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Rockefeller Republican

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rockefeller Republicans
LeaderNelson Rockefeller
Prominent figures
Ideology
Political positionCenter to center-right[4]

Rockefeller Republicans were a minority faction of the Republican Party of the United States during the mid–20th century, especially the 1960s, led by Nelson Rockefeller, the governor of New York from 1959 to 1973 and vice president of the United States from 1974 to 1977. Rockefeller Republicans are generally associated with politically moderate or liberal views on social issues,[5] were particularly identified with Rockefeller's support for the civil rights movement, abortion rights, and lavish public works spending, and opposed the growing influence of the fusionist wing within the party, led by Barry Goldwater and later, by Ronald Reagan. As leader of the faction, Rockefeller was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in 1960, 1964, and 1968. In 1964, he lost the nomination to Goldwater, and in 1968, he and Reagan were both defeated by the moderate conservative candidate, Richard Nixon.

Michael Lind has identified Rockefeller Republicans with the British tradition of Disraelian one-nation conservatism, arguing that the ascendancy of Goldwater and Reagan prevented the establishment of modern one-nation conservatism in the United States.[6][7][8] Geoffrey Kabaservice has argued that the Rockefeller wing had a distinct ideology which aligned on certain issues with liberals, on others with conservatives, and on many with neither.[nb 1] Luke Phillips has also tied the Rockefeller Republicans to the historical Whig Party tradition in American politics.[3]

Rockefeller Republicanism has also been identified with the declining power of the "eastern establishment" of the party, previously identified with New York governor Thomas E. Dewey and the financial services sector. Before the 1964 California Republican primary, Rockefeller opponent Stuart Spencer called on Rockefeller to "summon that fabled nexus of money, influence, and condescension known as the Eastern Establishment." Rockefeller replied, "You are looking at it, buddy; I am all that is left".[10] Rockefeller Republicans were most common in the northeastern and midwestern states and rarer in the southern and western states.[11]

After Rockefeller's retirement from politics, moderate and liberal Republicanism declined and has largely ceased to exist at the national level. The last liberal Republican candidate for president was John B. Anderson, who ran as an independent against Reagan in 1980. In the 21st century, the "Rockefeller Republican" label has primarily been used as an epithet by modern American conservatives against Republicans they consider too liberal for the party.[12][13] Despite their national decline, moderate Republicans continued to win state and local elections into the 2020s, including governors Charlie Baker of Massachusetts, Phil Scott of Vermont, and Larry Hogan of Maryland.

Background

[edit]

Throughout United States history, but particularly since the adoption of the two-party system, political parties have generally functioned as coalitions of interest groups rather than ideological vehicles.[14] The Republican Party was founded in 1854 as a coalition of abolitionists, who had previously been associated with the Free Soil Party, and Northern capitalists, who had been associated with the Whig Party.[15] The Whigs had advocated an economic program known as the American System, which called for government construction of national infrastructure and a national bank.[15] The Rockefeller Republican lineage can be traced back to this Whig tradition,[3][16] which called for more active and reformist government and a purposive interpretation of the U.S. constitution to meet national policy goals, as opposed to strict textualism or formalism.[citation needed]

The Great Depression, a period of economic decline and poor growth beginning with the Wall Street crash of 1929, upended the party coalitions, leading to the election of Democratic Party president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 and political success for his New Deal coalition. During World War II, Roosevelt maintained high popularity and the Democratic Party became the dominant party. Within the minority Republican Party, opinion was split between those who sought to repeal Roosevelt's New Deal policies, led by U.S. senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio, and those who advocated reconciliation and acceptance of the New Deal, led by New York governor Thomas E. Dewey.[2] In 1952, Dewey succeeded in securing the presidency for Dwight D. Eisenhower, establishing moderate Republicans.

During the 1950s and 1960s, fusionism developed within the Republican Party, combining traditionalist views with libertarianism.[14]

New York governor Nelson Rockefeller, for whom the faction is named

History

[edit]

Nelson Rockefeller was the governor of New York from 1959 to 1973 and a candidate for president of the United States in 1960, 1964, and 1968. In 1960, he was persuaded to end his campaign in favor of Richard Nixon by securing a series of political concessions from Nixon in the party platform. The revised platform called for increased defense spending, expanded nuclear weapon capacity, the establishment of a flexible response force, policies seeking to stimulate economic growth, a call to abolish "the last vestiges of segregation or discrimination", and expanded federal public school funding.

