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Phylum

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

LifeDomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
The hierarchy of biological classification's eight major taxonomic ranks. A kingdom contains one or more phyla. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.

In biology, a phylum (/ˈfaɪ.lʊm/, FYE-luum; pl.: phyla) is a level of classification, or taxonomic rank, that is below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, the term division has been used in botany instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants accepts the terms as equivalent.[1][2][3] Depending on definitions, the animal kingdom Animalia contains about 32 phyla, the plant kingdom Plantae contains about 14 phyla, and the fungus kingdom Fungi contains about eight phyla. Current research in phylogenetics is uncovering the relationships among phyla within larger clades like Ecdysozoa and Embryophyta.

General description

[edit]

The term phylum was coined in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel from the Greek phylon (φῦλον, 'race, stock'), related to phyle (φυλή, 'tribe, clan').[4][5] Haeckel noted that species constantly evolved into new species that seemed to retain few consistent features among themselves and therefore few features that distinguished them as a group ("a self-contained unity"): "perhaps such a real and completely self-contained unity is the aggregate of all species which have gradually evolved from one and the same common original form, as, for example, all vertebrates. We name this aggregate [a] Stamm [i.e., stock / tribe] (Phylon)."[a] In plant taxonomy, August W. Eichler (1883) classified plants into five groups named divisions, a term that remains in use today for groups of plants, algae and fungi.[1][6] The definitions of zoological phyla have changed from their origins in the six Linnaean classes and the four embranchements of Georges Cuvier.[7]

At its most basic, a phylum can be defined in two ways: as a group of organisms with a certain degree of morphological or developmental similarity (the phenetic definition), or a group of organisms with a certain degree of evolutionary relatedness (the phylogenetic definition).[8] Attempting to define a level of the Linnean hierarchy without referring to (evolutionary) relatedness is unsatisfactory, but a phenetic definition is useful when addressing questions of a morphological nature—such as how successful different body plans were.[citation needed]

Definition based on genetic relation

[edit]

The most important objective measure in the above definitions is the "certain degree" that defines how different organisms need to be members of different phyla. The minimal requirement is that all organisms in a phylum should be clearly more closely related to one another than to any other group.[8] Even this is problematic because the requirement depends on knowledge of organisms' relationships: as more data become available, particularly from molecular studies, we are better able to determine the relationships between groups. So phyla can be merged or split if it becomes apparent that they are related to one another or not. For example, the bearded worms were described as a new phylum (the Pogonophora) in the middle of the 20th century, but molecular work almost half a century later found them to be a group of annelids, so the phyla were merged (the bearded worms are now an annelid family).[9] On the other hand, the highly parasitic phylum Mesozoa was divided into two phyla (Orthonectida and Rhombozoa) when it was discovered the Orthonectida are probably deuterostomes and the Rhombozoa protostomes.[10]

This changeability of phyla has led some biologists to call for the concept of a phylum to be abandoned in favour of placing taxa in clades without any formal ranking of group size.[8]

Definition based on body plan

[edit]

A definition of a phylum based on body plan has been proposed by paleontologists Graham Budd and Sören Jensen (as Haeckel had done a century earlier). The definition was posited because extinct organisms are hardest to classify: they can be offshoots that diverged from a phylum's line before the characteristics that define the modern phylum were all acquired. By Budd and Jensen's definition, a phylum is defined by a set of characters shared by all its living representatives.

This approach brings some small problems—for instance, ancestral characters common to most members of a phylum may have been lost by some members. Also, this definition is based on an arbitrary point of time: the present. However, as it is character based, it is easy to apply to the fossil record. A greater problem is that it relies on a subjective decision about which groups of organisms should be considered as phyla.

