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Pondaung Formation

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pondaung Formation
Stratigraphic range: Middle Eocene
TypeFormation
UnderliesYaw Formation[1]
OverliesTabyin Formation[1]
ThicknessUp to 2 km[1]
500 m (part with terrestrial fossils)[1]
Location
CountryMyanmar

The Pondaung Formation is a geologic formation in central Myanmar. The Pondaung Formation has been dated to the late middle Eocene, about 40 million years ago.[2] The formation preserves a rich fauna of fossil mammals, the so-called Pondaung fauna, and is especially well known for its fossil anthracotheres and primates.[3] The paleoenvironment was a warm and forested terrestrial inland habitat, with several river channels.[1] Local habitats varied from dense forests to more open-forested wetlands.[1]

Mammal fossils

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Artiodactyls

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Agriochoerids

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Genus/family Species Notes/affinities Image
Agriochoeridae[4] Gen et sp. nov. Undescribed new species and genus
cf. gen et sp. nov. Undescribed new species and genus

Anthracotheres

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The anthracotheres of the Pondaung Formation have been revised several times.[1] Tsubamoto et al. (2000) recognized the three genera Anthracohyus, Anthracothema, and Anthracokeryx, and twelve species.[4] The list here mostly follows the more recent 2008 revision by Aung N. Soe (adding species described later), which recognized eight species, in the genera Anthracohyus, Anthracotherium, Anthracokeryx, and Siamotherium.[5]

Genus/family Species Notes/affinities Image
Anthracohyus[5] A. choeroides
Anthracotherium[5] A. crassum
A. magnum
A. pangan
Anthracokeryx[5] A. birmanicum
A. tenuis
Myaingtherium[6] M. kenyapotamoides
Siamotherium[5] S. krabiense
S. pondaugnensis

Helohyids

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Genus/family Species Notes/affinities Image
Pakkohyus[4] P. lahirii

Ruminants

[edit]
Genus/family Species Notes/affinities Image
Indomeryx[4] I. arenae
I. cotteri

Unplaced

[edit]
Genus/family Species Notes/affinities Image
Myanmarius[7] M. chitseini The upper molars suggest raoellid affinity. If excluded, the other fossils suggest closer relations to suoids.[7]

Hyaenodonts

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Genus/family Species Notes/affinities Image
Kyawdawia[8] K. lupina A hyainailourid
Yarshea[8] Y. cruenta A hyainailourid
Orienspterodon O. dahkoensis[9] A hyainailourid

Perissodactyls

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Brontotheres

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Genus/family Species Notes/affinities Image
Bunobrontops[3] B. savagei A primitive brontothere
"Metatelmatherium" "M". brownii Does not belong to Metatelmatherium[10]
"M". lahirii Does not belong to Metatelmatherium[10]
Sivatitanops[8] S. cotteri Dubious[10]
S. birmanicum Dubious[10]
S.? rugosidens Dubious[10]
cf. Palaeosyops[10] cf. P. sp. A primitive brontothere; previously described as Bunobrontops sp.[3]

Chalicotherioids

[edit]
Genus/family Species Notes/affinities Image
Eomoropus[11] E. cf. minimus An eomoropid
E. pawnyunti[12]
Eomoropidae[11] Eomoropidae gen. et sp. indet. An eomoropid

Rhinocerotoids

[edit]
Genus/family Species Notes/affinities Image
cf Ilianodon[4] cf. I. lunanensis A hyracodont
Paramynodon[4] P. birmanicus An amynodont. A second species, P. cotteri, was previously recognized but is now considered a synonym of P. birmanicus.[13]

Tapiroids

[edit]
Genus/family Species Notes/affinities Image
Bahinolophus[11] B. birmanicus A deperetellid. Previously treated under the name Deperetella birmanicum[4][11]
Indolophus[4] I. guptai

Unplaced

[edit]
Genus/family Species Notes/affinities Image
Hsanotherium[14] H. parvum Originally classified as an anthracobunid, perhaps closer to artiodactyls[14]
Skopailophus[15] S. burmese A basal tapiromorph[15]

