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Pinjor Formation

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pinjor Formation
Stratigraphic range: Pleistocene
~2.58–0.4 Ma[1]
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesBoulder Conglomerate Formation
OverliesTatrot Formation
Location
Coordinates30°42′N 76°48′E / 30.7°N 76.8°E / 30.7; 76.8
Approximate paleocoordinates29°12′N 77°18′E / 29.2°N 77.3°E / 29.2; 77.3
RegionHaryana, Punjab, India, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Pakistan, Chandigarh
Country India
Type section
Named forPinjor town, India
Pinjor Formation is located in India
Pinjor Formation
Pinjor Formation (India)

The Pinjor Formation is a Cenozoic geologic formation in India. The fossils of mammals are abundant from the formation, with the addition of reptiles, fishes and invertebrates.[2]

Paleobiota

[edit]
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
 Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Reptiles

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Pseudosuchians

[edit]

It is possible that Rhamphosuchus crassidens and probably Hypselornis sivalensis may have been present in Pinjor Formation.[3]

Pseudosuchians from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Gavialis[4] G. gangeticus WIF/A 459-461, partial craniums. Ambala A gavialid.
G. browni WIF/A 458, maxillary fragment.
Crocodylus[4][5] C. palaeindicus A/683, cranial rostrum. Naipli A crocodylid.
C. biporcatus A/684, a complete skull.

Turtle

[edit]
Turtles from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Megalochelys[4] M. atlas Numerous specimens, including ones referred to M. sivalensis. Known from Plio-Pleistocene deposits of entire Punjab. A large sized testudinid.
cf. Geoclemys[4] cf. G. hamiltonii WIF/A 454, partially preserved carapace and antero-posteriorly broken plastron. Ambala A geoemydid.
Omegachelys[4] O. sahnii WIF/A 451, terminally broken large carapace. Ambala A geoemydid.

Squamates

[edit]
Squamates from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Varanus V. sivalensis Distal end of humerus, dorsal vertebrae "Pinjor Zone" A varanid.

Birds

[edit]

It is possible that Leptoptilos falconeri and Struthio asiaticus might have been present in Pinjor Formation.[6][7]

Birds from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Aves[8] indet. Potwar Plateau Indeterminate aves.
Struthio S. camelus eggshells fragments Chandigarh region A struthionid.

Mammals

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Eulipotyphla

[edit]
Eulipotyphlas from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Chandisorex[9] C. punchkulaensis Chandigarh region A soricid.

Rodent

[edit]
Rodents from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Hystrix[9] H. leucurus Chandigarh region A hystricid.
Rattus[9] R. sp. Chandigarh region A murid.
Mus[9] M. linnaeusi Chandigarh region A murid.
cf. M. flynni Chandigarh region A murid.
Hadromys[9] H. loujacobsi Chandigarh region A murid
H. sp. Chandigarh region A murid
Nesokia[9] N. punchkulaensis Chandigarh region A murid
Cremnomys[9] C. blanfordi Chandigarh region A murid
Dilatomys[9] D. sp. Chandigarh region A murid
Golunda[9] G. sp. Chandigarh region A murid
Anepsirhizomys[9] A. pinjoricus Chandigarh region A murid
Tatera[9] T. pinjoricus Chandigarh region A murid
Bandicota[9] B. sp Chandigarh region A murid

Lagomorph

[edit]
Lagomorphs from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Pliosiwalagus[9][10] P. sivalensis Chandigarh region A leporid

Primates

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It is possible that Hominins (most likely Archaic humans) were present in Pinjor Formation.[1]

Primates from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Theropithecus[9] T. oswaldi[11] Chandigarh region A cercopithecid.
Procynocephalus[9] P. subhimalayanus Chandigarh region A cercopithecid.

Felids

[edit]
Felids from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Megantereon[9][12] M. falconeri Chandigarh region, Roorkee region A machairodontine felid.
Homotherium[12] H. sp. "Pinjor Faunal Zone" A machairodontine felid.
Dinofelis[9][13] D. cristata Chandigarh region A machairodontine felid, includes cf. Panthera cristata.
Sivapanthera[9] S. potens Chandigarh region A feline felid.
Panthera P. uncia[8] Potwar Plateau A pantherine felid.
P. gombaszogensis[14] Haro River
Felis[15] F. subhimalayana Upper Siwaliks A feline felid.

Canids

[edit]
Canids from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Canis C. pinjorensis[9] Chandigarh region A canine canid.
C. etruscus[8][16] Potwar Plateau and Siwaliks of Dádúpúr.[8][17] A canine canid, includes Canis cautleyi.
Prototocyon[9] P. curvipalatus Chandigarh region A canine canid. Also known from the older Tatrot Formation.

Ursids

[edit]
Ursid from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Agriotherium[15] A. sivalensis Kasamuri Rao, Saharanpur of North-Western Provinces and Siwalik Ganges valley neighbourhood.[17][18] A ailuropodine ursid.
Melursus[15] M. theobaldi Kangra district[17] A ursine ursid.