The approach is useful because it makes it easy to classify extinct organisms as "stem groups" to the phyla with which they bear the most resemblance, based only on the taxonomically important similarities.[8] However, proving that a fossil belongs to the crown group of a phylum is difficult, as it must display a character unique to a sub-set of the crown group.[8] Furthermore, organisms in the stem group of a phylum can possess the "body plan" of the phylum without all the characteristics necessary to fall within it. This weakens the idea that each of the phyla represents a distinct body plan.[11]

A classification using this definition may be strongly affected by the chance survival of rare groups, which can make a phylum much more diverse than it would be otherwise.[12]

Known phyla

[edit]

Animals

[edit]

Total numbers are estimates; figures from different authors vary wildly, not least because some are based on described species,[13] and some on extrapolations to numbers of undescribed species. For instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million.[14]

Lophotrochozoa

 Platytrochozoa Spiralia Protostomia Nephrozoa

Mesozoa, Rouphozoa, etc.

Gnathifera

Ecdysozoa

Deuterostomia

Basal

Phylum Meaning Common name Distinguishing characteristic Number of living species described Number of extinct species described
Agmata Fragmented Conical shells with angled layers of sediment (laminae), and a thin hollow tube running through the center None 4–9
Annelida Little ring [15]: 306  Segmented worms, annelids No single characteristic shared among all species[16] 22000+[citation needed]
Arthropoda Jointed foot Arthropods Chitinous cuticle, and, at some life stage or sex, internal segmentation (only embryonic for most Acari), and segmented appendages 1250000+[17] 20000+ [citation needed]
Brachiopoda Arm foot[15]: 336  Lampshells[15]: 336  True lophophore and pedicle ~300–500[citation needed] 12000+ [citation needed]
Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) Moss animals Moss animals, sea mats, ectoprocts[15]: 332  True lophophore, multiciliated epithelium and destructive metamorphosis ~6000[17]
Chaetognatha Longhair jaw Arrow worms[15]: 342  Chitinous spines either side of head and the corona ciliata ~100[citation needed]
Chordata With a cord Chordates Hollow dorsal nerve cord, notochord, and endostyle ~55000[17]
Cnidaria Stinging nettle Cnidarians Cnidocyte production ~16000[17]
Ctenophora Comb bearer Comb jellies[15]: 256  Eight longitudinal rows of plate-shaped fused groups of cilia ~100–150[citation needed] 15–26[18]
Cycliophora Wheel carrying Wheel wearers Chordoid organ and larvae, Prometheus larvae and their multiple-male injection, and Pandora larvae 2 None
Dicyemida Lozenge animal Dicyemids Infusoriform larvae, inner axial cell covered by ciliated peripheral cells in vermiform stages, emperipolesis of agametes into the axial cell of the vermiform stages,[19] of the first spermatogonium into the infusorigen axial cell,[20] and of germ line cells into the urn cells during infusoriform embryo formation[21] 100+[citation needed] None
Echinodermata Spiny skin Echinoderms[15]: 348  Tube feet, mesodermal stereom ossicles, catch connective tissue, water vascular system ~7500[17] ~13000 [citation needed]
Entoprocta Inside anus[15]: 292  Goblet worms Anus positioned within lophophore-like organ and no coelom ~150[citation needed] 1[22]
Gastrotricha Hairy stomach[15]: 288  Hairybellies Posterior tubules with adhesive and detaching glands without anchor cells[23] ~690[citation needed]
Gnathostomulida Jaw orifice Jaw worms[15]: 260  Monociliated epidermis (also in some gastrotrichs, e.g. Chordodasys, Xenodasys[24]), unique jaws (absent in Agnathiella[25]) without manubria (also absent in some rotifers, e.g. Acanthocephala) or homologous elements[26] and a 5-part unpaired "basal plate"[27] (absent in some genera) without a "manus",[26] and occipitalia (possibly absent in Problognathia minima and an undescribed species and genus[28]) ~100[citation needed]
Hemichordata Half cord[15]: 344  Hemichordates Stomochord, three-part body with proboscis/head shield, collar, and trunk, each section with a separate coelom ~130[citation needed] 8–11 non-graptolites, [29][30][31][32][33][34] ~8400 graptolites[35]
Kinorhyncha Motion snout Mud dragons Presence of both metamerism and scalids ~150[citation needed] 2[36]
Loricifera Armour bearer Brush heads, corset animals Higgins larvae, clavoscalids, spinoscalids with individual intrinsic musculature, protonephridia within gonads in adult ~122[citation needed] 2–3[37]
Micrognathozoa Tiny jaw animals 18 pairs of trunk ciliophores[38] 2 None
Mollusca Soft[15]: 320  Mollusks, molluscs Mantle, foot (or its precursors or derived structures), radula (absent in bivalves), ctenidia (sometimes absent)[39]: 522  85000+[17] 80000+[40]
Monoblastozoa

