// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhy was the list of African separatists split? It had divided loyalties.
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This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Africa. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.
Criteria
[edit]What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).
Algeria
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Kabyle Berbers[1]
- Proposed state: Kabylia.
- Government-in-exile: Kabyle Provisional Government (ANAVAD AQVAYLI UΣḌIL).[2]
- Movement leader: Ferhat Mehenni.[3]
- Political party: Movement for the self-determination of Kabylie (MAK).[4][5]
Kabylia is a charter member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)[6]
Kabylia is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[7]
Angola
[edit].svg)
Central-Eastern Angola
- Ethnic group: Lunda-Tchokwé people
- Proposed state or autonomous region: Democratic Republic of Lunda-Tchokwé[8][9]
- Government-in-exile: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé,[10][11]
- Political party: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé[12]
- Advocacy groups: Mulher Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé, Pioneiros Unidos da Lunda-Tchokwé, Juventude Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé, Manifesto Jurídico Sociológico do Povo Lunda-Tchokwé[13]
- Ethnic group: Bakongo
- Proposed state: Republic of Cabinda[15][16]
- Government-in-exile: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC) (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Political party: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC),
Liberation Front of the State of Cabinda - Militant organization: Forças Armadas de Cabinda (FAC)
- Status: Ongoing low-intensity war
Cabinda is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
Zaire Province and Uíge Province[17]
- Ethnic group: Kongo people
- Proposed: restoration of the Kongo Kingdom within Angola
- Movement: Movement of Sovereigns and Scholars[citation needed]
Botswana
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Masubia, Nzanza, Mbowe, Makalahari, MaYeyi, Mampukushu, Makwengari, Mambunda, Matotela, Batoka, Mafwe, Barotse, Leya, Nanzwa, Lujana, Dombe
- Advocacy group: Movement for the Survival of the River Races of Zambesia
- Proposed state:
Zambesia[18][19][20]
- Ethnic group: San people
- Proposed: autonomy for the San people
- Ethnic group: Bakgatla people
- Proposed: full restoration of the Bakgatla Reserve as an autonomous region or independence[24]
- Ethnic group: Kalanga people
- Proposed: establishment of a reserve in the North-East District for the Kalanga people
Cameroon
[edit].png)
- Ethnic group: Anglophones of the former Southern Cameroons, consisting of over 80 ethnic groups
- Population: ~4 million people
- Proposed state: Federal Republic of Ambazonia[29][30]
- Advocacy group: Interim Government of Ambazonia, Ambazonia Governing Council and others[31]
- Militant groups: Ambazonia Self-Defence Council, Ambazonia Defence Forces, SOCADEF, other smaller militias
- Status: Ongoing civil war
Ambazonia is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
- People: Oron
- Population: 150,000–300,000 people (subject of dispute)
- Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Bakassi[32]
- Militant organization: Bakassi Movement for Self-Determination
- Ethnic group: Kanuri people
Cape Verde
[edit]
- Proposed: autonomy for São Vicente
- Political party: Democratic and Independent Cape Verdean Union[36]
Central African Republic
[edit]
Territories under control of FPRC around 2024
Dar El Kuti (Republic of Logone)
- Ethnic group: Muslims in the Central African Republic
- Proposed state: Dar al-Kuti[37]
- Advocacy group and militant organization: Séléka[38]
- Status: Ongoing civil war, effectively a proto-state
Dar El Kuti is a self-proclaimed state supported by the Popular Front for the Rebirth of Central African Republic (FPRC), a Muslim rebel movement in the Central African Republic.[39]
Azande in the central African Republic[40]
- Ethnic group: Azande people
- Proposed: self determination for the Azande people
Chad
[edit]
Tibesti, Borkou and Ennedi Ouest[41]
- Ethnic group: Toubou people[42]
- Proposed: autonomy for the Toubou in Chad[41]
- Militant organization: Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad
Republic of Congo
[edit]- Ethnic group: Kongo people
- Proposed state: South Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
[edit]
- Political parties: Union of Independent Federalists and Republicans
- Militant organizations: Mai Mai Kata Katanga
Katanga is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States- Status: Ongoing insurgency
- Ethnic group: Bashi people
- Proposed state:
