Paser language
| Paser | |
|---|---|
| Pasir | |
 Usage of the Paser language on a pedestrian crossing | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | East Kalimantan |
| Ethnicity | Paser people |
Native speakers | 200,000 (2022)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | pasi1257 |
Paser (previously known as Pasir before 2007) is an Austronesian dialect of, or a language closely related to Lawangan, traditionally spoken by the Paser people, who are culturally distinct from other Dayaks. Majority of the speakers reside in modern-day Paser and Penajam North Paser regencies of East Kalimantan, but a small number of them are in Balikpapan and Kotabaru.[3]
Paser previously had never seen attention by foreign linguists including Alfred B. Hudson, until the publication of a local grammar book titled Bahasa Pasir in 1979. Unlike Lawangan and Taboyan, this language currently does not have its own ISO 639-3 code.
Classification
[edit]Alexander Smith in 2018 grouped the Paser language, together with Lawangan, Taboyan, Benuaq, and Bentian, as part of the Northeast Barito languages branch.[4] Some of sound changes include the merger of mid central vowel *ə and final -a into o, change of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀ into y (PMP *kaʀəm → Paser kayom),[5] and the rhotacism of *d/*j into *r (*quləj → ulor).[6] He clarified during the 27th meeting of Southeast Asian Linguistics Association, that the so-called Barito languages are a linkage instead of a proper branch.[7]
Dialects
[edit]Darmansyah et al. 1979 initially named 17 dialects of the Paser language, additionally also claiming that its speakers could understand Maanyan as well (the dialect group names are named after existing Dayak subgroups in Central Kalimantan):
| Dialect group | Dialect | Location |
|---|---|---|
| Olo Ot Danum | Peteban | Pasir Belengkong |
| Pembesi (Laburan) | ||
| Pematang | ||
| Adang | Long Ikis | |
| Telake | Long Kali | |
| Luangan | Muara Komam | |
| Tajur | Long Ikis | |
| Pemukan | Batu Besar[a] | |
| Balik | Balikpapan[b] | |
| Bajau | Kendilo estuary | |
| Olo Ot Ngaju | Saing Pusat | Batu Kajang |
| Migi | Long Ikis | |
| Semuntai | ||
| Buramato | Batu Sopang | |
| Saing Bewai | Pasir Belengkong | |
| Bukit | Tanjung Aru[c] | |
| Puti Baka | Long Ikis |
The following shows vocabulary differences between the Pematang, Telake, and Laburan dialects:[8]
| Pematang | Telake | Laburan | |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | aku | oki | |
| what | iséq | eséq | eséq/iyét |
| why | kenoné | koé embé | ketoné |
| small | idik | rini | |
| friendly | samor | gawal | samor |
| limp | témpang | jeking | |
| animal | korik | morik | |
| chicken | piak | ayam | |
| ape | kuyar | kodé | kodé/kuyar |
| flower | kembang | bungo | |
| sun | mato olo | mato lo | |
| daylight | molo | lo | |
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ ⟨ny⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tʃ ⟨c⟩ | k | ʔ ⟨q⟩ |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ ⟨j⟩ | ɡ ⟨g⟩ | ||
| Fricative | s | |||||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Approximant | w | j ⟨y⟩ | ||||
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | ɛ ⟨é⟩ | ə ⟨e⟩ | o |
| Open | a |
Paser has five diphthongs, namely /aj/, /aw/, /oj/, /ow/, and /uj/.[11] Additionally, vowels are pronounced long in final open syllables (but not in other environments including before final /ʔ/).[12]
Stress
[edit]Paser words are non-distinctively stressed on the penultimate (second-to-last) syllables: olay "big", tindu "to beg, request".[12]
Literature
[edit]Unlike languages outside of Borneo, Paser did not have writing systems of their own. It only began to use the Jawi script after the Paser monarchy's adoption of Islam as their official religion. Old ritual prayers, folk stories, pantoums (pantun), and songs were transmitted orally. The Paser language has also been used during a traditional ceremony called besoyong, as a request for safety from the spirits.[2] At the time of release of Bahasa Pasir in 1979, the only Paser-language works written in Latin script were the translations from four folk stories originally in Indonesian released between 1977 and 1978:[13]
- "Pasir Natives Abstain from Eating White Buffalo Meat" (Ulun Asli Pasir Dian Kuman Isi Kerewau Bura)
- "Tiger of Segantang" (Macan Segantang)
- "Wedding of Princess Petung" (Pengenten Putri Petung)
- "Origin of the Pasir Regency's Name" (Pengulet Karan Kabupaten Pasir)
Notes
[edit]- ↑ Presumably referring to the Gunung Batu Besar village in the district of Sampanahan, Kotabaru Regency.
- ↑ Large portions of its territories became part of Pasir Regency following annexations of 1987, and these areas are nowadays known as Penajam and Sepaku inside Penajam North Paser.
- ↑ This district was split into Tanjung Harapan and Batu Engau on an unknown date (presumably few years after the fall of Suharto).
References
[edit]- ↑ "Lestarikan Bahasa Paser, Disdikbud Gelar Festival Bahasa Ibu". pusaranmedia.com. Retrieved 2026-06-16.
- 1 2 Darmansyah et al. 1979, p. 21.
- ↑ Darmansyah et al. 1979, p. 17.
- ↑ Smith 2018, p. 16.
- ↑ Smith 2018, p. 24.
- ↑ Smith 2018, p. 22.
- ↑ Smith 2018, p. 13.
- ↑ Darmansyah et al. 1979, p. 19.
- ↑ Darmansyah et al. 1979, p. 27.
- ↑ Darmansyah et al. 1979, p. 28.
- ↑ Darmansyah et al. 1979, p. 30.
- 1 2 Darmansyah et al. 1979, p. 33.
- ↑ Darmansyah et al. 1979, p. 1–2.
Further reading
[edit]- Darmansyah; Suryadikara, Fudiat; Ibrahim, Sjahrial SAR; Sari, Nirmala (1979). Bahasa Pasir (PDF) (in Indonesian). Vol. 23. Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
- Smith, Alexander D. (2018). "The Barito Linkage Hypothesis, with a Note on the Position of Basap". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society.