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Red corridor

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Red Corridor
Map
Interactive map of Red Corridor

Red Corridor designates the regions in India that have an active presence and influence of Naxalite–Maoist insurgents. The insurgency reached its peak in the late 2000s, encompassing nearly 180 affected districts and has been on the decline since then. As of April 2026, only West Singhbhum in Jharkhand is classified as marginally Naxal-affected by the Ministry of Home Affairs.

History

[edit]

The Naxalite–Maoist insurgency is an ongoing conflict between left-wing extremist groups and the Government of India.[1][2] The insurgency started after the 1967 Naxalbari uprising and the subsequent split of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), which led to the creation of a Marxist–Leninist faction.[3] The faction splintered into various groups supportive of Maoist ideology, claiming to fight a rural rebellion and a "People's war" against the state.[4][5] Naxalite groups have been designated as terrorist organisations in India under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967.[6][7][8]

Red Corridor

[edit]

The influence zone of the Naxalites is referred to as the "Red Corridor".[9][10] The armed wing of the Maoists is the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army,[11] which has carried out numerous attacks against the security forces and government personnel across the region.[12][13]

Socio-economic conditions

[edit]

States that formed part of the Red Corridor–such as Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha–have historically had a low Human Development Index and high poverty rate.[14][15] A key characteristic of these regions is that they are densely populated and their reliance on primary sector activities such as agriculture, with the majority of the population not owning any lands.[16][17] The Maoist movement began in the late 1960s as a conflict between the tribal peasants and the land owners, driven by a lack of tribal land ownership and autonomy over the natural resources.[18][19] Although the region had abundant natural resources,[20] tribal communities participated in Naxal insurgency probably as a form of resistance against the state and state-sponsored resource extraction in their lands.[21][22][23]

Impoverished areas lacking electricity, running water, and adequate public healthcare probably accepted social services provided by Naxalite groups, and gave their support to the groups in exchange.[24] The absence of state influence allowed the Naxalites to assume administrative authority in these areas, such as enacting land distribution policies and building irrigation infrastructure.[25] However, the Indian government states that the Naxalites actively prevent the common people from accessing essential public services.[26][27]

Affected districts

[edit]
Change in the extent of the Red Corridor over the years from 2007 to early 2026

The Naxal insurgency reached its peak in the late 2000s, affecting nearly 180 districts,[28][29][30][31] and has been on the decline since then due to the counter-insurgency operations and state sponsored development plans. By April 2024, the number of Naxal-affected districts had reduced to 38 across nine states.[32] In March 2025, the Home Minister informed the Parliament of India that Naxal insurgency was largely limited to 18 districts, six of which were classified as 'most affected'.[33] By February 2026, the Home Ministry announced that the Naxal influence was limited to seven districts, and by April 2026, West Singhbum in Jharkhand remained as the sole affected district.[34][35]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "India's Naxalites: A spectre haunting India". The Economist. 12 April 2006. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  2. ↑ "Conflict Encyclopedia: India". Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  3. ↑ "History of Naxalism". The Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  4. ↑ "Communists Fight in India". Mccaine.org. 24 June 2009. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  5. ↑ Agarwal, Ajay. "Revelations from the red corridor". The Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  6. ↑ "Left-wing Extremist group: Communist Party of India-Marxist Leninist-Janashakti (CPI-ML-Janashakti)". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  7. ↑ "Left-wing Extremist group: People's War Group". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  8. ↑ "Centre bans CPI (Maoist)". The Hindu. 23 June 2009. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
  9. ↑ Bhattacharjee, Sumit (26 June 2021). "When Greyhounds struck in Andhra Pradesh's fading red zone". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  10. ↑ "Naxal affected Districts" (PDF). Government of India. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  11. ↑ "Who are the Naxalites?". Rediff. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  12. ↑ "India's Maoist insurgency". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  13. ↑ "Maoist attacks kill Indian police". Al Jazeera. 15 March 2007. Archived from the original on 13 July 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  14. ↑ "Subnational HDI (v8.0): India". Global data lab. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  15. ↑ "Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy. Table 154 : Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line. (2011-12)". Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  16. ↑ Franco, Fernando (2002). Pain and Awakening: The Dynamics of Dalit Identity in Bihar, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh. Indian Social Institute. ISBN 978-8-187-21846-3. ... Land deprivation is the major cause of mass poverty especially in view of the low level of economic diversification in rural areas. Amongst all major states, Bihar has the second highest proportion (55 per cent) of landless or quasi-landless households in the rural population ...
  17. ↑ Rothermund, Dietmar (1993). An Economic History of India: From Pre-colonial Times to 1991. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08871-8. ... Eastern India has been bypassed by the 'Green revolution' to a great extent ... Instead of urbanization, we can find rural areas with an amazing degree of overpopulation ...
  18. ↑ E.N. Rammohan (16 July 2012). "Unleash The Good Force". Outlook. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  19. ↑ Öberg, Magnus; Strøm, Kaare (2008). Resources, Governance and Civil Conflict. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-41671-9. the general consensus is that the insurgency was started to address various economic and social injustices related to highly skewed distributions of cropland ...
  20. ↑ "Orissa's war over minerals". Forbes. Archived from the original on 4 July 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  21. ↑ Singha Roy, Debal (2004). Peasant Movements in Post-colonial India: Dynamics of Mobilization and Identity. Sage Publications. ISBN 978-0-761-99826-6..
  22. ↑ Loyd, Anthony (2015). "India's insurgency". National Geographic. No. April. p. 84. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  23. ↑ Shifting perspectives in tribal studies : from an anthropological approach to interdisciplinarity and consilience. Behera, M. C., 1959. Singapore. 25 June 2019. ISBN 978-9-811-38090-7. OCLC 1105928010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  24. ↑ Shah, Alpa (1 August 2013). "The intimacy of insurgency: beyond coercion, greed or grievance in Maoist India". Economy and Society. 42 (3): 480–506. doi:10.1080/03085147.2013.783662. ISSN 0308-5147. S2CID 143716444.
  25. ↑ Walia, H.S. (25 April 2018). "The Naxal Quagmire in Bihar & Jharkhand – Genesis & Sustenance". Learning Community. 9 (1). doi:10.30954/2231-458X.01.2018.7.
  26. ↑ Dandekar, Ajay; Choudhury, Chitrangada (January 2010). "PESA, Left-Wing Extremism and Governance: Concerns and Challenges in India's Tribal Districts". Institute of Rural Management.
  27. ↑ Banerjee, Kaustav; Saha, Partha (10 July 2010). "The NREGA, the Maoists and the Developmental Woes of the Indian State". Economic and Political Weekly. 45 (28): 42–47. Archived from the original on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  28. ↑ "Naxal Problem needs a holistic approach". Press Information Bureau. Archived from the original on 8 September 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
  29. ↑ "Armed revolt in the Red Corridor". Mondiaal Nieuws. 25 June 2008. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
  30. ↑ "Women take up guns in India's Red Corridor". Asian Pacific Post. 9 June 2008. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
  31. ↑ "Rising Maoists Insurgency in India". Global Politician. 13 May 2007. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
  32. ↑ "Naxal affected Districts". Government of India. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  33. ↑ "'Most affected' Naxal districts down to just six from 12: Amit Shah". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 April 2025.
  34. ↑ "Naxal-affected districts in India reduce to 7 in latest review". The Federal. 19 February 2026. Retrieved 1 March 2026.
  35. ↑ "Centre declares Naxalism history as no district remains violence-affected". Daily Pioneer. 16 April 2026. Retrieved 16 April 2026.
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