In 1964, Rockefeller ran his strongest campaign for the Republican nomination. However, his campaign was derailed by his 1962 divorce from Mary Todhunter Clark and 1963 remarriage to his political aide, Margaretta Large Fitler, as well as the growing support and organizational power of the fusionists, who successfully secured the nomination for Arizona senator Barry Goldwater, an avowed fusionist and opponent of key civil rights legislation.[17]

Gradually, the term "Rockefeller Republican" came to describe Republicans who shared Rockefeller's support for civil rights, abortion rights (particularly as a response to supposed overpopulation), economic stimulus, and anti-communism. Notably, several figures since identified as Rockefeller Republicans were not personally supportive of Rockefeller or his political ambitions,[18][17] and Rockefeller himself alienated many liberal or progressive Republicans later in his career through his support for the war on drugs, especially his management of the 1971 Attica Prison riot and support for the unprecedented 1973 New York drug laws.[19]

Nixon won the 1968 election, foreclosing any further presidential campaigns for the aging Rockefeller, and the faction began to decline in influence.[20] The Nixon campaign also pursued a "Southern strategy," seeking to gain support in the former Confederate states by rejecting open embrace of the civil rights movement. The strategy was successful, pulling many conservative Democratic voters into the Republican Party, further weakening the Rockefeller wing.[20] Although Rockefeller was appointed vice president by Gerald Ford in 1973, Ford was heavily criticized by the conservative fusionist wing of the party and faced a primary challenge from California governor Ronald Reagan. Reagan had supported Goldwater in 1964, ran on a platform resembling Goldwater's, and rapidly became the dominant figure within the party after Ford's defeat in the general election. By the 1980 election of Reagan as president, Rockefeller Republicans were a shrinking regional minority within the party, and the label had fallen out of usage.[20] Although George H. W. Bush, who had previously been identified with the Rockefeller wing through his father, Prescott Bush, was nominated for president in 1988, he embraced fusionism in his convention speech, memorably punctuating a pledge to veto any new tax with the phrase, "Read my lips: no new taxes!"[21]

Demographic characteristics

[edit]

Rockefeller Republicans have generally been identified with WASPs and mainline Protestantism more generally, two groups which experienced severe demographic decline in the United States during the 20th century.[22][23] However, there have been exceptions to this general rule: New York senator Jacob Javits was Jewish, and the label has more recently been applied to many liberal Catholic Republicans from northeastern states.

Aftermath

[edit]

Since the Reagan era, Rockefeller Republicans have been relegated to the fringes of the party or out of politics entirely. During the 1990s, both the Republican and Democratic parties developed a consensus in favor of laissez faire economics and limited government, with many Rockefeller Republicans supplanted by conservatives, fusionists, or Democratic Party members from the Blue Dog or New Democrat coalitions. Michael Lind contends that during the presidency of Bill Clinton, even the Democratic Party was in many ways to the right of Rockefeller.[24] In a 1997 interview, Elliot Richardson expressed similar views.[25]

During the presidency of Barack Obama, the Tea Party movement gained traction as an outlet, in part, for criticism of government stimulus to the economy and the Troubled Asset Relief Program, drawing parallels to criticisms of Rockefeller. In 2010, E. J. Dionne wrote in The Washington Post that the primary defeat of Delaware U.S. representative Mike Castle marked "the collapse of the Republican Party not only of Nelson Rockefeller and Tom Dewey but also of Bob Dole and Howard Baker."[26][27] Other candidates accused of Rockefeller-style liberalism, including 2008 presidential nominee John McCain, Pennsylvania senator Arlen Specter, and Alaska senator Lisa Murkowski, have been pressured to change their views or leave the party.[28][29][30][31][32]

Political positions

[edit]

