Patsho
Patsho | |
|---|---|
From top (left to right): Patsho Village at night; Patsho North direction; Shiemong intersection; Patsho Hill | |
| Motto: "Enfolding and exhibiting excellence" | |
 Map of the Patsho administrative area, encompassing the village | |
  Patsho Location of Patsho in Nagaland  Patsho Patsho (India) | |
| Coordinates: 26°06′45″N 94°55′55″E / 26.11250°N 94.93194°E | |
| Country |  India |
| Region | Northeast India |
| State | Nagaland |
| District | Noklak district |
| Block | Panso block |
| Government | |
| • Type | Autonomous council |
| • Body | Patsho Village Council |
| • Head GB | S L Shingnyo |
| • Assembly Constituency | 57 Thuonoknyu Assembly Constituency |
| Area | |
• Total | 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,415 m (4,642 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
• Total | 2,117[1] |
| • Density | 110/km2 (270/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Patsho Khiamniungan |
| • Major languages | Patsho Khiamniungan |
| • Official script | Latin script |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 798612 |
| Telephone code | 23200 |
| Vehicle registration | NL |
| Sex ratio(2011) | 997 ♀/1000 ♂ |
| Students' Union | Patsho Students' Union |
| Public Organization | Patsho Public Organization |
| Cultural Organization | Patsho Cultural Club |
| Women Organization | Patsho Mienyu Hoikam |
| Church | Patsho Baptist Tuathih |
| Climate | Temperate (Köppen) |
| Website | www.noklak.nic.in -Village & Panchayats Name of Administrative Circle: Noklak PATHSO |
Patsho, also spelled Pathso, is a village in the state of Nagaland within Northeast India. It is situated within the Indo-Burma region of Patkai range, towards the west of Mount Khülio-King.[2][3]Patsho is one of the largest and most important villages in the district.[4]
History
[edit]Ancient history
[edit]The historical account suggest that the Nagas were well-established in their homeland prior to 2nd century AD.[5] The term Nagalogoi is seen in some books which is translated into The realm of the Naked.[6] Apart from this, there are handful source or no written record of the village is found. It is only through folklore and folktales that the picture of how the ancestrals of the village have lived. Verbal history accorded to us are:
Communication
[edit]People communicated only verbally with no written form. The dialect spoken before migration from Khiamnyunga is still obscure, given that there are multiple dialects in Khiamniungan region.
Tools
[edit]Handmade tools like stones or other sharpen wooden tools might have been the primary tools for hunting and gatherings. The renowned traditional tool like dao and spear were also used for headhunting, as a construction tool and other daily activities. In addition Wui village is known for iron smelting.[7] Therefore, it is expected that Patsho might have engaged in trade with Wui through imports or exchanges.
Housing
[edit]Houses were built in close structural homes with only little walkways in between to secure from enemy's raid. The account on slate-house buildings is seen in the book of Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf but only in the 1930s.[8]
Clothing
[edit]The common cloth for men in those days were loincloth or a langot(Īelêi) and the white shawl purely made from cotton locally called Pàpànìe, with no natural dyes. The rest are animal related products usually made from skin and fur.
Middle ages & modern
[edit]By the time of 12th and 13th century other Naga tribes have already well established trading practice and norms with the introduction of Ahom dynasty led by king Sukapha in Northeast India.[9] But the access to trading route by the villagers might have occurred in a far distant year, given by the clear evidence of difficult terrain and remote region.
According to oral tradition, after the migration from Khiamnyunga the earliest settlement in the village following the prolonged habitation at Lümuoking was Noknyuthang, a small khel (a ward) located between present-day Patsho and Patsho Nokking. This migration might have been accompanied by serious of headhunting exchanges such as sudden raids and attacks on both sides. However, over time, the settlement expanded northward which is towards Iekhau village, and the locality came to be known locally as Patsho, prior to its official designation as Panso (B).[10] The spelling was later altered to Pathso, before the introduction of the Khiamniungan alphabet for Patsho. Today, the currently accepted lexical form is Patsho.[11]
The etymology of the name "Patsho" is obscure, although it may mean "congregation of people."[citation needed] The Patsho people originate from the region of Khiamnyunga, from where a group of people moved towards west to occupy Lümuoking and subsequently inhibited the extant Patsho village.[12][13]
During the British Raj, the Khiamniungans were referred to as kalyo Kenyu - Slate-House dwellers particularly in the works of anthropologists such as Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf.[14]
Geography
[edit]Climate
[edit]Patsho village undergoes a sub-tropical climate with four distinct seasons: spring (Miuleih), summer (Asheu), autumn (Ochamju/Paichamthok) and winter (A-uh).[15] Patsho comes under the climate zone of Humid subtropical, dry winter(Köppen climate classification). The average mean temperature is around 25.05 °C (77.09 °F). It experience hottest on average in the month of June, when the day time temperature may reach up-to 29.34 °C (84.81 °F), and is coolest in January when the average low temperature may fall below 11.33 °C (52.39 °F).[16] Rainfall in the area varies from 150 to 250 cm. The bulk of rainfall is received between May and October.[17]
Topography
[edit]The village is a part of the larger Indo-Burma mountain system lying to the west of Mount Khülio-King. This topographical setting contributes to its distinct climatic conditions, which are categorized as a humid subtropical climate with a dry winter and hot summer.
