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Open back rounded vowel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Open back rounded vowel
ɒ
IPA number313
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɒ
Unicode (hex)U+0252
X-SAMPAQ
Braille⠲ (braille pattern dots-256) ⠡ (braille pattern dots-16)
IPA: Vowels
Front Central Back
Close
•
•
•
Near-close
•
•
Close-mid
•
•
•
Mid
•
•
Open-mid
•
•
•
Near-open
•
Open
•
•
•

Legend: unrounded • rounded

The open back rounded vowel, or low back rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɒ⟩. Latin turned alpha a ⟨ɒ⟩ has its linear stroke on the left, whereas Latin alpha a ⟨ɑ⟩ (for its unrounded counterpart) has its linear stroke on the right.

Features

[edit]
  • Its vowel height is open, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth – that is, low in the mouth.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its place of articulation is pharyngeal, which means it is articulated with the tongue root against the back of the throat (the pharynx).
  • It is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.

Occurrence

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AfrikaansStandard[2]daar[dɒːr]'there'Fully back. Used by some speakers, particularly young female speakers of northern accents. Other speakers use an unrounded vowel [ɑː ~ ɑ̟ː].[2] See Afrikaans phonology
Assameseকৰ (kor)[kɒ̹ɹ]'to do'An "over-rounded" [ɒ̹], with rounding as strong as that for [u].[3] May also be transcribed [ɔ].
BulgarianSome Rhodopean dialectsмъж (măž)[ˈmɒʃʲ]'man'Found as the unification of the Proto-Slavic *ǫ, *ę, *ъ and *ь. Standard Bulgarian has /ɤ̞/ for *ǫ and *ъ and /ɛ/ for *ę and *ь.
DutchSome dialects[4]bot[bɒt]'bone'Some non-Randstad dialects,[4] for example those of Den Bosch and Groningen. It is open-mid [ɔ] in standard Dutch.
EnglishSouth African[5]not[nɒ̜̈t]'not'Near-back and weakly rounded.[5] Some younger speakers of the General variety may actually have a higher and fully unrounded vowel [ʌ̈].[5] See South African English phonology
Conservative Received Pronunciation[6][nɒt]Somewhat raised. Standard Southern British speakers pronounce a closer vowel [ɔ]. It is proposed that the /ɒ/ vowel of Conservative RP, which is normally described as a rounded vowel, is pronounced by some speakers without rounded lips for whom the characteristic quality is rather one of sulcality.[7] See English phonology
Northern English[8]May be somewhat raised and fronted.[8]
Canadian[9]Lot and thought have the same vowel in Canadian English; see cot–caught merger.
thought[θɒt]ⓘ'thought'
General AmericanVowel /ɔ(:)/ is lowered (phonetic realization of /ɔ(:)/ is much lower in GA than in RP). However, "short o" before r before a vowel (a short o sound followed by r and then another vowel, as in orange, forest, moral, and warrant) is realized as [oɹ~ɔɹ].
Inland Northern American[10]See Northern Cities Vowel Shift
Indian[11][t̪ʰɒʈ]/ɒ/ and /ɔː/ differ entirely by length in Indian English.
Welsh[12][13][θɒːt]Open-mid in Cardiff; may merge with /oː/ in northern dialects.
GermanMany speakers[14]Gourmand[ɡ̊ʊʁˈmɒ̃ː]'gourmand'Nasalized; common phonetic realization of /ɑ̃ː/.[14] See Standard German phonology
Many Swiss dialects[15]maane[ˈmɒːnə]'remind'The example word is from the Zurich dialect, in which [ɒː] is in free variation with the unrounded [ɑː].[16]
Istro-Romanian[17]cåp[kɒp]'head'See Istro-Romanian pronunciation (in Romanian).
Jeju[18]ᄒᆞ나 (haona)[hɒna]'one'See Jeju phonology
MalayKedahtua[tu.ɒ]'old'Northern Kedah subdialect/dialect. Allophone of /a/ in word-final position in open-ended words and close-ended words that end with a glottal stop /ʔ/ or a glottal fricative /h/.
MansiCentral/Northernам[ɒm]'me'The pronunciation of 'a' sometimes varies between /ɒ/ and /o/.
Neapolitan[19]Vasteseuâʃtə[uˈwɒʃtə]'Vasto'
NorwegianDialects along the Swedish border[20]hat[hɒ̜ːt]'hate'Weakly rounded and fully back.[20] See Norwegian phonology
Persianف‍‍ارسی (fârsi)[fɒːɾˈsiː]'Persian'
Brazilian PortugueseCariocaova[ˈɒːva]'fish roe'Allophone of /ɔ/. See Portuguese phonology
SlovakSome speakers[21]a[ɒ]'and'Under Hungarian influence, some speakers realize the short /a/ as rounded.[21] See Slovak phonology
SwedishGothenburg[22]jag[jɒːɡ]'I'More rounded than in Central Standard Swedish.[22]
UzbekStandard[23]choy[t͡ʃɒj]'tea'

Near-open back rounded vowel

[edit]
Near-open back rounded vowel
ɒ̝
ɔ̞

In some languages there is the near-open back rounded vowel (a sound between cardinal ⟨ɒ⟩ and ⟨ɔ⟩), which can be transcribed in IPA with [ɒ̝] or [ɔ̞].