Republic of Kivu[45] - Militant organization:
Congo River Alliance[46]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Great Lakes Twa
- Proposed: autonomy of the Great Lakes Twa
- Ethnic group: Luba people
- Proposed: independence for the Kasaï region
- Ethnic group: Mongo people
- Proposed: independence for Équateur
Djibouti
[edit]Obock Region and Tadjourah Region
- Ethnic group:
Afar people
- Proposed: autonomy for Afar people in Djibouti[50][51]
- Political party: Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy
Eritrea
[edit]Eritrean highlands and the Tigray Region
- Ethnic group: Tigrinya people
- Proposed independent state:
Agazian state - Advocacy groups:
Agazian Movement, Tigray People's Liberation Front (alleged)[52][53]
- Proposed independent state:
- Ethnic group: Afar people, Saho people
- Proposed autonomous area:
Dankalia or unification with 
Ethiopia - Advocacy groups: Red Sea Afar Democratic Organisation,
Democratic Movement for the Liberation of the Eritrean Kunama, 
Saho People's Democratic Movement[54][55][56][57]
- Proposed autonomous area:
Equatorial Guinea
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Bubi
- Proposed state: Bioko Island
- Advocacy group: Movement for the Self-Determination of Bioko Island
- Ethnic group: Portuguese Africans
- Proposed state: Republic of Annobón[60]
- Advocacy group:
Free Annobón[61][62]
Ethiopia
[edit]
- ethnic group: Amhara people
- proposed: self determination and/or autonomy for
Amhara - political party: National Movement of Amhara
- status: Ongoing
- proposed: self determination and/or autonomy for
- ethnic group: Afar people
- proposed: independence for the
Afar Region - political party: Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front
- proposed: independence for the
- Proposed state: Ogadenia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) or unification with
Somalia
- Political party: Ogaden National Liberation Front
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Oromia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Political party: Oromo Liberation Front,[67] Oromo Federalist Congress
- Militant organizations: Oromo Liberation Army[68][69]
- Political party:
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Tigray[70]
- Political party: Tigray Independence Party[71] Tigray People's Liberation Front, Arena Tigray For Democracy and Sovereignty, National Congress of Great Tigray, Salsay Weyane Tigray (Regionalist)
- Militant organizations:
Tigray Defense Forces
France
[edit].svg)
.svg)
- Political party:
Lorganizasion Popilèr po Libèr nout Péi (Lplp) – Popular Front for National Liberation: composed of Nasion Rénioné, Mar, Drapo rouz, Patriot rénioné and Mir. - Political party: Communist Party of Réunion
- Proposed state:
Republic of Réunion[citation needed]
- Political party:
.svg){kind=small}
Mayotte continues to have autonomist and separatist movements despite the island having voted to become France's 101st department in 2011.[72]
Gabon
[edit]Ogooué-Lolo Province and Haut-Ogooué[73]
- Ethnic group: Mbama people
- Proposed autonomous region: Haut-Ogooue-Lolo
Ghana
[edit]
- Proposed state: Western Togoland
- Militant organizations: Western Togoland Restoration Front (member of UNPO)
- Proposed state: Western Togoland
- Ethnic group: Ga-Adangbe
- Proposed: greater autonomy for Greater Accra Region
- Ethnic group: Dega people
- Proposed: autonomy for the Dega people in the Savannah Region
Kenya
[edit]
- Proposed state: Coast Province, Mombasa Republic
- Political party: Mombasa Republican Council[77][78]
- Status: Active[79]
Mombasa Republic is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
Rift Valley, Western Province, Nyanza
- Proposed State or autonomous region: People's Republic of Kenya
- Political Party:
Azimio la Umoja[80][81][82][83]
- Political Party:
- Ethnic group: Somali people
- Proposed: independence or unification with Somalia
- Proposed: independence or unification with
Ivory Coast
[edit]Southwestern and southern-central regions of the Ivory Coast[85]
- Ethnic group: Bété people
- Proposed state: Ebournie
Liberia
[edit]- Ethnic group: Muslims in Liberia
- Proposed: independence for the Muslims in Liberia
Libya
[edit].png)
- Ethnic group: Arabs
- Proposed autonomous region or state:
Cyrenaica - Political party: Cyrenaica Transitional Council
- Proposed autonomous region or state:
- Ethnic group: Toubou people, Arabs, Tuaregs and Berbers
- Proposed: greater autonomy for
Fezzan
- Proposed: greater autonomy for
Malawi
[edit]Nyika
- Ethnic group: Ngoni people
- Proposed autonomous area: Ngoni Kingdom
- Ethnic group: Lomwe people
- Proposed state: United States of Thyolo and Mulanje
- Political party: People's Land Organisation
Mali
[edit]
Dark grey dots indicate regions with a Tuareg majority.
