// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhat did the voiceless uvular plosive say? Nothing, it was speechless.
(Redirected from Q (IPA))
| Voiceless uvular plosive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| q | |||
| IPA number | 111 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | q | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0071 | ||
| X-SAMPA | q | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
A voiceless uvular plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is pronounced like a voiceless velar plosive [k], except that the tongue makes contact not on the soft palate but on the uvula. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨q⟩.
Features
[edit]
Features of a voiceless uvular stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, it is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.
Occurrence
[edit]Uvular
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abaza | хъацӀа/qac’a | [qat͡sʼa] | 'man' | ||
| Adyghe | атакъэ/atáqa | ⓘ | 'rooster' | ||
| Aleut[1] | ԟи́гаԟъ/qiighax̂ | [qiːɣaχ] | 'grass' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard[2] | قـط/qiṭṭ | ⓘ | 'cat' | See Arabic phonology |
| Hejazi | قِـمَّة/qimma | [qɪmːa] | 'peak' | Allophone of /g/. See Hejazi Arabic phonology | |
| Gulf[3] | غـداً/qaden | [qədæn] | 'tomorrow' | Corresponds to /ɣ/ in other dialects. | |
| Algerian | |||||
| Assyrian | ܩܐ/qa | [qa] | 'for' | Often realized as a tense /k/[vague] rather than uvular /q/. | |
| Archi | хъал/q"ál | [qaːl] | 'human skin' | ||
| Avá-Canoeiro[4] | [ˈqɔːtõ] | 'this' | Possible realisation of /k/. In the speech of people aged 40 to 80 years, the consonant is in free variation with [qˤ], [qʰ] and [k] in post-tonic or primarily or secondarily stressed syllables.[4] | ||
| Bashkir | ҡаҙ/qađ | ⓘ | 'goose' | ||
| Bengali | এলাক়া | [ælɐqɐ] | ˈarea' | Only occurs in loanwords. See Bengali phonology | |
| Chechen | кхоъ/qo’ | [qɔʔ] | 'three' | ||
| Chukchi | Нычымйыӄэн/nyčymjyḳèn | [nət͡ʃəmjəqen] | 'bitter' | ||
| Crimean Tatar | Къырым/Qırım | [qɯ.rɯm] | 'Crimea' | ||
| Dawsahak | [qoq] | 'dry' | |||
| English | Multicultural London[5][6] | cut | [qʌt] | 'cut' | Allophone of /k/ before non-high back vowels.[6][7] |
| Non-local Dublin[8] | back | [bɑq] | 'back' | Allophone of /k/ after a retracted vowel for some speakers.[8] | |
| Eyak | g̣u:jih | [qʊːtʃɪ̤] | 'wolf' | ||
| German | Chemnitz dialect[9] | rau | [qaɵ̯] | 'rough' | In free variation with [ʁ̞], [ʁ], [ʁ̥] and [ʀ̥].[9] Does not occur in the coda.[9] |
| Greenlandic | illoqarpoq | [iɬːoqɑppɔq] | 'he has a house' | See Greenlandic phonology | |
| Hebrew | Biblical | קול/qol | [qol] | 'voice' | See Biblical Hebrew phonology |
| Mizrahi | See Mizrahi Hebrew | ||||
| Shar'ab Temani | קול/qöl | [qøːl] | See Yemenite Hebrew | ||
| Hmong | White Hmong | 𖬆𖬰𖬦𖬵 / qub | [qu˦] | 'old', 'ancient', 'outdated' or 'archaic' | |
| Hungarian | korom | [qorom] | 'soot' | Possible allophone of ⟨/k/⟩ before back vowels. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | बर्क़ / barq | [bərq] | 'lightning' | Mostly in Hindi–Urdu loanwords from Arabic, pronounced mainly in Urdu and by educated Hindi speakers, with rural Hindi speakers often pronouncing it as a [k].[10][11][12] See Hindustani phonology |
| Urdu | بَرق / barq | ||||