(Nomen inquirendum)

 One sprout animals Single layer of cells (monoblastic) and through-gut (i.e. anus and mouth), meaning that the cells contact both the internal digestive cavity and external ambient. 1 None
Nematoda Thread like Roundworms, threadworms, eelworms, nematodes[15]: 274  Tripartite collagenous cuticle, exclusively longitudinal body-wall musculature (also in Nematomorpha), amphids 25,000[17]
Nematomorpha Thread form[15]: 276  Horsehair worms, Gordian worms[15]: 276  Mostly subpharyngeal brain, unique larva[41] ~320[citation needed]
Nemertea A sea nymph[15]: 270  Ribbon worms[15]: 270  Proboscis and rhynchocoel (except in Arhynchonemertes) ~1200[citation needed]
Onychophora Claw bearer Velvet worms[15]: 328  Sperm with a subplasmalemmal manchette, nine accessory microtubules surrounding the axoneme, an annulus inside the neck region and an extracellular helical band of secretion surrounding the head[42] ~200[citation needed]
Orthonectida Straight swimmer Orthonectids Embryonic development undergoes inside a plasmodium,[43]: 13  adults made up only of a simple nervous and muscular system,[43]: 13  internal reproductive cells,[43]: 13  which are gonochoric (with the exception of Stoecharthrum,[43]: 11  and, possibly, Pelmatosphaera[44]), and external cells alternating in rings, of 1–3 cell rows,[43]: 13  of ciliated and unciliated cells[43]: 13  (except in Stoecharthrum, where cells after ring 22 are all ciliated,[45] and Pelmatosphaera, where all cells are ciliated[44][46]) ~20[citation needed]
Petalonamae Shaped like leaves Petalonamids, frondomorphs, fronds Glide symmetry (on petalodium) without subset radial symmetry (as in sea pens), and sessility
Phoronida Zeus's mistress Horseshoe worms Body composed of an anterior epistome (prosome), middle lophophore (mesosome), and a posterior trunk (metasome) that has a single pair of metanephridia, tipped with an end bulb (ampulla), actinotroch larva (except in Phoronis ovalis)[39]: 638–644  11[citation needed]
Placozoa Plate animals Trichoplaxes, placozoans[15]: 242  Minute, asymmetrical, flattened body, "shiny spheres"[39]: 215  4 (5 if Treptoplax is valid) Possibly 1[47][48]
Platyhelminthes Flat worm[15]: 262  Flatworms[15]: 262  Non-mitotic epidermal cells, replaced by kinetosome-containing cells that originate in the parenchyma,[49] no coelom, protonephridia present[39]: 376  ~2950[17]
Porifera Pore bearer Sponges[15]: 246  Choanocytes (absent in some Cladorhizidae),[50] mesohyl, pinacocytes (latter and possibly former absent in Hexactinellida),[51] archeocytes (possibly exclusive to Demospongiae,[52] otherwise, absent in all Calcarea[52]: 28  and some Homoscleromorpha[53][54]: 13 ), spicules (many demosponges and homosclerans lack them, e.g. Halisarca and Oscarella, respectively[39]: 220 ), no basal lamina[39]: 246  (except Homoscleromorpha[55]), nervous or muscle cells[56] (also absent in Placozoa,[56] Myxosporea,[57] (vermiform stages of Malacosporea do have muscles[58]), and Dicyemida[59]) 10800[17]
Priapulida Little Priapus Penis worms Introvert with scalids but no trichoscalids ~20[citation needed]
Proarticulata Before articulates External glide symmetry and motility None 25[citation needed]
Rotifera Wheel bearer Rotifers,[15]: 282  wheel animals, wheel animalcules Corona (sometimes unciliated, e.g. Cupelopagis), "foot" with "toes" and adhesive glands (sometimes absent, e.g. Keratella[60]) (possibly homologous with acanthocephalan cement glands[61]), trophi (sometimes absent, e.g. Acanthocephala,[62] male Asplanchna[63]), intracytoplasmic laminae (also in Micrognathozoa[64])[39]: 618  ~3500[17]
Saccorhytida Saccus: "pocket" and "wrinkle" Saccorhytids Microscopic, ellipsoidal body shape with pronounced bilateral symmetry expressed by paired spiny sclerites. Single, presumably oral opening on assumed ventral side (no anus).[65] None 2[66][67]
Tardigrada Slow step Water bears, moss piglets Outer connectives (secondary connection between protocerebrum and first ventral trunk ganglion)[68][39]: 711, 717  ~1000 3[69]
Trilobozoa Three-lobed animal Trilobozoans Flattened and triradially symmetrical None
Vetulicolia Ancient dweller Vetulicolians Laterally compressed pelagic animals with gill slits and the anus located at the apex of the segmented tail None 17[citation needed]
Xenacoelomorpha Strange hollow form Xenacoelomorphs, xenacoels, xenacoelans Bilateral symmetry and no nephridia or protonephridia, pulsatile bodies, "xenacoelomorphan cilia" (standard 9+2 microfilament arrangement, except doublets 4–6 fail to reach the end of the cilium)[39]: 346  400+[citation needed]
Total: 39 1,525,000[17]