In domestic policy, Rockefeller Republicans were typically center to center-right economically;[4] however, they vehemently rejected conservatives like Barry Goldwater and their laissez faire economic policies while holding beliefs in social policies that were often culturally liberal. They typically favored a social safety net and a continuation of New Deal programs but sought to run these programs more efficiently than the Democrats.[1] Although Rockefeller Republicans opposed socialism and government ownership, and were strong supporters of big business and Wall Street, they supported some regulation of business; rather than increasing regulation of business, they advocated for developing a mutually beneficial relationship between public interests and private enterprise, drawing comparisons and similarities to the French dirigisme or the Japanese developmental state.[1] They espoused government and private investments in environmentalism, healthcare, and higher education as necessities for a better society and economic growth in the tradition of Rockefeller.[33] They were strong supporters of state colleges, trade schools, and universities with low tuition and large research budgets, and also favored investments in infrastructure such as highway projects.[3]

Many supported the idea of a national health insurance program,[34] with Nelson Rockefeller himself describing healthcare as "a basic human right".[35] President Eisenhower, during his first term, tried to reform healthcare and implement expanded health insurance coverage,[34][36] though he rejected government-run health insurance and espoused a market-oriented plan around reinsuring private health insurers against catastrophic loss in order to let them provide better services and broader coverage, as well as subsidies for private plans.[37][38] In the 1970s, Richard Nixon also proposed to enact universal health insurance[39] with the Comprehensive Health Insurance Plan (CHIP) Act, an individual mandate/employer mandate-centered moderate alternative to the national health insurance plan favored by liberals.[40] Republican New York Senator Jacob K. Javits concurrently sponsored a bill providing "Medicare for All."[41] In 1971, eight Republicans in Congress co-sponsored a bill called the "Health Security Act," which would have led to the creation of a national health insurance system covering every individual in the country.[42]

Reflecting Nelson Rockefeller's tradition of technocratic problem solving, most Rockefeller Republicans were known to have a pragmatic and interdisciplinary approach to problem solving and governance while advocating for a broad consensus rather than a consolidation of support. Also welcoming an increased public role for engineers, doctors, scientists, economists, and businesspeople over politicians in crafting policies and programs. As a result, many Rockefeller Republicans were major figures in business, such as auto executive George W. Romney and investment banker C. Douglas Dillon. In fiscal policy, they favored balanced budgets and were not averse to raising taxes in order to achieve them. Connecticut Senator Prescott Bush once called for Congress to "raise the required revenues by approving whatever levels of taxation may be necessary". Rockefeller Republicans differed on spending, with Nelson Rockefeller himself described as a big spender and Thomas Dewey noted for being more fiscally prudent.[43]

A critical element was their support for labor unions,[44] the building trades especially appreciating the heavy spending on infrastructure. In turn, the unions gave these politicians enough support to overcome the anti-union rural element in the Republican Party. As the unions weakened after the 1970s, so too did the need for Republicans to cooperate with them.[45] This transformation played into the hands of the more conservative Republicans, who did not want to collaborate with labor unions in the first place and now no longer needed to do so to carry statewide elections.[46]

In foreign policy, they tended to be Hamiltonian, espousing internationalist[33] and realist policies, supporting the United Nations and promoting American business interests abroad. Most wanted to use American power in cooperation with allies to fight against the spread of Communism and help American business expand abroad.

Modern usage as political label

[edit]

Since Rockefeller's death in 1979, the term "Rockefeller Republican" has become archaic and during the early most commonly used by conservative Republicans as a pejorative.[47][48] However, some modern figures, including New Jersey governor Christine Todd Whitman, Goldman Sachs executive Lloyd Blankfein, and retired generals Colin Powell and David Petraeus have described themselves as Rockefeller Republicans.[49][50][51][52][53]

Former Massachusetts governor Charlie Baker has been cited as a modern example of a Rockefeller Republican

In 2014, self-identified liberal or moderate Republicans won gubernatorial elections in the Democratic states of Massachusetts, Maryland, and Vermont.[54][55] The Atlantic likened the winning candidates' platforms to "Rockefeller-style liberal Republicanism," even though the Rockefeller label was not used by the candidates themselves.[56] In 2018, each governor was reelected by landslide margins. Their popularity led Karl Salzmann to write in National Review, "A kind of Rockefeller Republicanism seems to be rising once again in recent years."[57] Other New England politicians, such as Maine senators Olympia Snowe and Susan Collins, and Massachusetts senator Scott Brown, have been identified as Rockefeller Republicans.[citation needed]