Patsho neighbors Kingnyu to the east, Tshüvau and Lingnyu to the northeast, Yokau and Iekhau to the north, Patsho Nokking and Patsho Town to the south, Kingphu and New Sanglau Longding to the south west, Yakor to the north west and Shamator to the west.[18]
Landscape and relief
[edit]The terrain of Pathso presents a varied landscape, characterized by a distinct division. Approximately half of the area consists of gentle hill, while the other half comprises relatively flat, low-lying plain. The elevated section is inhibited by the neighboring village of Iekhau and to the south, the adjoining village is known as Patsho Nokking which is comparatively a inch higher then Pathso. Relatively, the village itself is situated at a much lower elevation than Sanglau village and the prominent Mount Khülio-King, including the nearby town of Shamator, which occupy higher ground in the surrounding region.[18]
People
[edit]The people of Patsho are members of the broader Mongoloid Naga community with varied stature and yellow to brown complexions. The village is a clan-based society that values lineage and forefathers.[19] Historical accounts note a notable hospitality extended toward certain foreigners in earlier periods, which subtly reflects aspects of the community's character.[20] This people were once regarded as among the most formidable in warfare, with opponents from neighboring villages hesitating to attack or raid the village. The villager were adapted in the use of poisoned arrows and mastered tactical engagements, where a single warrior or a pair could fiercely and effectively overcome larger groups of adversaries.[21] Unlike that past era, the community is now characterized by a consistently polite and gracious conduct, actively demonstrating compassion by supporting the indigent or aiding the destitute. This profound culture has been significantly influenced by the advent of Christianity and the introduction of modern education, which indeed appears to be a positive impact on the village society.[22]
Organizations
[edit]Community organizations
[edit]The village is run by community organizations to monitor the village development in all aspects of social life and their primary objective is to address the various needs of the village.
Patsho Baptist Tuathih (church)
[edit]The Patsho (Pathso) Baptist Church (Pathso Bapitst Tuathih) serves as a central spiritual and often acts as a village community hub for moral guidance.[23] [24]
Patsho Village Council
[edit]The Patsho Village Council is composed of village elders who are the custodian of traditional laws, customs, and village governance. The council resloves local disputes, manages village resources, and acts as the official liaison between the village and the higher authorities of state government especially Noklak district administration.[25]
Patsho Mienyu (Women's) Organization
[edit]The Patsho Mienyu Hoikam is the apex body for women in the village and the primary focus is women issues like women empowerment, welfare, and socio-economic development. The incumbent President is Mrs. Sujang. [26][27]
Patsho Students' Union
[edit]The Patsho Students' Union, established in 1970 is an apex students' body representing the interests of the village's student population and its primary role is to improve village education and provide community awareness. The Union also opposes drug abuse and alcoholism, encourage healthy lifestyle especially amongst the youth in the village.[28][29]
| Position | 1966 – Pathso Lam / Neye Students' Union | 1970 – Pathso Lam / Nyu Students' Union |
|---|---|---|
| President | Mr. S Khomo | Mr. P. Langkhio |
| Vice President | Late. Langshi | L. Pukhio |
| Secretary | Pukie | Pukie |
| Asst. Secretary | Potto | K. Shingnyu |
Patsho Public Organization
[edit]The Patsho Public Organization sometime functions as a pressure group that addresses developmental and infrastructure needs of the village.[31][32]
Pathso Cultural Club
[edit]The Pathso Cultural Club is engaged in the preservation and promotion of the indigenous heritage like documentation and performance of traditional songs, dances, and folk narratives that have been orally passed down through generations.[33] They are the representative of village to any social occasion invited by different organizations and authorities for showcasing folksong and folkdances.