Plants

[edit]

The kingdom Plantae is defined in various ways by different biologists (see Current definitions of Plantae). All definitions include the living embryophytes (land plants), to which may be added the two green algae divisions, Chlorophyta and Charophyta, to form the clade Viridiplantae. The table below follows the influential (though contentious) Cavalier-Smith system in equating "Plantae" with Archaeplastida,[70] a group containing Viridiplantae and the algal Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta divisions.

The definition and classification of plants at the division level also varies from source to source, and has changed progressively in recent years. Thus some sources place horsetails in division Arthrophyta and ferns in division Monilophyta,[71] while others place them both in Monilophyta, as shown below. The division Pinophyta may be used for all gymnosperms (i.e. including cycads, ginkgos and gnetophytes),[72] or for conifers alone as below.

Since the first publication of the APG system in 1998, which proposed a classification of angiosperms up to the level of orders, many sources have preferred to treat ranks higher than orders as informal clades. Where formal ranks have been provided, the traditional divisions listed below have been reduced to a very much lower level, e.g. subclasses.[73]

Archaeplastida Biliphyta[70] Other algae
Viridiplantae Green algae
Embryophyte (Land plants)
DivisionMeaningCommon nameDistinguishing characteristicsSpecies described
Anthocerotophyta[74] Anthoceros-like plants Hornworts Horn-shaped sporophytes, no vascular system 100–300+
Bryophyta[74] Bryum-like plants, moss plants Mosses Persistent unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system approx. 12,000
Charophyta Chara-like plants Charophytes approx. 1,000
Chlorophyta (Yellow-)green plants[75]: 200  Chlorophytes approx. 7,000
Cycadophyta[76] Cycas-like plants, palm-like plants Cycads Seeds, crown of compound leaves approx. 100–200
Ginkgophyta[77] Ginkgo-like plants Ginkgophytes Seeds not protected by fruit only 1 extant; 50+ extinct
Glaucophyta Blue-green plants Glaucophytes 15
Gnetophyta[78] Gnetum-like plants Gnetophytes Seeds and woody vascular system with vessels approx. 70
Lycophyta[79] Lycopodium-like plants