Since 2015, commentators have debated whether United States president Donald Trump is a Rockefeller Republican. During his 2016 campaign for the presidency, some conservative writers labelled Trump a Rockefeller Republican for his rejection of the conservative institutional and ideological constraints of the party and apparently moderate views on certain social issues.[58][59][60] Others instead identified Trump with Goldwater for his disruption of the status quo and embrace of political extremism.[61][62][63] When asked by Larry King whether he identified as an "Eastern Republican, Rockefeller Republican" at the 1988 Republican National Convention, Trump responded, "I guess you can say that."[64]

Politicians identified as Rockefeller Republicans

[edit]

Prominent figures identified or associated with the Rockefeller wing during their political careers include New York City mayor John Lindsay, Maryland senator Charles Mathias, Connecticut senator Prescott Bush, Pennsylvania governor Raymond P. Shafer, Pennsylvania senator Hugh Scott, Illinois senator Charles H. Percy, Oregon senator Mark Hatfield, New York senator Jacob Javits, Arkansas governor Winthrop Rockefeller (Nelson's brother), Massachusetts senator Edward Brooke, Rhode Island senator John Chafee, and Connecticut senator Lowell Weicker.[65][66]

Some[who?] have argued that Richard Nixon was a bona fide member of the Rockefeller wing.[67] Although Nixon and Rockefeller were opposed in the 1960 and 1968 Republican presidential primaries, and Nixon was widely identified with cultural conservatism, he adopted several Rockefeller policies during his time as president, such as establishing the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration, imposing wage and price controls, accepting the core of his predecessor's Great Society social welfare programs, and publicly announcing his adherence to Keynesian economics in 1971. However, Nixon also vetoed the Clean Water Act and sought to significantly reform the Great Society, such as dismantling the Office of Economic Opportunity and seeking to replace Aid to Families with Dependent Children with his proposed Family Assistance Plan.[68][69]

U.S. presidents

[edit]

U.S. vice presidents

[edit]

U.S. secretaries of state

[edit]

U.S. senators

[edit]

U.S. representatives

[edit]
  • John Lindsay, former U.S. representative from New York and mayor of New York City (switched to the Democratic Party)[88]
  • George Wallhauser, former U.S. representative from New Jersey[89]
  • John B. Anderson, former U.S. representative from Illinois. (Left the party to become Independent as a presidential candidate in 1980)[90]

State governors

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Informational notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ "In fact, moderate Republicanism was a separate political and ideological viewpoint that found adherents in all parts of the country, among members of all racial and ethnic groups, and along all points of the socioeconomic spectrum. It overlapped on some issues with liberals, on others with conservatives, and on still others with neither."[9]