- Ethnic group: Tuareg
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Azawad - Political party: Coordination of Azawad Movements, which includes MNLA
- Militant organisations: National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
- Azawad is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
- Ethnic group: Fula
- Proposed state: Massina Empire
- Militant organizations: Katiba Macina[98][99][100]
- Ethnic group: Khassonké people
- Proposed state: Kayes
Mauritania
[edit]Northern Mauritania (unspecified)[102][103]
- Proposed: independence for Northern Mauritania
Eastern Mauritania (Hodh Ech Chargui, Hodh El Gharbi, Tagant and Assaba)[103]
- Proposed: unification with
Mali ("اتْمولي"), secession (supposed as of March 11, 2008) or autonomy (as of August 29, 2014 - Samba Thiam)
South(eastern?) Mauritania (unspecified, could be the same as Eastern Mauritania)[103]
- Ethnic group: Haratin(e)
- Proposed: independence for a state for Black Mauritanians in the south (as of August 29, 2014 - Samba Thiam)
Mauritius
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Rodriguan
- Proposed greater autonomous area or state:
Rodrigues - Political party: Rodrigues People's Organisation[104][105]
- Proposed greater autonomous area or state:
- Ethnic group: Agaléga islanders
- Proposed autonomous region: Agaléga
- Advocacy group: Les Amis d’Agaléga
Morocco
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Riffian Berbers
- Proposed state: Republic of the Rif
- Political organization: Riffian National Party[107][108][109]
Started in Morocco during the 1920s,[110][111] and was revitalized in 2013.[112] The Rif Independence Movement is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States.[112]\
Mozambique
[edit]North and Central Mozambique[113]
- Ethnic group: Makua people and more
- Proposed autonomous region: Rombesia
Namibia
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Masubia, Nzanza, Mbowe, Makalahari, MaYeyi, Mampukushu, Makwengari, Mambunda, Matotela, Batoka, Mafwe, Barotse, Leya, Nanzwa, Lujana, Dombe
- Advocacy group: Movement for the Survival of the River Races of Zambesia
- Militant organization:
Caprivi Liberation Army[114] - Political party: Caprivi National African Union, United Democratic Party
- Proposed state:
Zambesia[18][19] or Caprivi Strip[115] or 
Barotseland
- Ethnic group: Baster
- Proposed autonomous area:
Rehoboth area[116] - Political party: The United People's Movement (UPM)[117] Rehoboth Basters (Member of the UNPO)[118]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- Ethnic group: Juǀʼhoansi people
- Proposed: autonomy for the Juǀʼhoansi people in Tsumkwe Constituency
Niger
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Tuareg people
- Proposed: independence for Agadez Region
- Militant organizations: Patriotic Liberation Front (in an alliance with the CSP-DPA)[121]
Nigeria
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Igbo, Anioma, Igede, Igala, Idoma, Ijaw, Kalabari, Ibibio, and Ogoni.
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Republic of Biafra (defunct) - Separatist movements: The Indigenous People of Biafra, Biafra Zionist Movement, Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
- Militant organization: Eastern Security Network
- Government in exile: Biafran Government in exile[122]
- Biafra is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Republic of Oduduwa
- Ethnic group:
Yorùbá ethnic groups in Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Osun, Kwara, Òkun in Kogi states in Nigeria, and Akoko in Edo state.