Education
[edit]In the past, educational attainment remained out of reach for most villagers, hindered by a social framework that undervalued formal learning and by the urgency of subsistence challenges. This paradigm shifted fundamentally with the advent of new academic institutions in the village.[22]
List of academic institutions
[edit]List of private schools
- Union Mission School - Established in 2017. – Class A-2[34] Today, the school operates form class A to class 8.
List of government schools
Literacy rate
[edit]According to the 2011 Indian census, the literacy rate of this village is 54.87%. In Pathso Male literacy stands at 58.07% while female literacy rate was 51.60%.[4]
Politics
[edit]History
[edit]The Kalyo Kengyu villages, including Patsho, did not feature a system of hereditary chieftainship. Instead, the social organization operated on democratic principles, with leadership typically accorded to elders from each khel and especially to men who distinguished themselves through combat proficiency, economic success or people who had gained importance in these feat. In the specific case of Patsho, however, a single hereditary role existed: a male figure within a designated clan who held exclusive responsibility for conducting magical and religious ceremonies.[20]
Present administration
[edit]Patsho forms part of Thonoknyu Assembly constituency #57 in the Nagaland Legislative Assembly.[38]
| Field | Details |
|---|---|
| Constituency | Thonoknyu (57) |
| Incumbent MLA | Benei M. Lamthiu[39] |
| Political Party | National People's Party (NPP) |
| Elected Year | 2023[40] |
| Preceded by | L. Khumo Khiamniungan (2013–2018, 2018-2023)[41] |
| First MLA elected | P. Mongchua Khiamniungan 1974 |
Local administration
[edit]"As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raj Act, the village is governed through its local village administration, headed by elected community representatives who oversee village affairs and development activities.[1][4]
| Sl. No. | Name of GB |
|---|---|
| 1 | Late Chemong |
| 2 | Langshi |
| 3 | Tangmong |
| 4 | Tuming |
| 5 | Khuyang |
| 6 | Sheying |
| 7 | Longkhoi |
| Position | Name | Tenure / Status |
|---|---|---|
| Chairman | S Chillio | 12 January 1979 to 19 July 1984 |
| Chairman | Büming | |
| Chairman | Chietei | |
| Chairman | Püshong | Incumbent |
| Position | Name | Tenure / Status |
| VDB Secretary | Jakpuo | 1981 to 12 August 1984 |
| VDB Secretary | K Shingnyo | 1984–1998 |
| VDB Secretary | Mükom | |
| VDB Secretary | Tangsoi | |
| VDB Secretary | Sheying | Incumbent |
| Position | Name | Tenure / Status |
| Head Gaon Bura | Pingchang | 1st Head GB of undivided Patsho |
| Head Gaon Bura | Sheying | |
| Head Gaon Bura | Chietei | |
| Head Gaon Bura | S L Shingnyo | 2026(Incumbent) |
| Position | Name | Tenure / Status |
| Village Council Secretary | P. Pütshi | 2 June 1979 to 16 October, 1979. |
Economy
[edit]Agriculture and animal husbandry form the economic foundation of the village. Agriculture in Patsho is primarily based on jhum cultivation. The principal crops grown include maize, rice, yam, millet, Job's tears (adlay millet), beans, sweet potatoes, pulses and spices.[42] Cotton production remains a significant supplementary activity, contributing to household income.[43] Some of the key cultivated crops in the village include Paddy, Maize Millet, Beans of different kind, Chilies, Taro, Sweet potatoes.[44] This diversified agricultural base contributes significantly to the local economy of the district.[45]
Data on agriculture
[edit]| Workers | Total | Male | Female |
|---|---|---|---|
| Main workers | 1015 | 521 | 491 |
| Cultivators | 930 | 458 | 472 |
| Agricultural labourers | 10 | 6 | 4 |
| Other workers | 75 | 60 | 15 |
| Marginal workers | 142 | 66 | 76 |
| Non working | 960 | 470 | 490 |
Additionally, the village's income is mainly added from villagers who are employed in government sectors, as well as from the sale of harvested products such as fruits, corn, cardamom, ginger, and ginseng etc. in addition to crafts, handicrafts, and blacksmithing.[46][47][48]
Culture
[edit]Patsho is considered an important cultural centre of the community and a repository of its heritage and customs. It serves as a major source of folk traditions and preserves a rich collection of traditional artifacts and clothing inherited from earlier generations.[49][50]