Wolf plants

 Clubmosses Microphyll leaves, vascular system 1,290 extant
Angiospermae Seed container Flowering plants, angiosperms Flowers and fruit, vascular system with vessels 300,000
Marchantiophyta,[80]

Hepatophyta[74]

 Marchantia-like plants

Liver plants

 Liverworts Ephemeral unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system approx. 9,000
Polypodiophyta Polypodium-like plants
 Ferns Megaphyll leaves, vascular system approx. 10,560
Picozoa Extremely small animals Picozoans, picobiliphytes 1
Pinophyta,[72]

Coniferophyta[81]

 Pinus-like plants

Cone-bearing plant

 Conifers Cones containing seeds and wood composed of tracheids 629 extant
Prasinodermophyta Prasinoderma-like plants Picozoans, picobiliphytes, biliphytes 8
Rhodophyta Red plants Red algae Use phycobiliproteins as accessory pigments. approx. 7,000
Total: 16

Fungi

[edit]
DivisionMeaningCommon nameDistinguishing characteristicsSpecies described
Ascomycota Bladder fungus[75]: 396  Ascomycetes,[75]: 396  sac fungi Tend to have fruiting bodies (ascocarp).[82] Filamentous, producing hyphae separated by septa. Can reproduce asexually. 30,000
Basidiomycota Small base fungus[75]: 402  Basidiomycetes,[75]: 402  club fungi Bracket fungi, toadstools, smuts and rust. Sexual reproduction.[citation needed] 31,515
Blastocladiomycota Offshoot branch fungus[83] Blastoclads Less than 200
Chytridiomycota Little cooking pot fungus[84] Chytrids Predominantly Aquatic saprotrophic or parasitic. Have a posterior flagellum. Tend to be single celled but can also be multicellular.[85][86][87] 1000+
Glomeromycota Ball of yarn fungus[75]: 394  Glomeromycetes, AM fungi[75]: 394  Mainly arbuscular mycorrhizae present, terrestrial with a small presence on wetlands. Reproduction is asexual but requires plant roots. 284
Microsporidia Small seeds[88] Microsporans[75]: 390  1400
Neocallimastigomycota New beautiful whip fungus[89] Neocallimastigomycetes Predominantly located in digestive tract of herbivorous animals. Anaerobic, terrestrial and aquatic.[90] approx. 20 [91]
Zygomycota Pair fungus[75]: 392  Zygomycetes[75]: 392  Most are saprobes and reproduce sexually and asexually.[90] approx. 1060
Total: 8

Phylum Microsporidia is generally included in kingdom Fungi, though its exact relations remain uncertain,[92] and it is considered a protozoan by the International Society of Protistologists[93] (see Protista, below). Molecular analysis of Zygomycota has found it to be polyphyletic (its members do not share an immediate ancestor),[94] which is considered undesirable by many biologists. Accordingly, there is a proposal to abolish the Zygomycota phylum. Its members would be divided between phylum Glomeromycota and four new subphyla incertae sedis (of uncertain placement): Entomophthoromycotina, Kickxellomycotina, Mucoromycotina, and Zoopagomycotina.[92]

Protists

[edit]

The kingdom Protista (or Protoctista) is included in the traditional five- or six-kingdom model, where it can be defined as containing all eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi.[75]: 120  Protista is a paraphyletic taxon,[95] which is less acceptable to present-day biologists than in the past. Proposals have been made to divide it among several new kingdoms, such as Protozoa and Chromista in the Cavalier-Smith system.[96]