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Republic of Oduduwa - Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization[123]
- Civic organizations: Ilana Omo Oodua, Nigerian Indigenous Nationalities Alliance for Self-Determination(NINAS)
- Political parties: Yoruba Party (Based in United Kingdom)[124], Oodua Peoples Congress
- Movement leaders: Professor Stephen Adebanji Akintoye, Sunday Igboho
- O'odua Grand Alliance for Independence & Oodua People's Congress Ogafi.org [125]
- Status: Constitutional Force Majeure
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
- Ethnic group: Urhobo, Isoko, Itsekiri, Ijaw, Ukwuani, Edo, Esan, Ogoni, Kalabari and many more.
- Proposed: Autonomous regionalism:
Niger Delta Republic[127] was declared in February 1965 by Isaac Adaka Boro,[128] but failed to be established and remains an inspiration if not an aspiration.[129] - Movement: Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) formed in 2006 for the self-determination of the people of the Niger Delta[130]
- Militant groups: Niger Delta Avengers,[131] Niger Delta Greenland Justice Mandate, Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force (NDPVF),
- Status: Ongoing war
- Proposed: Autonomous regionalism:
- Ethnic group: Hausa people, Kanuri people
- Proposed State or Autonomous Area:
Arewa Republic - Political organisations Arewa Consultative Forum
- Proposed State or Autonomous Area:
- Ethnic group: Ogoni people
- Proposed autonomous region:
Ogoniland[133] - Advocacy group: Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
- Proposed autonomous region:
- ethnic group: Edo people, Yoruba People, Igbo people
- proposed: re establishment of the
Kingdom of Benin - political party: United Kingdom of Great Benin[134]
- proposed: re establishment of the
- Ethnic group: over 250 ethnic groups
- Proposed: autonomy for the Middle Belt
- Advocacy group: Coalition of Indigenous Middle Belt Organizations
- Ethnic group: Adara people
- Proposed: creation of a Southern Kaduna state within Nigeria
- Advocacy group: Southern Kaduna People's Union
- Ethnic group: Tiv people
- Proposed state:
Republic Of Takuruku
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Mumuye people and more
- Proposed state: Adamawa State
- Ethnic group: Efik people
- Proposed: independence for Efik people
Portugal
[edit]- Ethnic group: Madeiran
- Proposed: Greater autonomy for
Madeira - Political party: Together for the People
- Proposed: Greater autonomy for
São Tomé and Príncipe
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Príncipese people
- Proposed: greater autonomy for Príncipe
Senegal
[edit]
.svg){kind=small}
- Ethnic group: Diola
- Proposed state:
Republic of Casamance - Militant organization: Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance[142]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Wolof people
Somalia
[edit]- Ethnic group: Somali, primarily the Isaaq clan.[144][145]
- De facto state:
Somaliland - Political organisations: Government of Somaliland
- Militant organisation: Somaliland Armed Forces
- De facto state:
South Africa
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Cape Republic[146]
- Ethnic groups: Cape Coloureds, Afrikaners, Khoisan, Cape Malays, Bantu peoples of South Africa (Primarily Xhosa)
- Political parties: Freedom Front Plus[147] Referendum Party Cape Independence Party[148]
- Advocacy groups: CapeXit[149] Cape Independence Advocacy Group (CIAG)[146]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Sovereign State of Good Hope[150]
- Ethnic groups: Cape Coloureds, Khoisan, Cape Malays, Griqua people
- Advocacy Groups:
Goringhaicona Khoikhoin Indigenous Traditional Council,[a][6] First Indigenous Nation of South Africa (FINSA) - Status: Unrecognized
- Ethnic group:Venda people
- Proposed state:
Venda
- Political Parties: Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front[151]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Afrikaners
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Volkstaat[153]
- Political Party: Freedom Front Plus (in parliament and member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization).[154] Outside parliament: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, National Conservative Party of South Africa, Boerestaat Party Afrikaner Self-determination Party.