Primates

[edit]
Genus/family Species Notes/affinities Image
Afrasia[16] A. djijidae A primitive anthropoid[16]
Amphipithecus[4] A. mogaungensis An amphipithecid
Bahinia[4] B. pondaungensis An eosimiid
Eosimias?[17] E.? pakaungensis An eosimiid
Ganlea[18] G. megacanina An amphipithecid
Kyitchaungia[19] K. takaii A sivaladapid
Myanmarpithecus[20] M. yarshensis A primitive anthropoid[20]
Paukkaungia[21] P. parva A sivaladapid
Pondaungia[4] P. cotteri An amphipithecid
P. minuta

Rodents

[edit]
Genus/family Species Notes/affinities Image
Pondaungimys[22] P. anomaluropsis An anomalurid
Phiomyidae?[4] Phiomyidae? indet. Possibly two unidentified species

Non-mammal fossils

[edit]

The Pondaung Formation has also yielded fossils of fish, birds, and various reptiles (crocodilians, lizards, turtles), but no extensive systematic studies have been conducted on these fossils.[1]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Habinger, Sophie G.; Chavasseau, Olivier; Ducrocq, Stéphane; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques; Sein, Chit; Soe, Aung Naing; Stern, Samuel; Bocherens, Hervé (2023). "Isotopic niche modelling of the Pondaung mammal fauna (middle Eocene, Myanmar) shows microhabitat differences. Insights into paleoecology and early anthropoid primate habitats". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1110331. ISSN 2296-701X.
  2. ↑ Khin Zaw; Meffre, Sebastien; Takai, Masanaru; Suzuki, Hisashi; Burrett, Clive; Thaung Htike; Zin Maung Maung Thein; Tsubamoto, Takehisa; Egi, Naoko; Maung Maung (2014). "The oldest anthropoid primates in SE Asia: Evidence from LA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon age in the Late Middle Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar". Gondwana Research. 26 (1): 122–131. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2013.04.007.
  3. 1 2 3 Holroyd, Patricia A.; Ciochon, Russell L. (2000). "Bunobrontops savagei: a new genus and species of brontotheriid perissodactyl from the Eocene Pondaung fauna of Myanmar". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20 (2). Taylor & Francis: 408–410. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0408:BSANGA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Tsubamoto, Takehisa; Egi, Naoko; Takai, Masanaru; Shigehara, Nobuo; Aye Ko, Aung; Thein, Tin; Soe, Aung Naing; Tun, Soe Thura (2000). "A preliminary report on the Eocene mammals of the Pondaung fauna, Myanmar". Asian Palaeoprimatology. 1: 29–101.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Soe, Aung Naing (2008). "A new study of the anthracotheres (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Pondaung Formation, Myanmar: systematics implications". PalaeoVertebrata. Institut des sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier and Association Palaeovertebrata. doi:10.18563/pv.36.1-4.89-157. ISSN 2274-0333.
  6. ↑ Tsubamoto, Takehisa; Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein; Egi, Naoko; Nishimura, Takeshi; Thuang-Htike; Takai, Masanuru (2011). "A new anthracotheriid artiodactyl from the Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 49 (1): 85–113. ISSN 2096-9899.
  7. 1 2 Tsubamoto, Takehisa; Egi, Naoko; Takai, Masanaru; Thaung-Htike; Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein (2013). "A New Genus and Species of Bunodont Artiodactyl from the Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar". Paleontological Research. 17 (4): 297–311. doi:10.2517/1342-8144-17.4.297. ISSN 1342-8144.
  8. 1 2 3 de Bonis, Louis; Solé, Floreal; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Naing Soe, Aung; Sein, Chit; Lazzari, Vincent; Chavasseau, Olivier; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2018). "New hyaenodonta (Mammalia) from the middle Eocene of Myanmar". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 17 (6): 357–365. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2017.12.003. ISSN 1631-0683. Archived from the original on 2023-05-29.
  9. ↑ Egi, Naoko; Holroyd, Patricia A.; Tsubamoto, Takehisa; Shigehara, Nobuo; Takai, Masanaru; Tun, Soe Thura; Aung, Aye Ko; Soe, Aung Naing (2004). "A new genus and species of hyaenodontid creodont from the Pondaung Formation (Eocene, Myanmar)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (2). Taylor & Francis: 502–506. doi:10.1671/2481. ISSN 0272-4634.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mihlbachler, Matthew C. (2008). "Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 2008 (311). doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2008)501[1:STPABO]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0090.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Tsubamoto, T.; Egi, N.; Takai, M.; Sein, C. & Maung, M. (2005). "Middle Eocene ungulate mammals from Myanmar: A review with description of new specimens" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (1): 117–138.