Citations

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 Baldi 2012, p. 51.
  2. 1 2 Price 2021, p. 18.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Phillips 2015.
  4. 1 2 Libby 2013, p. 77.
  5. ↑ "Rockefeller Republican | Definition of Rockefeller Republican in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
  6. ↑ Lind 1997, pp. 53–54.
  7. ↑ Lind 1997, pp. 45–46.
  8. ↑ Lind 1997, pp. 55.
  9. ↑ Kabaservice 2012, p. xvii.
  10. ↑ Smith 2014, p. xxi.
  11. ↑ Reiter (1981)
  12. ↑ "Tea Party hunting extinct beast". NY Post. October 18, 2013.
  13. ↑ Coffey 2015, p. 63.
  14. 1 2 Kabaservice 2012, p. xvi.
  15. 1 2 Price 2021, p. 13.
  16. ↑ Price 2021, p. 13-14.
  17. 1 2 Barrett, Marsha E. (May 26, 2015). "Don't Blame Nelson Rockefeller's Wife". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved September 30, 2026.
  18. ↑ TIME (July 15, 2024). "The 1964 Warning that Republicans Ignored". TIME. Retrieved September 30, 2026.
  19. ↑ Tonks, Henry (September 18, 2024). "How Moderate Republicans Went Extinct". Public Seminar. Retrieved September 30, 2026.
  20. 1 2 3 Hammond, Scott John; Roberts, Robert North; Sulfaro, Valerie A. (April 25, 2016). Campaigning for President in America, 1788–2016. ABC-CLIO. pp. 275–. ISBN 978-1-4408-5079-0. OCLC 1049172306.
  21. ↑ "Straddling divide between GOP moderates and conservatives, Bush was last of a kind". NBC News. December 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2023.
  22. ↑ "A City Transformed: The Racial and Ethnic Changes in Philadelphia Over the Last 20 Years". pew.org. June 1, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  23. ↑ Grigsby Bates, Karen (July 14, 2014). "Why Did Black Voters Flee The Republican Party In The 1960s?". NPR. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015.
  24. ↑ Lind, Michael. Up From Conservatives. p. 263.
  25. ↑ "How Watergate Helped Republicans—And Gave Us Trump". Politico. May 22, 2017.
  26. ↑ Dionne, E. J. Jr. (September 16, 2010). "E.J. Dionne Jr. – Mike Castle's defeat – and the end of moderate Republicanism". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
  27. ↑ Zeleny, Jeff (September 14, 2010). "G.O.P. Insurgents Win in Del. and N.Y." The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
  28. ↑ Condon, Stephanie (September 1, 2010). "How Alaska's Joe Miller Managed Stunning Upset over Lisa Murkowski". CBS News. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
  29. ↑ Hamby, Peter; Brusk, Steve; Streitfeld, Rachel; Simon, Jeff; Preston, Mark (August 25, 2010). "McCain wins Senate primary in Arizona". CNN. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
  30. ↑ "Arizona Republicans censure John McCain for being too "liberal"". CBS News. Reuters. January 26, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
  31. ↑ Peters, Adam Nagourney and Jeremy W. (November 1, 2009). "Dede Scozzafava, Republican, Quits House Race in Upstate New York". The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
  32. ↑ "The Collapse of Dede Scozzafava, Moderate Republican". Observer. November 1, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
  33. 1 2 Alsop 2016, p. 169.
  34. 1 2 Gritter 2018, p. 26.
  35. ↑ Rockefeller 1968, p. 77-78.
  36. ↑ Price 2021, p. 33 & 290.
  37. ↑ "EISENHOWER PLAN FOR HEALTH FUNDS REJECTED IN HOUSE; In Surprise Move, Chamber Votes 238-134 to Recommit Reinsurance Proposal BILL OPPOSED BY A. M. A. Action Is Laid Also to Fact Neither Conservatives Nor Liberals Liked Measure HOUSE RECOMMITS HEALTH PLAN BILL". The New York Times. July 14, 1954. Retrieved July 5, 2026.
  38. ↑ "Presidents on health care". Miller Center. Retrieved July 5, 2026.
  39. ↑ Price 2021, p. 10, 329 & 342.
  40. ↑ "The Nixon Comprehensive Health Insurance Plan". Richard Nixon Foundation. November 5, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
  41. ↑ "MEDICARE FOR ALL IS ASKED BY JAVITS". The New York Times. April 15, 1970.
  42. ↑ Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 92nd Congress, First Session, Volume 117-Part 1; January 21, 1971 to February 1, 1971 (Pages 3 to 1338), Pages 284 and
  43. ↑ Micklethwait & Woolridge 2005, p. 29.
  44. ↑ "LABOR: Right to Work". Time Magazine. April 11, 1955.
  45. ↑ "John Nichols: Mitt Romney vs. Republican family values". The Cap Times. November 6, 2011.
  46. ↑ Rae. Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans: 1952 to the Present (1989)
  47. ↑ Spencer, Dave (September 19, 2016). "Take It from a Rockefeller (Republican), We Can Revive the GOP". Politico Magazine. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
  48. ↑ Buchanan, Pat (September 17, 2010). "Rockefeller Republicans". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
  49. 1 2 Whitman, Christine Todd. "Nelson Rockefeller: Still Influencing People, Christine Todd Whitman". Academic Earth. The Nelson A. Rockefeller Center for the Social Sciences. Dartmouth College. Retrieved August 17, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  50. ↑ Steve Coll, "The General's Dilemma: David Petraeus, the pressures of politics, and the road out of Iraq". The New Yorker. September 8, 2008.
  51. ↑ Salam, Reihan (October 20, 2008). "The Obama Generation". Forbes. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  52. ↑ Dauble, Jennifer (April 25, 2012). "First On CNBC: CNBC Transcript: Goldman Sachs Chairman & CEO Lloyd Blankfein Speaks With Gary Kaminsky Today On CNBC". CNBC. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  53. ↑ "Powell's liberal stances hurt him, conservative says". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. November 9, 1995. Retrieved March 30, 2019 – via Nl.newsbank.com.
  54. ↑ Hohmann, James (December 25, 2016). "Governors lead a Republican renaissance in New England". Press Herald. The Washington Post. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
  55. ↑ Wiggins, Ovetta (August 26, 2017). "Why Maryland's popular Republican governor is in the doghouse with Maryland conservatives". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
  56. ↑ Ball, Molly (March 2015). "The Bluest Republican". The Atlantic. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
  57. ↑ Salzmann, Karl J. (June 27, 2018). "Popular Republicans: The New England Enigma". National Review. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