- Advocacy group: Orania Movement
- Movement: Boere-Vryheidsbeweging
- Status: Accord on Afrikaner self-determination
- Proposed State:
Orange Free State[155]
- Ethnic group: Afrikaners
- Advocacy group: Boervolk[156]
- Proposed State: Zululand
- Ethnic group: Zulu
- Political Parties:uMkhonto weSizwe Party,[157][158] Abantu Batho Congress[159]
- Ethnic group: Zulu
South Sudan
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Nuer People
- Ethnic group: Azande people
- Proposed: independence for Azande people
- Ethnic group: Dinka people
- Proposed: self rule for Abyei
- Ethnic group: Azande people and more
Spain
[edit]_in_Spain.svg)
- Secessionist movement
- People: Canarians
- Proposed state:
Republic of the Canary Islands
- Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Canaria, Partido Nacionalista Canario, Centro Canario Nacionalista, Nueva Canarias
- Political parties (secessionist): FREPIC-AWAÑAK, Tanekra, Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria, Alternativa Popular Canaria, Unidad del Pueblo, National Congress of the Canaries
- Trade union: Intersindical Canaria
- Youth movement: Azarug
- Proposed state:
Canary Islands is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
Sudan
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Fur, Arabs, Zaghawa, Masalit, Tama
- Proposed autonomous area: Darfur or proposed unification with Chad[167][168]
- Militant organization: Darfur Liberation Front
- Ethnic group: Beja
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Beja state[169][170][168] - Political groups: Beja Congress[170]
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
- Ethnic group: Dinka people
- Proposed: self rule for Abyei
Northern State[171] and 
River Nile State
- Ethnic group: Arabs, Copts and Nubians
- Proposed: creation of an independent River and Sea state, or
Kush/Nubia, or unification with 
Egypt
- Proposed: creation of an independent River and Sea state, or
- Ethnic group: Nuba people
- Proposed state:
Democratic Republic of Kauda
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Arabs
- Proposed: self rule for Gezira State[173]
- Ethnic group: Ingessana people
- Proposed: autonomy for the Blue Nile State
- Ethnic group: Arabs and Nuba peoples
- Proposed state: Kordofan
Tanzania
[edit]_sv.svg)
- Ethnic group: Arabs, Shirazi
- Proposed state:
Zanzibar - Political party: Civic United Front (member of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Uamsho[176]
Democratic Party (Tanzania)
- Proposed state:
.svg){kind=small}
- Ethnic group: Makonde people
- Proposed state: Mtwara
- Ethnic group: Shirazi people
- Proposed state: Pemba Island
Togo
[edit]- Ethnic group: Kabye people
- Proposed: independence for Est-Mono Prefecture
Tunisia
[edit]- Ethnic group: Jerba Berber
- Proposed autonomus area or state: Djerba
Uganda
[edit]
- Proposed: autonomy within Uganda
- Ethnic group: Konjo people
- Proposed: greater autonomy for
Rwenzururu
- Proposed: greater autonomy for
- Ethnic group: Nkole people
- Ethnic group: Karamojong people
- Proposed: elevation of Karamoja to a region
- Ethnic group: Tooro people
- Proposed: elevation of Tooro Kingdom a region
United Kingdom
[edit]
British Indian Ocean Territory
- Ethnic group: Chagossians
Yemen
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Soqotri people
- Proposed: autonomy for Socotra
- Advocacy group: Socotra National Council
Zambia
[edit]- Ethnic group: Barotse
- Proposed state: Barotseland
- Militant organization: Barotse National Council,[193] Kola Foundation,[194][195][196] Cuundu Caitwa,[197][198] Umodzi Ku'Mawa Forum[199]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Tonga people
- Proposed state: Southern Province
Zimbabwe
[edit]
- Ethnic group: Matabele
- Proposed state: Mthwakazi
- Militant organization: Mthwakazi Liberation Front (M.L.F.)[201][202]
- Political party: Matabeleland Freedom Party[203]
- Revolutionary Movement:
Mthwakazi Republic Party (M.R.P)[204][205] - Matabele is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States.