Marriages
[edit]The social structure is organized around two exogamous clans, known as Shiu and Lam, between which intermarriage traditionally occurs.[51] The community strictly adheres to monogamous marriages and notably does not practice the custom of bride-price like some other Naga tribes do.[52][20]
Seisei-ie
[edit]Furthermore, the ancestral inheritance of wordplay and puns exhibits a unique cultural tradition among the Khiamniungan people, particularly within the community of Patsho, dating to the village's foundation. Historically, this practice took the form of competitive exchanges between villages in order to patronize and devalue the opponent's village dignity, contrasting with the contemporary style of function primarily as a mode of entertainment.[53]
Nütsah
[edit]
The Nütsah is a traditional shawl handwoven by the Khiamniungan people of Nagaland in northeastern India, historically reserved for warriors who had taken enemy heads and wealthy men of high social rank. Woven exclusively by skilled women, this prestigious garment features a black background with intricate red square motifs (often in a 9x7 grid) and orange borders, symbolizing a "fierce bloody war champion," while blue lines represent a "peaceful dominant disposition of all mankind". When cowrie shells, which represent feasts of merit, are added, the shawl is known as Shiehtsap nie. In modern times, the Nütsah has evolved into a broader cultural symbol of ancestral pride and is worn by men to honor their heritage.[54][55][56]
Traditional dances
[edit]
Some cultural dance performed by the villagers.
| Lāngnyū Khìamjàngjē | Performs during Miu & Tsoukum Festivals |
|---|---|
| Jāmhàng | Feast of merit Dance |
| Hòi-ìetsūi | Performs during Tsoukum |
| Shāpāutāithîu | Welcome Dance or Warm reception dance |
| Khèulàk | Performs on the eve of war |
| Nòknàp-ìetsùikūap | Peace Treaty Reception Dance |
| Shīkūoh | Vigorious male dance |
| tsuichong/huoneu dance | Pre-war dance |
| Īlî-tsùihāng | war dance or victory dance |
| Khāutsāuhsîe dance | Performs during Khautsausie festival |
Ritual calendar or local calender month
[edit]| Patsho Month | English Month | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Khāutsāuhsîe | January | Thanksgiving festival held to mark the end of the old year and welcome the new. |
| Pǖphìe | February | Sowing millet season; preparation of fields for the coming agricultural cycle. |
| Mîu | March | Rituals held for upcoming plantation, invoking blessings for a great harvest. |
| Lūaplō | April | Building hut time after the fields are ready; construction of temporary shelters for the farming season. Lasts for 2 years. |
| Lîe | May | Sowing season; main planting period for crops. |
| Pīekānyú | June | The time of millets starting to hold stalk before blooming out into grain. Hence, the grains stalk are tilted and not upright. |
| Pêi-âm | July | Ritual performed in the granary to prolong the eating of grains and ensure food security. |
| Pâisǜkhìam | August | Rich forest and its products; season for gathering and utilizing forest resources. |
| Tsōukūm | September | Rites performed for good crops, seeking protection and abundance for the standing harvest. |
| Ūvā | October | Clearing of bones; a ritual involving the disposal or cleansing of human bones. |
| Ālèih-òu | November | Resting time; a period of respite from major agricultural activities. |
| Pêulīam | December | Harvest time; the time for gathering matured crops and storing them. |
Traditional natural dyes
[edit]The village has a long history of obtaining dyes from trees, leaves, barks etc. and have passed down through generations.
Yellow(Āsúo) This colour is procured from Hamshou(Enya acuminata). Initially hamshou leaves are collected and pounded into paste for which it is cooked for long hours untill it turns yellow.
Red(Āsīng) The targeted material is cooked with Hamshou leaves until it turns into yellowish colour and this will be the base color for painting red.
Later, another two ingredients such as veih(Rubia Sikimensis)' and the bark of the Longpai(syzygium cumini) are prepared. Subsequently all the materials and dyes of these are cooked together to secure red color.