Protist taxonomy has long been unstable,[97] with different approaches and definitions resulting in many competing classification schemes. Many of the phyla listed below are used by the Catalogue of Life,[98] and correspond to the Protozoa-Chromista scheme,[93] with updates from the latest (2022) publication by Cavalier-Smith.[99] Other phyla are used commonly by other authors, and are adapted from the system used by the International Society of Protistologists (ISP). Some of the descriptions are based on the 2019 revision of eukaryotes by the ISP.[100]

Stramenopiles Diaphoretickes
Alveolata
Rhizaria
"Hacrobia"
Amorphea
Excavates
Orphan groups
PhylumMeaningCommon nameDistinguishing characteristicsSpecies describedImage
Amoebozoa Amorphous animals Amoebozoans Presence of pseudopodia for amoeboid movement, tubular cristae.[100] approx. 2,400[101]
Apicomplexa Apical infolds[102] Apicomplexans, sporozoans Mostly parasitic, at least one stage of the life cycle with flattened subpellicular vesicles and a complete apical complex, non-photosynthetic apicoplast.[100] over 6,000[102]
Apusozoa
(paraphyletic)		 Apusomonas-like animals Gliding biciliates with two or three connectors between centrioles 32
Bigyra Two rings Stramenopiles with a double helix in ciliary transition zone
Cercozoa Flagellated animal Cercozoans Defined by molecular phylogeny, lacking distinctive morphological or behavioural characters.[100]
Chromerida Chromera-like organisms Chrompodellids, chromerids, colpodellids[103] Biflagellates, chloroplasts with four membranes, incomplete apical complex, cortical alveoli, tubular cristae.[100] 8[104]
Choanozoa
(paraphyletic)		 Funnel animals[75] Opisthokont protists Filose pseudopods; some with a colar of microvilli surrounding a flagellum approx. 300[101]
Ciliophora Cilia bearers Ciliates Presence of multiple cilia and a cytostome. approx. 4,500[105]
Cryptista Hidden[75] Defined by molecular phylogeny, flat cristae.[100] 246[104][100]
Dinoflagellata Whirling flagellates[75] Dinoflagellates Biflagellates with a transverse ribbon-like flagellum with multiple waves beating to the cell's left and a longitudinal flagellum beating posteriorly with only one or few waves.[100] 2,957 extant
955 fossil[104]
Endomyxa Within mucus[75][106] Defined by molecular phylogeny,[100] typically plasmodial endoparasites of other eukaryotes.[106]
Eolouka
(paraphyletic)		 Early groove[107] Heterotrophic biflagellates with ventral feeding groove.[107] 23
Euglenozoa True eye animals Biflagellates, one of the two cilia inserted into an apical or subapical pocket, unique ciliary configuration.[100] 2,037 extant
20 fossil[104]
Haptista Fasten[75] Thin microtubule-based appendages for feeding (haptonema in haptophytes, axopodia in centrohelids), complex mineralized scales.[100] 517 extant
1,205 fossil[104]
