shor-Dore 1–6 site complex in the context of terminal Early Paleolithic industries in coastal Dagestan". cyberleninka.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2018-07-14. Retrieved 2018-07-14. // Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology. 2016. Vol. 15, No. 7: Archaeology and Ethnography. Pp. 49–59.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Rubaschay at Wikimedia Commons