These colors were mostly painted on traditional garments like structure of the headgear, wrist guards, shin guards, vahtsum etc.[63]
Changing culture
[edit]The culture where once was centred towards men in all aspects of life is now pursuing towards inclusivity, advanced and guided by global initiatives like Sustainable development goals of the United Nations. [64][65]
Religion
[edit]
Christianity is the only religion followed by the people[dubious – discuss] and the church has celebrated its 50th anniversary (Golden Jubilee) in 2015.[18]
| Sl no | Pastors | Duration |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Marnungsang Ao | 16th June 1962 to 13th February 1963 |
| 2 | Imna Chungba Ao | |
| 3 | Imo Ao | |
| 4 | Tongtham | |
| 5 | K Shingnyo Patsho | 2000-2021 |
| 6 | Mukom Patsho | 2021-incumbent |
| Sl no | Women Pastors | Duration |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mrs.P. Jongtie | 1968 to 1969 |
| Sl no | CE and CYE President | Duration |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mr. P Khaikho | 1968 to 1969 |
Demography
[edit]As per 2011 Indian Census, the total population of the village is 2117, out of which 1060 are male and 1057 female.[4]
Recreation
[edit]Recreational activities in Patsho center on traditional festivals, outdoor engagement, community Music & cultural events and sports, though infrastructure remains quite limited.
Outdoor activities
[edit]With the topographical features itself endowed difficult terrain, hiking and trekking is a natural choice for outdoor activities. Some places known for these are Longsheu king located miles away from Yokau village, the Langnyu river and the prominent Mount Khülio-King sited on the eastern edge.
Music & cultural events
[edit]The village itself is known for folkdance and folksongs, hence during cultural events like Tsoukum, Khautsauhsie etc. are the best activities to be involved for recreation which usually takes place at Shiemong Circus, the historic warrior's playground. As the time goes by, the traditional music is going through transformation with the mixture of folksong and modern music known as folkfusion.[69]
Sports
[edit]Football, volley ball and Badminton are the most played sports in the village. However football is usually played at Khaushiu public ground,[70] Pathso Town public ground and the futsal located nearby, all slightly away from the village.[71] Badminton is still played outdoor due to lack of indoor facilities and the volleyball usually played at Shiemong circus.
Transportation
[edit]Air
[edit]The nearest airport is Jorhat Airport in Assam located around 250 kilometres from the village. There is a helipad in Noklak, the distance from Patsho to Noklak is 37 km.[72]
Rail
[edit]The nearest railway stations are Dimapur railway station, Amguri railway station and Jorhat Town railway station located around 300 kilometres to 350 kilometres from the village.[73]
Road
[edit]The village is connected with roads. The Patsho Road passes through the district alongside other intra-district roads. The NH 202 and NH 702B are the nearest highways to the village. Both the highways pass through Tuensang.
References
[edit]- 1 2 "Pathso Population - Tuensang, Nagaland-Population census". www.census2011.co.in. 21 January 2024.
- ↑ "Animal Health Camp and TSP inputs materials distribution programme at Patsho and Yokao village of Noklak district Nagaland-ICAR-National Research Centre". ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun. 17 December 2023.
- ↑ "Pathso village march against menace of drug abuse - The Morung Express". morungexpress.com. 21 January 2024.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Download DH_2011_1307_PART_B_DCHB_TUENSANG.pdf : Census of India 2011 Nagaland, Series-14, Part XII-B: District Census Handbook Tuensang, pp. 88-89
- ↑ "Ptolemy's Geographia". nypl.org. The New York Public Library. Retrieved 20 June 2026.
Historical references of this book suggest that the Nagas were well-established in their homeland prior to the 2nd century AD.
- ↑ "Tracing the origin of Naga movement". e-pao.net. Retrieved 20 June 2026.
The name 'Naga' was given by people from outside Nagaland. As early as 150 A.D. Claudius Ptolemy, the Greek scholar in his Geographia referred to Nagaland as 'Nagalogoi' which means 'the realm of the naked'[citation:1]. One group of scholars say that the term is derived from the word 'NOK' or 'NOKA' which means folk or people in some tribal languages[citation:1]. Yet another group says the word is from the Sanskrit 'NANGA' which means naked[citation:1]. John Butler also generally believed that the term Naga has been derived from the Bengali word Nangta or the Hindustani word Nanga, meaning "naked" "crude" and "barbarous"[citation:3].
- ↑ Tzudir, Tiatemjen; Jamir, Tiatoshi; Sharma, Sukanya (1 April 2019). "Evidence of pre-modern iron technology found in Nagaland". Down To Earth. Retrieved 20 June 2026.