  58. ↑ Barone, Michael (September 29, 2015). "Donald Trump's Empire State Role Model". National Review. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  59. ↑ McConnell, Scott (February 26, 2016). "Trump, Christie and the Revival of GOP Moderates". The American Conservative. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  60. ↑ Antle, III, W. James (May 12, 2016). "Trump: Not Ryan, not Reagan, but maybe the new Nixon". Washington Examiner. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  61. ↑ Rothman, Lily (May 19, 2016). "What Happened to Republicans Who Rejected Their Party's Nominee in 1964". Time. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  62. ↑ Spencer, Dave (September 19, 2016). "Take It from a Rockefeller (Republican), We Can Revive the GOP". Politico. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  63. ↑ Zeiter, Julian (March 2, 2016). "Is Donald Trump another Barry Goldwater?". CNN. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  64. ↑ "Larry King interviews Donald Trump (1988 Republican convention)". January 12, 2016 – via www.youtube.com.
  65. ↑ Silverleib, Alan (May 6, 2009). "Analysis: An autopsy of liberal Republicans". CNN. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
  66. ↑ Giroux, Gregory (January 4, 2015). "Edward Brooke Served in a Very Different Era of Senate Politics". Bloomberg News.
  67. ↑ Halberstam, David (1993). The Fifties. The Random House Publishing Group. New York. ISBN 0-449-90933-6. pp. 312–315.
  68. ↑ "Welfare Reform Begins with Nixon Administration » Richard Nixon Foundation | Blog". September 10, 2013.
  69. ↑ Reeves 2002, p. 295.
  70. ↑ Bartlett, Bruce (August 24, 2020). "When the Republican Party Was Sane". The New Republic. Retrieved March 23, 2025.
  71. ↑ guillermo. "Henry Kissinger and the American Century - Foreign Policy Research Institute". Retrieved July 17, 2026.
  72. ↑ Jr, James F. Clarity and Warren Weaver (November 29, 1984). "BRIEFING; Kissinger the Liberal". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 17, 2026.
  73. ↑ Wingfield, Sylvia (January 3, 2015). "Edward Brooke, liberal Republican and 1st black popularly elected to US Senate, dies at 95". Times Colonist. Archived from the original on December 21, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
  74. ↑ McFadden, Robert D. (March 7, 1982). "Ex-Senator Clifford P. Case, 77, Is Dead". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  75. ↑ Clymer, Adam (October 26, 1999). "John Chafee, Republican Senator and a Leading Voice of Bipartisanship, Dies at 77". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  76. ↑ "Charles Goodell, the Republican congressman from New York who... - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved February 25, 2025.
  77. ↑ Taranto, Stacie (July 18, 2017) "The Senate health-care battle isn’t what you think" The Washington Post
  78. ↑ "Charles McCurdy Mathias, Jr". Landon Lecture Series. Retrieved June 3, 2026.
  79. ↑ "Charles Percy, Former Ill. Senator, Is Dead at 91". The New York Times. September 17, 2011.
  80. ↑ Feingold, Henry L. (2014). American Jewish Political Culture and the Liberal Persuasion. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0815652441. OCLC 872672645. p. 163: The list of so-called Rockefeller Republicans touched by a liberal sensibility—like Jacob Javits (New York), Richard S. Schweiker, Hugh Scott, and Arlen Specter (Pennsylvania), Clifford P. Case (New Jersey), Edward Brooke (Massachusetts), and Lowell Weicker Jr. (Connecticut)—favored by Jewsh voters is fairly long.
  81. ↑ Rucker, Philip (October 14, 2012). "Arlen Specter dies; he was Pennsylvania's longest-serving senator". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  82. ↑ "Ted Stevens Foundation". June 4, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
  83. ↑ Times, NY (April 5, 1964). "Rockefeller Camp Claims Victory At District Convention in Alaska". New York Times. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
  84. ↑ Putman, Eileen (May 26, 2021). "John Warner, longtime Virginia senator and ex-husband of Elizabeth Taylor, dies at 94". USA Today. The Associated Press. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  85. ↑ Fenster, Jordan (December 8, 2019). "Do moderate Republicans have a place in Connecticut politics?". Connecticut Post. Archived from the original on October 24, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  86. ↑ Barnes, Roger C. (November 12, 2021). "Commentary: Rockefeller Republicans a thing of the past". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved March 24, 2024.
  87. ↑ Vacchiano, Andrea (June 28, 2023). "Lowell Weicker, former Connecticut governor and US senator, dead at 92". Fox News. Retrieved March 24, 2024.
  88. ↑ Wills, Matthew (October 26, 2015) "John Lindsay, Last of the Liberal Republicans" JSTOR Daily
  89. ↑ Lambert, Bruce (August 6, 1993). "George Wallhauser, An Ex-Congressman And Executive, 93". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  90. ↑ Foodman, Julia (July 16, 2019). "A History of Third Party and Independent Presidential Candidates". Fair Vote. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
  91. ↑ Stout, David (July 2, 1996). "William T. Cahill, 84, Former Governor". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  92. ↑ "Governor William T. Cahill Biography". Eagleton Center on the American Governor. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  93. ↑ "Daily Herald opinion: Jim Edgar, 1946-2025: In these dark political times, we all may miss the former governor's legacy of decency more than we know". www.dailyherald.com. Retrieved February 11, 2026.
  94. ↑ "Oral History Interview with Jim Edgar Volume I". Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum.
  95. ↑ "Jim Edgar, Illinois' 38th governor". www.lib.niu.edu. Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
  96. ↑ "The man who once chased the far-right out of the GOP". Crosscut. September 24, 2018. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  97. ↑ "The Governor at 80". New Jersey Monthly. March 23, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  98. ↑ "Thomas Howard Kean". c250.columbia.edu. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  99. ↑ "Linwood Holton, 98, Virginia Governor Who Pushed for Racial Equality, Dies". The New York Times. November 2021.
  100. ↑ Safire, William (November 15, 1976). "Lame Duck Vengeance". The New York Times. p. 31.
  101. ↑ Van Zuylen-wood, Simon (July 29, 2013). "Scranton Mourns As Former Governor William Scranton Dies at 96". Philadelphia.
  102. ↑ Zeitz, Josh (April 20, 2015). "What Happened the Last Time Republicans Cared About Poverty". Politico.
  103. ↑ Goron, Meryl (January 14, 2002). "Weld At Heart". New York. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  104. ↑ Kramer, Marcia; Prussin, Mark (August 3, 2025). "Christine Todd Whitman, former New Jersey governor, says 3rd party needed now more than ever". CBS News. Retrieved September 10, 2026.