- Ethnic group: Shona people
- Proposed: autonomy for Manicaland Province
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ Young, Grace. "Kabyle people". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
- ↑ The 2nd Kabylian Movement for Self-Determination Congress (10 December 2011). "Kabylian Movement for Self-Determination Status" (PDF). pp. Art. 19. 21. 22. 23. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017.
- ↑ Ferhat Mehenni. "Blog de Ferhat Mehenni". Le site officiel des Souverainistes Kabyles (in French). Archived from the original on November 13, 2016.
- ↑ Mouvement pour l'Autodétermination de la Kabylie. "Bienvenue sur le site officiel des Souverainistes Kabyles" (in French). Archived from the original on October 12, 2002.
- ↑ Merezak, Houda (2021-08-30). "The Movement for the Self-Determination of Kabylia (MAK)". Morocco World News. Retrieved 2023-04-10.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "OEAS Member-States". 9 May 2024.
- ↑ "OEAS Member-States".
- ↑ "Half of those questioned about Lunda Tchokwe Protectorate say they want autonomy". VerAngola. 14 October 2024.
- ↑ "Separatistas anunciam criação da República da Lunda Tchokwe". 6 October 2023.
- ↑ Burnett, M. Troy, ed. (2020). "Angola". Nationalism Today: Extreme Political Movements around the World. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 63–78, pages 77–78. ISBN 978-1-4408-5000-4.
- ↑ Bento, Lourenço (6 August 2019). "Manifesto Jurídico Sociológico Do Povo Lundês, Lança Livro Sobre Estado". Kwacha UNITA Press (KUP) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 3 January 2020.
- ↑ Minahan, James B. (2016). "Lunda-Chokwe". Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. p. 492. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
- ↑ Kangandjo, Isidro (3 March 2021). "Presidente do Manifesto Jurídico e Sociológico do Povo Lunda-Tchokwé avisa o governo do MPLA". Factos Diários (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 16 May 2022.
- ↑ "Afinal, o que se passa em Cabinda?". Deutsche Welle.
- ↑ "Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ↑ "Cabinda disconnected from Angola will be absorbed by other states, says researcher". 19 February 2024.
- ↑ "M'banza Kongo: Cresce movimento que defende retoma da figura do "Rei do Reino do Congo"".
- 1 2 "UNPO: Zambesia". unpo.org. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
- 1 2 "UNPO: Zambesia: UNPO condemns oil and gas company ReconAfrica's interest in exploiting resources of the Kavango Basin". unpo.org. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
- ↑ "Moremi against secession of Ngamiland from Botswana". Moremi against secession of Ngamiland from Botswana. 2015-01-15. Retrieved 2023-05-25.
- ↑ "How To Alleviate Struggle Of Basarwa In North West!". 16 June 2025.
- ↑ "Gov't to comprehensively examine Basarwa situation". 17 March 2025.
- ↑ "Bakgatla contradict Kgafela II". 13 March 2022.
- ↑ "Kgafela II trashes Constitutional Review". 9 March 2022.
- ↑ "Bakalanga "demand own tribal territory"". 26 May 2024.
- ↑ "Bakalanga call for Bukalanga Tribal Territory". 27 May 2024.
- ↑ "Ambazonia: Africa's Hidden Crisis". 15 April 2024.
- ↑ Nshom, Elvis (2025). "Ambazonian or Cameroonian? Perceived Discrimination and National Identification Among Anglophones in Cameroon". Social Sciences. 14 (6): 375. doi:10.3390/socsci14060375.
- ↑ Official Website of the Government of the Federal Republic of Ambazonia (2016). "Government of Ambazonia". Government of Ambazonia Official Website. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- ↑ Lekunze, Manu (17 March 2024). Fatade, Wale (ed.). "Cameroon's rebels may not achieve their goal of creating the Ambazonian state – but they're still a threat to stability". doi:10.64628/AAJ.fd7nssukr.
- ↑ "Southern Cameroons National Council plans street protests to have activists freed". The Post News. 2005-11-27. Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
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