In the medieval times, spears forged from Wui were highly valued. Iron smelting was once the primary source of livelihood for Wui people. Smelting of Wui community was of exceptional quality and kings from even far off places such as Myanmar would get their weaponry specially made from Wui.
- ↑ "Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf, Naga diary six". The Nagas: Hill Peoples of Northeast India. University of Cambridge Library. Retrieved 20 June 2026.
The narrow gate is only behind this living fortification and from it one enters an equally narrow street. Small houses are to the left and right, all closely together with hardly more than a few square metres of open space in front of the door, often with a fence around as well. The entire village is like a foxes lair. In its labyrinth of passages every enemy has to lose his way hopelessly.
- ↑ "A Brief History of Nagaland". ChaloHoppo. Retrieved 20 June 2026.
In the 12th and 13th century, the Naga tribes began interacting with the Ahom dynasty in present-day Assam, with the arrival of Chief Sukapha, the first Ahom King, through the Naga Hills and Patkai mountains.
- ↑ "Village directory, Nagaland, District Tuensang - 2001". Census of India 2001. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 19 June 2026.
- ↑ "Creating bilingual dictionaries for the languages of Northeast India: A fieldworker's guide". Academia.edu. Retrieved 19 June 2026.
- ↑ "Origin of Khiamniungans, tracing the roots of people". Tuensang district, Government of Nagaland. 21 November 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2025.
- ↑ "Culture & Heritage: Khiamniungan Nokthang". Noklak district, Government of Nagaland. Retrieved 13 October 2025.
- ↑ "The Nagas Hill Peoples of Northeast India: manuscript Christoph von Furer Haimendorf Naga diary three". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 23 December 2025.
- ↑ "Khiamniungan History-The Frontier District, Noklak". noklak.nic.in. 17 December 2023. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
- ↑ "Compare Weather and Climate - weathersndclimate". weatherandclimate.com. 23 March 2024.
- ↑ "State level biodiversity strategy and action plan in Nagaland - NBSAP" (PDF). kalpavriksh.org. 21 November 2024.
- 1 2 3 Students' Community.(1978-2020). Patsho Students' Union 50th anniversary : Souvenir, Theme: Embracing Excellence. publisher artworks.
- ↑ "ADBU Location: Nagaland". dbuniversity.ac.in. Assam Don Bosco University. Retrieved 20 June 2026.
The Nagas are not composite people They belong to Mongoloid stock There is no caste system among the Nagas, but each of the Naga tribe is divided into several or as many as twenty clans.
- 1 2 3 The Geographical Journal - "Through the unexplored mountain of Assam-Burma Border"Volume XCI No3-pdf. 19 November 2024. p. 211.
- ↑ J H Hutton, ed. (2018). Diaries of Two Tours in the Unadministered Area East of The Naga Hills (Reprint Edition) - Anthropology and Sociology/Tribal Studies. Mittal Publications. p. 58. ISBN 9788183249171.
- 1 2 "The World of the Khiamniungan Nagas on the Border of India & Myanmar -The News Lens". international.thenewslens.com. 23 March 2024.
- ↑ "Pathso-Baptist-Church". yappe.in}. 23 March 2026.
- ↑ "KHAUTSHAUHSIE-FESTIVAL-CELEBRATED-AT-PANSO". ipr.nagaland.gov.in}. 23 March 2026.
- ↑ "Liquor and brewing materials seized in Pathso-village raid-repeat offender in custody". nagalandtribune.in}. 23 March 2026.
- ↑ "International Women's Day in Panso Hq". ipr.nagaland.gov.in}. 23 March 2026.
- ↑ "Pathso apex bodies extends support and commitment to ENPO". nagalandtribune.in. 23 March 2026.
- ↑ "Eastern Mirror-Pathso villagers rally against drugs- mokokchunhtimes". easternmirrornagaland.com. 22 March 2026.
- ↑ "Eastern Mirror-Rally against drugs- Nagaland post". nagalandpost.com. 22 March 2026.
- ↑ Patsho Students Union Record file 2026
- ↑ "Nagaland-PPO condemns MLAs, allegation on road project". nagalandpost.com. 23 March 2026.
- ↑ "Mokokchungtimes-Pathso village unites against drug abuse in the community - mokokchunhtimes". mokokchungtimes.com. 22 March 2026.
- ↑ "Pathso-l cultural troupe showcasing Khiamniungan heritage at 25th hornbill festival". mokokchungtimes.com. 22 March 2026.