| Ibaloi | kolpot | 'cloud' | |||
| Inuktitut | ᐃᐦᐃᑉᕆᐅᖅᑐᖅ/ihipqiuqtuq’ | [ihipɢiuqtuq] | 'explore' | See Inuit phonology | |
| Iraqw | qeet | [qeːt] | 'break' | ||
| Kabardian | къэбэрдей/qabardey | ⓘ | 'Kabardian' | ||
| Kabyle | ⵜⴰⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ | ⓘ | 'Kabyle language' | May be voiced [ɢ]. | |
| taqbaylit | |||||
| ثاقـبيليث | |||||
| Kavalan | qaqa | [qaqa] | 'elder brother' | ||
| Kazakh | Қазақстан/Qazaqstan | [qɑzɑqˈstɑn] | 'Kazakhstan' | An allophone of /k/ before back vowels | |
| Ket | қан/qan | [qan] | 'begin' | ||
| Klallam | qəmtəm | [qəmtəm] | 'iron' | ||
| Kurdish | Sorani | قـوتابخانە/qutabxane | [qutɑbxɑnə] | 'School' | An allophone of /k/ before back vowels |
| Kurmanji | Qalikdar | [qɑlɯkdɑr] | 'crustacean' | An allophone of /k/ before back vowels | |
| Kutenai | qaykiťwu | [qajkitʼwu] | 'nine' | ||
| Kyrgyz | Кыргызстан/Qırğızstan | [qɯrʁɯsˈstɑn] | 'Kyrgyzstan' | An allophone of /k/ before back vowels | |
| Lishan Didan | Urmi Dialect | אקלא/aqla | [aqlɑ] | 'foot, leg' | |
| Maltese | Archaic Cottonera Dialect | qattus | [qɐˈtːuːs] | 'cat' | |
| Malto | क़ान/qán | [qa:n] | 'eye' | Corresponds to /x/ in other North Dravidian languages. See Malto language#Phonology. | |
| Nez Perce | ʔaw̓líwaaʔinpqawtaca | [ʔawˀɪlwaːʔinpqawtat͡sa] | 'I go to scoop him up in the fire' | ||
| Nivkh | тяқр̆/täqŕ | [tʲaqr̥] | 'three' | ||
| Ossetian | Iron | Дзæуджыхъæу/Zawjëqaw | [ˈzə̹ʊ̯d͡ʒɪ̈qə̹ʊ̯] | 'Vladikavkaz' | |
| Persian | Early New Persian | قَـاشُق/qaşuq | */qaːʃuq/ | 'spoon' | May be allophonicly voiced to [ɢ] before a voiced stop. See Persian phonology. |
| Dari standard | [qɑːˈʃʊq] | ||||
| Tajik standard | қошуқ/qoşuq | [qɔʃuq] | |||
| Some Iranian speakers [who?] | قـورباغه/qurbağe | [qurbɒɣe] | 'frog' | In Western Iranian dialects /q/ and /ɣ/ have merged into /ɢ/. Though some dialects in eastern Iran may preserve the distinction in some words. See Persian phonology. | |
| Quechua[13] | qallu | [qaʎu] | 'tongue' | ||
| Sahaptin | qu | [qu] | 'heavy' | ||
| Seediq | Seediq | [ˈseˈʔediq] | 'Seediq' | ||
| Seereer-Siin[14] | [example needed] | — | — | ||
| Shor | қам/qam | [qɑm] | 'shaman' | ||
| Somali | qaab | [qaːb] | 'shape' | See Somali phonology | |
| St’át’imcets | teq | [təq] | 'to touch' | ||
| Tlingit | g̱agw | [qɐ́kʷ] | 'tree spine' | Tlingit contrasts six different uvular stops | |
| Tatar | кайдан/qaydan | [qɑj.dɑn] | 'from where?' | ||
| Tsimshian | gwildmḵa̱p'a | [ɡʷildmqɑpʼa] | 'tobacco' | ||
| Turkmen | ak | [ɑ:q] | 'white' | Allophone of /k/ next to back vowels | |
| Ubykh | qhë | [qʰɜ] | 'grave' | One of ten distinct uvular stop phonemes. See Ubykh phonology | |
| Uyghur | ئاق/aq | [ɑq] | 'white' | ||
| Yup'ik | meq | [məq] | 'fresh water' | ||
| Yukaghir | Northern | маарх/márq | [maːrq] | 'one' | |
| Southern | атахл/ataql | [ataql] | 'two' | ||
| !Xóõ | ǀqháá | ⓘ | 'to smooth' | ||
Pre-uvular
[edit]| Voiceless post-velar or pre-uvular plosive | |
|---|---|
| q᫈ | |
| k̠ | |
| Audio sample | |
There is also a voiceless post-velar or pre-uvular plosive[15] in some languages, which is more fronted compared to the prototypical uvular plosive, though further back than the prototypical velar plosive. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨q̟⟩ or ⟨q᫈⟩ (both symbols denote an advanced ⟨q⟩) or ⟨k̠⟩ (a retracted ⟨k⟩).