Hemimastigophora Incomplete or atypical flagellates[108] Hemimastigotes[109] Ellipsoid or vermiform phagotrophs, two slightly spiraling rows of around 12 cilia each, thecal plates below the membrane supported by microtubules and rotationally symmetrical, tubular and saccular cristae.[100][108] 10[110]
Heterolobosea;[111]
Percolozoa		 Percolomonas-like animals Heteroloboseans, amoebomastigotes[75] Complex life cycle containing amoebae, flagellates and cysts.[100] Amoeboflagellates with an amoeba, a flagellate, and a cyst stage in their life cycles. Amoebae usually cylindrical, with a monopodial locomotive form, relatively fast-moving via eruptive lobopodia. Flagellates usually with two or four flagella that arise at the anterior end of a feeding groove. Golgi apparatus lacking a classic stacked form. Mitochondria with discoidal cristae, some species with acristate, hydrogen-producing mitochondrion-related organelles.[111] approx. 170[111]
Malawimonada Malawimonas-like organisms Malawimonads Small free-living bicilates with two kinetosomes, one or two vanes in posterior cilium. 3[112]
Metamonada Middle monads Metamonads Anaerobic or microaerophilic, some without mitochondria; four kinetosomes per kinetid
Ochrophyta;
Heterokontophyta		 Ochre plants, heterokont plants Heterokont algae, stramenochromes, ochrophytes, heterokontophytes Biflagellates with tripartite mastigonemes, chloroplasts with four membranes and chlorophylls a and c, tubular cristae.[100] 21,052 extant
2,262 fossil[104]
Opisthosporidia
(often considered fungi)		 Opisthokont spores[113] Parasites with chitinous spores and extrusive host-invasion apparatus
Perkinsozoa Perkinsus-like animals Perkinsozoans, perkinsids Parasitic biflagellates, incomplete apical complex, formation of zoosporangia or undifferentiated cells via a hypha-like tube.[100] 26
Provora Devouring voracious protists[114] Defined by molecular phylogeny, free-living eukaryovorous heterotrophic biflagellates with ventral groove and extrusomes.[114] 7[114]
Pseudofungi False fungi Defined by molecular phylogeny, phagotrophic heterokonts with a helical ciliary transition zone.[115] over 1,200[116]
Retaria Reticulopodia-bearing organisms[106] Feeding by reticulopodia (or axopodia) typically projected through various types of skeleton, closed mitosis.[117] 10,000 extant
50,000 fossil
Sulcozoa
(paraphyletic)		 Groove-bearing animals[107] Aerobic flagellates (none, 1, 2 or 4 flagella) with dorsal semi-rigid pellicle of one or two submembrane dense layers, ventral feeding groove, branching ventral pseudopodia, typically filose.[107] 40+
Telonemia Telonema-like organisms[118] Telonemids[119] Phagotrophic pyriform biflagellates with a unique complex cytoskeleton, tubular cristae, tripartite mastigonemes, cortical alveoli.[118][119] 7
Total: 26, but see below.