- ↑ "Government of Nagaland School Education Department -Addedum Shemrokdimapur" (PDF). www.shemrockdimapur.in. 23 March 2024.
- ↑ "GPS PATHSO - School". schools.org.in. 23 March 2024.
- ↑ "PRSU visits govt schools, institutions; expresses dismay at weak functioning-Nagaland post". www.nagalandpost.com. 23 March 2024.
- ↑ "Education and road infrastructure on cards as Noklak nears voting -Nagaland tribune". www.nagalandtribune.in. 23 March 2024.
- ↑ "GENERAL ELECTION TO THE 13th NAGALAND LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, 2018- ANNEXURE - 45 (Chapter XV, Para 15.27.9), FORM 20 (Final Result Sheet)". ceo.nagaland.gov.in. 17 December 2024.
- ↑ "Benei M Lamthiu(NPP):Constituency- THONOKNYU (ST)(TUENSANG) – Affidavit Information of Candidate:". www.myneta.info. Retrieved 19 June 2026.
- ↑ "Benei M Lamthiu in Nagaland Assembly Elections 2023". News18. Retrieved 19 June 2026.
- ↑ "Khumo Khiamniungan in Nagaland Assembly Elections 2018-2023". prsindia. Retrieved 19 June 2026.
- ↑ "Oral History-SPONSORED UNDER TRIDEPARTMENT OF ART AND CULTUREGOVERNMENT OF NAGALAND". repository.tribal.gov.in. 20 January 2024.
- ↑ "Patsho village, where people still finds weaver and wearer= Eastern Mirror". easternmirrornagaland.com. 21 March 2024.
- ↑ "Oral History-"SPONSORED UNDER TRIDEPARTMENT OF ART AND CULTURE GOVERNMENT OF NAGALAND"" (PDF). www.google.com. 21 November 2024. p. 24.
- ↑ "Nagaland govt rewards best performing villages, farmers & SHGs - The Morung Express". morungexpress.com. 23 March 2024.
- ↑ "Cultural extravaganza illuminates ongoing Hornbill Festival". Nagaland Post. 6 December 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2026.
- ↑ "Exquisite Naga Handicrafts & Handlooms at Hornbill". Hornbill Festival Nagaland. 24 December 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2026.
- ↑ Shongmo B (20 October 2023). "Noklak Masterpieces: Preserving Khiamniungan's Craft Culture". Nagaland Tribune. Retrieved 19 June 2026.
- ↑ "Patsho village in Noklak district breaks glass ceiling-Hornbilltv". www.hornbilltv.com. 21 March 2024.
- ↑ "The frontier district Noklak -CULTURE & HERITAGE KHIAMNIUNGAN NOKTHANG". noklak.nic.in. 21 January 2024.
- ↑ "Oral History-"SPONSORED UNDER TRIDEPARTMENT OF ART AND CULTURE GOVERNMENT OF NAGALAND"" (PDF). www.google.com. 21 November 2024. p. 27.
- ↑ "Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf, Naga diary seventeen". The Nagas: Hill Peoples of Northeast India. University of Cambridge Library. Retrieved 20 June 2026.
There are three clans in Panso, Miho-hai, Shiu-hai and Lam-hai, which are exogamous. There also seems to exists the tendency to take a wife from the other khel although these clans are distributed over both khels. Unlike the Chang the people of Panso are strictly monogamous and they pay no bride price. The latter supposedly has the effect that marriages are easily dissolved and the women run away from their husbands as frequently as those leave their wives. Of course such generalizing statements are always to be taken with caution especially when they are made by translators from another tribe.
- ↑ "Yesterday's lifestyle today's identity Sanglau community celebrates culture and traditions-Nagaland Tribune". nagalandtribune.in. 21 January 2024.
- ↑ "Oral History, Sponsored under Tribal department of Art and Culture-Tribal government". repository.tribal.gov.in. 25 August 2023.
- ↑ "Khiamniungan Shawl Hornbill festival 2011". www.google.com. 25 August 2023.
- ↑ Vibha Joshi (25 August 2023). "NAGA : A Forgotten Mountain Region Rediscovered _ EN, Museum der Kulteren Basel, Page - 103.-Academia education". www.academia.edu.
- ↑ "Ministry of Tribal Affairs Traditional art forms". repository.tribal.gov.in. 19 November 2024.
- ↑ "Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf, Naga diary twenty-three". The Nagas: Hill Peoples of Northeast India. University of Cambridge Library. Retrieved 20 June 2026.