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Australian[16] | caught | [ḵʰoːt] | 'caught' | Allophone of /k/ before /ʊ, oː, ɔ, oɪ, ʊə/.[16] See Australian English phonology |
| Uzbek[17] | qol | [q̟oɫ] | 'arm' | Sometimes realized as an affricate [q͡χ˖].[17] | |
| Western Neo-Aramaic | Bakh'a | [example needed] | Pre-uvular, though in Ma'loula it is slightly more front (post-velar). | ||
| Ma'loula | [example needed] | ||||
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
- ↑ Watson (2002), p. 13.
- ↑ Qafisheh (1977), p. 266.
- 1 2 Silva (2015), p. 39.
- ↑ Torgersen, Kerswill & Fox (2007).
- 1 2 "John Wells's phonetic blog: k-backing". 27 July 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ↑ Cheshire, Jenny; Kerswill, Paul; Fox, Sue; Torgersen, Eivind (2011-04-01). "Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of Multicultural London English" (PDF). Journal of Sociolinguistics. 15 (2): 151–196. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2011.00478.x. ISSN 1467-9841. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
- 1 2 "Glossary". Retrieved 10 February 2015.
- 1 2 3 Khan & Weise (2013), p. 235.
- ↑ Shapiro, Michael C. (1989). A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 20. ISBN 978-81-208-0508-8.
- ↑ Morelli, Sarah (20 December 2019). A Guru's Journey: Pandit Chitresh Das and Indian Classical Dance in Diaspora. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-05172-2.
- ↑ Kulshreshtha, Manisha; Mathur, Ramkumar (24 March 2012). Dialect Accent Features for Establishing Speaker Identity: A Case Study. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4614-1137-6.
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 149.
- ↑ Mc Laughlin (2005), p. 203.
- ↑ Instead of "pre-uvular", it can be called "advanced uvular", "fronted uvular", "post-velar", "retracted velar" or "backed velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "pre-uvular".
- 1 2 Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
- 1 2 Sjoberg (1963), p. 11.
References
[edit]- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell, ISBN 9781405124591
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University, archived from the original on 2014-07-07, retrieved 2016-08-03
- Qafisheh, Hamdi A. (1977), A short reference grammar of Gulf Arabic, Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, ISBN 0-8165-0570-5
- Mc Laughlin, Fiona (2005), "Voiceless implosives in Seereer-Siin", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 201–214, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002215, S2CID 145717014
- Silva, Ariel Pheula do Couto e (2015). "Elementos de fonologia, morfossintaxe e sintaxe da língua Avá-Canoeiro do Tocantins" (Master's dissertation). University of Brasília. doi:10.26512/2015.03.D.18519. Archived from the original on 2018-06-04.
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
- Torgersen, Eivind; Kerswill, Paul; Fox, Susan (2007). Phonological innovation in London teenage speech (PDF). 4th Conference on Language Variation in Europe. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-31.
- Watson, Janet C. E. (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, The Phonology of the World's Languages, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199257591