Viverrids

[edit]
Viverrids from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Vishnuictis[15] V. durandi Upper Siwalik A viverrine viverrid.
V. sp.[19] Chandigarh region A viverrine viverrid.
Viverra[15] V. bakeri Upper Siwalik A viverrine viverrid.

Mustelids

[edit]
Mustelids from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Enhydriodon[15] E. sivalensis Chandigarh region, Potwar Plateau A lutrine mustelid.
Sinictis[15] S. lydekkeri Upper Siwaliks A mustelid
Amblonyx[15] A. indicus Upper Siwaliks A lutrine mustelid.
A. sp. Upper Siwaliks A lutrine mustelid.
Mellivora M. sivalensis[9] Chandigarh region A mellivorine mustelid.
Lutra[15] L. palaeindica Upper Siwaliks A lutrine mustelid.

Hyaenids

[edit]
Hyaenids from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Pachycrocuta[9][8] P. brevirostris Chandigarh region, Potwar Plateau A hyaenid.
Crocuta C. sivalensis[15] Upper Siwaliks A hyaenid.
Pliocrocuta[15] P. perrieri Upper Siwaliks A hyaenid.
Hyaenictis[9] H. bosei Chandigarh region A hyaenid.

Proboscideans

[edit]
Proboscideans from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Stegodon[9] S. pinjorensis Chandigarh region A stegodontid proboscidean.
S. insignis Chandigarh region A stegodontid proboscidean.
S. sp. Chandigarh region A stegodontid proboscidean.
S. bombifrons Potwar Plateau A stegodontid proboscidean, also known from the older Tatrot Formation.
Elephas[9] E. hysudricus Chandigarh region An elephantid proboscidean.
E. planifrons Chandigarh region An elephantid proboscidean, also known from the older Tatrot Formation.
E. platycephalus Chandigarh region An elephantid proboscidean.
Anancus[9] A. sivalensis Chandigarh region A gomphothere proboscidean, also known from the older Tatrot Formation.
Stegolophodon[9] S. stegodontoides Chandigarh region A stegodontid proboscidean, also known from the older Tatrot Formation.

Rhinocerotids

[edit]
Rhinocerotids from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Rhinoceros[9] R. sivalensis Chandigarh region A rhinocerotine rhinocerotid.
R. platyrhinus Chandigarh region A large rhinocerotine rhinocerotid, includes Punjabitherium.
R. palaeindicus Chandigarh region A rhinocerotine rhinocerotid.
Subchilotherium[9] S. intermedium Chandigarh region A aceratheriine rhinocerotid. Also known from the older Tatrot Formation.

Bovids

[edit]
Bovids from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Bison[1] B. sivalensis A bovine bovid.
Damalops[1] D. palaeindicus An alcelaphine bovid.
Oryx O. sivalensis A hippotragine bovid.
Hemibos H. acuticornis A bovine bovid.
H. triquetricornis
H. antilopinus
Antilope A. subtorta[1] An antilopine bovid.
Bubalus B. platycerops[1] A bovine bovid.
B. palaeindicus
Leptobos[1] L. falconeri A bovine bovid.
Bos[1] B. acutifrons A bovine bovid.
Proamphibos[1] P. sp. A bovine bovid
Caprinae[1] Indeterminate An indeterminate caprine bovid.
Bucapra[1] B. deviesi A caprine bovid
Reduncinae[1] Indeterminate An indeterminate reduncine bovid.
Boselaphus B. cf. namadicus A bovine bovid.
Sivatragus S. bohlini A hippotragine bovid.
Bovidae[1] Indeterminate Indeterminate bovids.
Gazella G. sp. An antilopine bovid
Sivacapra S. subhimalayaensis A caprine bovid
Sivacobus S. palaeindicus A reduncine bovid.

Cervids

[edit]
Cervids from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Cervus C. sivalensis A large-size cervid.
C. triplidens A cervid.
C. sp.[1] A cervid.
Metacervocerus M. punjabiensis A cervid.
Eucladoceros E. sp. A large cervid.
Praesinomegaceros P. sp. A large cervid.
Rucervus[1] R. sp. A cervid.

Giraffids

[edit]
Giraffids from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Giraffa G. sivalensis[1] A giraffid.
Sivatherium[1] S. giganteum A giraffid.
S. sp.

Suids

[edit]
Suids from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Sus S. falconeri[1] A suid.
S. hysudricus
S. giganteus
S. choprai
Kolpochoerus[1] K. sp. A suid.
Potamochoerus P. theobaldi A suid.
P. palaeindicus
Sivachoerus S. sp. A suid.
Suidae[1] Indeterminate Indeterminate suids.

Other Ungulates

[edit]
Other Ungulates from the Pinjor Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Hexaprotodon H. sivalensis A hippopotamid.
Camelus C. sivalensis A camelid.
Equus E. cautleyi An equid, includes Equus sivalensis.
E. namadicus
Nestoritherium N. sivalense A chalicotheriid.