Features

[edit]
  • Its vowel height is near-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but is slightly more constricted – that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel, but slightly higher.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its place of articulation is pharyngeal, which means it is articulated with the tongue root against the back of the throat (the pharynx).
  • It is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.

Occurrence

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
CatalanMany Balearic speakers[24][25]soc[ˈs̺ɒ̝k]'clog'Main realization of /ɔ/ (also represented as /ɒ/). May be unrounded [ɑ̝] in Mallorcan and some Southern Valencian dialects. See Catalan phonology
Valencian[24][25][26]
corda[ˈkɒ̝ɾðɒ̝̈]'rope'Final unstressed /a/ (usually involving vowel harmony). Can be realized as either unrounded and/or fronted. See Catalan phonology
DutchLeiden[27]bad[bɒ̝t]'bath'Near-open fully back; may be unrounded [ɑ̝] instead.[27] It corresponds to [ɑ] in standard Dutch.
Rotterdam[27]
HungarianStandard[28]magyar[ˈmɒ̜̽ɟɒ̜̽r]'Hungarian'Somewhat fronted and raised, with only slight rounding; sometimes transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. Unrounded [ɑ] in some dialects.[29] See Hungarian phonology
Ibibio[30]dọ[dɒ̝́]'marry'Near-open;[30] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.
IrishUlster[31]ólann[ɒ̝ːɫ̪ən̪ˠ]'(he) drinks'Near-open;[31] may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.
Lehali[32]dön̄[ⁿdɒ̝ŋ]'yam'Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of /æ/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.[32]
Lemerig[33]‘ān̄sār[ʔɒ̝ŋsɒ̝r]'person'Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of /æ/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.[33]
LimburgishMaastrichtian[34]plaots[plɒ̝ːts]'place'Near-open fully back; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.[34] Corresponds to [ɔː] in other dialects.
NorwegianUrban East[35][36]topp[tʰɒ̝pː]'top'Near-open,[35][36] also described as close-mid back [o].[37] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Norwegian phonology
SwedishCentral Standard[38][22]ska[s̪kɒ̝͑ː]ⓘ'be going to'Near-open fully back weakly rounded vowel.[38] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɑː⟩. See Swedish phonology
Yoruba[39]itọju[itɒ̝ju]'care'Near-open; most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. 1 2 Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded low-central vowel /a/".
  3. ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 293–294.
  4. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
  5. 1 2 3 Lass (2002), p. 115.
  6. ↑ Roach (2004), p. 242.
  7. ↑ Lass, Roger (1984). Phonology: an introduction to basic concepts. p. 124.
  8. 1 2 Lodge (2009), p. 163.
  9. ↑ Boberg (2004), p. 359.
  10. ↑ Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (1997), A national map of the regional dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrieved May 27, 2013
  11. ↑ Sailaja (2009), pp. 24–25.
  12. ↑ Connolly (1990), p. 125.
  13. ↑ Tench (1990), p. 135.
  14. 1 2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 38.
  15. ↑ Krech et al. (2009), p. 263.
  16. ↑ Fleischer & Schmid (2006), p. 248.
  17. ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  18. ↑ Yang, Changyong; Yang, Sejung; O'Grady, William (2020). Jejueo: the language of Korea's Jeju Island. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-7443-8.
  19. ↑ "Vastesi Language - Vastesi in the World". Vastesi in the World. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  20. 1 2 Popperwell (2010), p. 23.
  21. 1 2 Kráľ (1988), p. 54.
  22. 1 2 3 Riad (2014), pp. 35–36.
  23. ↑ Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963). Uzbek Structural Grammar. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 18. Bloomington: Indiana University. p. 17.
  24. 1 2 Recasens (1996), pp. 130–131.
  25. 1 2 Rafel (1999), p. 14.
  26. ↑ Saborit (2009), pp. 25–26.
  27. 1 2 3 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 131.
  28. ↑ Szende (1994), p. 92.
  29. ↑ Vago (1980), p. 1.
  30. 1 2 Urua (2004), p. 106.
  31. 1 2 Ní Chasaide (1999), p. 114.
  32. 1 2 François (2011), p. 194.
  33. 1 2 François (2011), pp. 195, 208.
  34. 1 2 Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 158–159.
  35. 1 2 Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.
  36. 1 2 Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 2.
  37. ↑ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
  38. 1 2 Engstrand (1999), pp. 140–141.
  39. ↑ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.

References

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