The dance has few variation. When we arrive all men are standing in a straight line and while holding hands they move along this line, now to this side, now to the other. It can hardly be called something other than a rhythmic side-step. The song which is started off with it and which continues the same throughout the entire dance consists of the already mentioned baa-ing in some intervals and a barking in high shrill notes which does not follow the same strict rhythm but seems to be spontaneous. Sometimes the dancers jump up high with both feet simultaneously and closed knees and this happens so completely in unison that one has the impression looking down along the row of a girls' chorus.
- ↑ "Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf, Naga diary twenty-two". The Nagas: Hill Peoples of Northeast India. University of Cambridge Library. Retrieved 20 June 2026.
While they did not carry panji quivers which have turned into well known 'tails' among the Sema, Angami, Ao and others, they had cowrie covered bands from which usually the quivers hang, and had wrapped them crosswise across their chests. Their cloths too they had put on in a folded and very particular manner as my photographs will show.
- ↑ "Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf, Naga diary twenty-four". The Nagas: Hill Peoples of Northeast India. University of Cambridge Library. Retrieved 20 June 2026.
After a while the dancers begin to form a semi-circle and instead of the movement along a straight line they now take their steps in a circle, or rather in a rather drawn out oval. Calmer moments change with lively movements and the small jumps, but there are no outbreaks of temper as I had seen them in the Konyak dances. The leader of the dance also hardly stands out and does not even direct the speed. As he has one hand free he holds his dao while those of the other dancers rest in their sheaths on their backs.
- ↑ "Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf, Naga diary twenty-six". The Nagas: Hill Peoples of Northeast India. University of Cambridge Library. Retrieved 20 June 2026.
I forgot to mention two parts of the dancers' outfit. One part are the flat transparent horns which decorate some of the hats, the other are pieces from the rims of enamel plates which many wear as neck ornaments.
- ↑ Local Calender published by Patsho Students' Union 2025
- ↑ Nagaland Handloom & Handicrafts Development Corporation Ltd. (NHHDC) and Khiamniungan Tribal Council (2025). Paoshipo Tsingtseu: Khiamniungan Naga Traditional Attire. Dimapur, Nagaland, India: Nagaland Handloom & Handicrafts Development Corporation Ltd. (NHHDC).
- ↑ "Pathso village advocates women empowerment-The Morung Express". morungexpress.com. 19 November 2024.
- ↑ "THE 17 GOALS | Sustainable Development". sdgs.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved 20 June 2026.
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries - developed and developing - in a global partnership.
- ↑ Church record archive - Patsho Baptist Tuathih
- ↑ Church record archive - Patsho Baptist Tuathih, Women department
- ↑ Church record archive - Patsho Baptist Tuathih, Youth Department
- ↑ "Naga folk-fusion music and the younger generation". The Morung Express. Retrieved 22 June 2026.
Therefore traditional Naga music and dance slowly diminish today, just like other customary practices.
- ↑ "PATHSO NOKNYU CELEBRATES CHITSO SUMAI". Department of Information & Public Relations, Government of Nagaland. 25 February 2026. Retrieved 22 June 2026.
Pathso Noknyu celebrated Chitso Sumai at Khaushiu Public Ground, Pathso, Noklak on 24th February 2026, with MLA & Advisor, Agriculture, Mhathung Yanthan as special guest and MLA, Benei M Lamthiu as the festival host.
- ↑ "MHATHUNG YANTHAN AND BENEI M. LAMTHIU ATTEND INAUGURATION OF FUTSAL TURF GROUND AT PANSO, NOKLAK". Department of Information & Public Relations, Government of Nagaland. 25 February 2026. Retrieved 22 June 2026.
Advisor for Agriculture, Mhathung Yanthan with MLA, Benei M Lamthiu and others during the inauguration of Futsal Turf ground at Panso, Noklak on 24th February 2026.
- ↑ "Helicopter services resume at Noklak". DIPR Nagaland. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
- ↑ Brief Industrial Profile of Tuensang District, Nagaland State (PDF) (Report). Development Commissioner (MSME), Government of India. Retrieved 21 June 2026.
Tuensang lies at a distance of 269 kilometers from the capital city of Kohima via Mokokchung and Wokha and 235 kilometers via Zunheboto, which is about the same distance from Dimapur, with around 70 km from Tuensang to Patsho which is around 350 kilometres.
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