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Kaur, A. P.; Saarinen, J.; Patnaik, R.; Chauhan, P. R.; Dennell, R. (2026). "Contextualizing Early to Middle Pleistocene hominin ecology in the Indian Subcontinent". Journal of Quaternary Science. doi:10.1002/jqs.70088.
  2. ↑ V. Kumaravel, S. J. Sangode; Rohtash Kumar, N. Siva Siddaiah (2005). "Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Plio–Pleistocene Pinjor Formation (type locality), Siwalik Group, NW Himalaya, India". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad184.
  3. ↑ Martin, J. E. (2019). "The taxonomic content of the genus Gavialis from the Siwalik Hills of India and Pakistan" (PDF). Papers in Palaeontology. 5 (3): 483–497. Bibcode:2019PPal....5..483M. doi:10.1002/spp2.1247. S2CID 134966832.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Srivastava, R., and H. H. Schleich. (2018). "Fossil Turtles and Crocodiles from the Caenozoic of S-Asia". ARCO-Nepal, Muhich, 1-324
  5. ↑ Chabrol, Nils; Jukar, Advait M.; Patnaik, Rajeev; Mannion, Philip D. (21 March 2024). "Osteology of Crocodylus palaeindicus from the late Miocene-Pleistocene of South Asia and the phylogenetic relationships of crocodyloids". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 24 (1) 2313133. doi:10.1080/14772019.2024.2313133.
  6. ↑ Buffetaut, E. (2022). Feduccia, A. (ed.). "The First-Named Fossil Ostrich: A Revision of Struthio asiaticus, from the Siwaliks of India". Diversity. 14 (10): 860. doi:10.3390/d14100860.
  7. ↑ Louchart, A., Vignaud, P., Likius, A., Brunet, M., & White, T. D. (2005). A large extinct marabou stork in African Pliocene hominid sites, and a review of the fossil species of Leptoptilos. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 50(3).
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Dennell, R. W.; Coard, R.; Turner, A. (2008). "Predators and scavengers in Early Pleistocene southern Asia". Quaternary International. 192:78-88.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 "Pinjor Formation". indplex.geolex.org. Retrieved 4 June 2026.
  10. ↑ Patnaik, R. (2002). "Pliocene Leporidae (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) from the Upper Siwaliks of India: Implications for phylogenetic relationships". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22(2):443–452
  11. ↑ Getahun, Dagmawit Abebe; Delson, Eric; Seyoum, Chalachew Mesfin (July 2023). "A review of Theropithecus oswaldi with the proposal of a new subspecies". Journal of Human Evolution. 180 103373. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103373. hdl:10150/672281. Retrieved 5 March 2026 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  12. 1 2 Stimpson, Christopher M. (May 2024). "Siwalik sabrecats: review and revised diagnosis of Megantereon fossils from the foothills of the Himalaya". Royal Society Open Science. 11 (5) 231788. Bibcode:2024RSOS...1131788S. doi:10.1098/rsos.231788. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 11076117. PMID 38720790.
  13. ↑ Werdelin, Lars & Lewis, Margaret E. (2001), "A revision of the genus Dinofelis (Mammalia, Felidae)", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 132 (2): 147–258, doi:10.1006/zjls.2000.0260
  14. ↑ Jiangzuo, Q.; Liu, J. (2020). "First record of the Eurasian jaguar in southern Asia and a review of dental differences between pantherine cats". Journal of Quaternary Science. 35 (6): 817–830. Bibcode:2020JQS....35..817J. doi:10.1002/jqs.3222.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Jasinski, Steven E.; Abbas, Sayyed Ghyour; Mahmood, Khalid; Babar, Muhammad Adeeb; Khan, Muhammad Akbar (2023-11-02). "New Carnivoran (Mammalia: Carnivora) specimens from the Siwaliks of Pakistan and India and their faunal and evolutionary implications". Historical Biology. 35 (11): 2217–2252.
  16. ↑ Garrido, Guiomar; Arribas, Alfonso (2008). "Canis accitanus nov. sp., a new small dog (Canidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Fonelas P-1 Plio-Pleistocene site (Guadix basin, Granada, Spain)". Geobios. 41 (8): 753. Bibcode:2008Geobi..41..751G. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2008.05.002.
  17. 1 2 3 Lydekker, R. (1884). "Siwalik and Narbada Carnivora". Paleontologia Indica, 10:178-135.
  18. ↑ Lydekker, R. (1888). "Notes on Indian fossil Vertebrata; the ulna of Hyaenarctos". Records of Geological Survey of India, 21:145-146.
  19. ↑ Gaur, R.; Chopra, S. (22 March 1984). "Taphonomy, fauna, environment and ecology of Upper Siwaliks (Plio-Pleistocene) near Chandigarh, India". Nature. 308: 353–355. doi:10.1038/308353a0.
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