General and cited references

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Barrett, Marsha E. (2022). "Defining Rockefeller Republicanism: Promise and Peril at the Edge of the Liberal Consensus, 1958–1975". Journal of Policy History. 34 (3): 336–370. doi:10.1017/S0898030622000100.
  • Burns, James MacGregor. The Deadlock of Democracy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: 1967.
  • Joyner, Conrad. The Republican Dilemma: Conservatism or Progressivism (1963).
  • Kristol, Irving. "American Conservatism 1945–1995". Public Interest 94 (Fall 1995): 80–91.
  • Perlstein, Rick. Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (2001) text search, survey of GOP politics in 1960s.
  • Reinhard, David W. Archived July 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine The Republican Right since 1945 (1983).
  • Rae, Nicol. Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans: 1952 to the Present. 1989.
  • Reichley, A. James. Conservatives in an Age of Change: The Nixon and Ford Administrations. 1981.
  • Reiter, Howard. "Intra-Party Cleavages in the United States Today". Western Political Quarterly 34 (1981): 287–300.
  • Sherman, Janann Archived July 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. No Place for a Woman: A Life of Senator Margaret Chase Smith (2000).
  • Smith, Richard Norton. On His: Terms: A Life of Nelson Rockefeller (2014), a major scholarly biography.
  • Underwood, James F., and William J. Daniels. Governor Rockefeller in New York: The Apex of Pragmatic Liberalism in the United States (1982).
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