The number of protist phyla varies greatly from one classification to the next. The Catalogue of Life includes Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta in kingdom Plantae,[98] but other systems consider these phyla part of Protista.[120] In addition, less popular classification schemes unite Ochrophyta and Pseudofungi under one phylum, Gyrista, and all alveolates except ciliates in one phylum Myzozoa, later lowered in rank and included in a paraphyletic phylum Miozoa.[99] Even within a phylum, other phylum-level ranks appear, such as the case of Bacillariophyta (diatoms) within Ochrophyta. These differences became irrelevant after the adoption of a cladistic approach by the ISP, where taxonomic ranks are excluded from the classifications after being considered superfluous and unstable. Many authors prefer this usage, which lead to the Chromista-Protozoa scheme becoming obsolete.[100]

Bacteria

[edit]

Currently there are 41 bacterial phyla (not including "Cyanobacteria") that have been validly published according to the Bacteriological Code[121]

  1. Abditibacteriota
  2. Acidobacteriota, phenotypically diverse and mostly uncultured
  3. Actinomycetota, High-G+C Gram positive species
  4. Aquificota, deep-branching
  5. Armatimonadota
  6. Atribacterota
  7. Bacillota, Low-G+C Gram positive species, such as the spore-formers Bacilli (aerobic) and Clostridia (anaerobic)
  8. Bacteroidota
  9. Balneolota
  10. Bdellovibrionota
  11. Caldisericota, formerly candidate division OP5, Caldisericum exile is the sole representative
  12. Calditrichota
  13. Campylobacterota
  14. Chlamydiota
  15. Chlorobiota, green sulphur bacteria
  16. Chloroflexota, green non-sulphur bacteria
  17. Chrysiogenota, only 3 genera (Chrysiogenes arsenatis, Desulfurispira natronophila, Desulfurispirillum alkaliphilum)
  18. Coprothermobacterota
  19. Deferribacterota
  20. Deinococcota, Deinococcus radiodurans and Thermus aquaticus are "commonly known" species of this phyla
  21. Dictyoglomota
  22. Elusimicrobiota, formerly candidate division Thermite Group 1
  23. Fibrobacterota
  24. Fusobacteriota
  25. Gemmatimonadota
  26. Ignavibacteriota
  27. Kiritimatiellota
  28. Lentisphaerota, formerly clade VadinBE97
  29. Mycoplasmatota, notable genus: Mycoplasma
  30. Myxococcota
  31. Nitrospinota
  32. Nitrospirota
  33. Planctomycetota
  34. Pseudomonadota, the most well-known phylum, containing species such as Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  35. Rhodothermota
  36. Spirochaetota, species include Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease
  37. Synergistota
  38. Thermodesulfobacteriota
  39. Thermomicrobiota
  40. Thermotogota, deep-branching
  41. Verrucomicrobiota

Archaea

[edit]

Currently there are 5 phyla that have been validly published according to the Bacteriological Code[121]. There were many changes to the phyla and the names used for them in 2023.[122]

  1. Methanobacteriota, a phylum including a range of archaeans, including methanogens and halophilic archaea (halobacteria), according to LPSN. Previously called Euryarchaeota [122]
  2. Microcaldota (previously known as Ca. Micrarchaeota)[123]
  3. Nanodellota (previously Nanoarchaeota [122]
  4. Promethearchaeota (phylum within the kingdom Promethearchaeati, which was previously known as Asgard Archaea), thought to include the ancestor of Eukaryotes.[124]
  5. Thermoproteota, second most common archaeal phylum (previously known as Crenarchaeota)[125]

[126]

Other phyla that have been proposed, but not validly named, include:

  1. "Euryarchaeota", most common archaeal phylum
  2. "Korarchaeota"
  3. "Nanoarchaeota", ultra-small symbiotes, single known species

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Wohl aber ist eine solche reale und vollkommen abgeschlossene Einheit die Summe aller Species, welche aus einer und derselben gemeinschaftlichen Stammform allmählig sich entwickelt haben, wie z. B. alle Wirbelthiere. Diese Summe nennen wir Stamm (Phylon)."

References

[edit]
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  2. ↑ "Life sciences". The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy (third ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005. Retrieved 4 October 2008. Phyla in the plant kingdom are frequently called divisions.
  3. ↑ Berg, Linda R. (2 March 2007). Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment (2 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-534-46669-5. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  4. ↑ Valentine, James W. (2004). On the Origin of Phyla. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-226-84548-7.
  5. ↑ Haeckel, Ernst (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen [The General Morphology of Organisms] (in German). Vol. 1. Berlin, (Germany): G. Reimer. pp. 28–29.
  6. ↑ Naik, V. N. (1984). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-07-451788-8.
  7. ↑ Collins AG, Valentine JW (2001). "Defining phyla: evolutionary pathways to metazoan body plans". Evolution and Development. 3 (6): 432–442. Bibcode:2001EvDev...3..432C. doi:10.1046/j.1525-142X.2001.01048.x. PMID 11806639. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
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  14. ↑ Felder, Darryl L.; Camp, David K. (2009). Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota: Biodiversity. Texas A&M University Press. p. 1111. ISBN 978-1-60344-269-5.
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  120. ↑ Corliss, John O. (1984). "The Kingdom Protista and its 45 Phyla". BioSystems. 17 (2): 87–176. Bibcode:1984BiSys..17...87C. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(84)90003-0. PMID 6395918.
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  125. ↑ Oren, Aharon; Garrity, George M. (2021). "Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 71 (10). Microbiology Society: 005056. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005056. ISSN 1466-5034. PMID 34694987.
  126. ↑ "Phylum". lpsn.dsmz.de. Retrieved 27 August 2026.
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