  12. ↑ Remy, Jean-Albert; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Soe, U Aung Naing; Marivaux, Laurent; Sudre, Jean; Tun, Soe Thura; Marandat, Bernard; Dewaele, Erika (2005). "A new Chalicothere from the Pondaung Formation (late Middle Eocene of Myanmar)". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 4 (4): 341–349. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2005.02.003. ISSN 1631-0683. Archived from the original on 2024-04-15.
  13. ↑ Wall, William P. (1989). "The phylogenetic history and adaptive radiation of the Amynodontidae". The Evolution of Perissodactyls. Oxford University Press. pp. 341–354. ISBN 0-19-506039-3.
  14. 1 2 Cooper, L. N.; Seiffert, E. R.; Clementz, M.; Madar, S. I.; Bajpai, S.; Hussain, S. T.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (2014-10-08). "Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls". PLOS ONE. 9 (10) e109232. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j9232C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232. PMC 4189980. PMID 25295875.
  15. 1 2 Métais, Grégoire; Soe, Aung Naing; Ducrocq, Stéphane (2006). "A new basal tapiromorph (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the middle Eocene of Myanmar". Geobios. 39 (4): 513–519. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2005.05.001.
  16. 1 2 Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Chavasseau, Olivier; Beard, K. Christopher; Kyaw, Aung Aung; Soe, Aung Naing; Sein, Chit; Lazzari, Vincent; Marivaux, Laurent; Marandat, Bernard; Swe, Myat; Rugbumrung, Mana; Lwin, Thit; Valentin, Xavier; Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2012). "Late Middle Eocene primate from Myanmar and the initial anthropoid colonization of Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (26). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 10293–10297. doi:10.1073/pnas.1200644109. PMC 3387043. PMID 22665790.
  17. ↑ Takai, Masanaru; Sein, Chit; Tsubamoto, Takehisa; Egi, Naoko; Maung, Maung; Shigehara, Nobuo (2005). "A new eosimiid from the latest middle Eocene in Pondaung, central Myanmar". Anthropological Science. 113 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1537/ase.04S003.
  18. ↑ Beard, K. Christopher; Marivaux, Laurent; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques; Marandat, Bernard; Tafforeau, Paul; Soe, Aung Naing; Tun, Soe Thura; Kyaw, Aung Aung (2009). "A new primate from the Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar and the monophyly of Burmese amphipithecids". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1671): 3285–3294. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0836. ISSN 0962-8452.
  19. ↑ Marivaux, Laurent; Beard, K. Christopher; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques; Marandat, Bernard; Soe, Aung Naing; Tun, Soe Thura; Kyaw, Aung Aung (2008). "Proximal femoral anatomy of a sivaladapid primate from the late middle Eocene Pondaung formation (central Myanmar)". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (3): 263–273. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20866. ISSN 1096-8644.
  20. 1 2 Takai, Masanaru; Shigehara, Nobuo; Aung, Aye Ko; Tun, Soe Thura; Soe, Aung Naing; Tsubamoto, Takehisa; Thein, Tin (2001). "A new anthropoid from the latest middle Eocene of Pondaung, central Myanmar". Journal of Human Evolution. 40 (5): 393–409. doi:10.1006/jhev.2001.0463.
  21. ↑ Beard, K. C.; Marivaux, L.; Tun, S. T.; Soe, A. N.; Chaimanee, Y.; Htoon, W.; Marandat, B.; Aung, H. H.; Jaeger, J. -J. (2007). "New sivaladapid primates from the Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar and the anthropoid status of Amphipithecidae". Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 39: 67–76. doi:10.2992/0145-9058(2007)39[67:NSPFTE]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0145-9058. S2CID 85730138.
  22. ↑ Dawson, Mary R.; Tsubamoto, Takehisa; Takai, Masanaru; Egi, Naoko; Tun, Soe Thura; Sein, Chit (2003). "Rodents of the family Anomaluridae (Mammalia) from Southeast Asia (Middle Eocene, Pondaung Formation, Myanmar)". Annals of the Carnegie Museum. 72 (3): 203–213. doi:10.5962/p.215090. ISSN 0097-4463.
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