Mullus

Mullus; Temporal range: Early Miocene–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Red mullet (Mullus barbatus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Syngnathiformes
Family:	Mullidae
Genus:	Mullus; Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
	Mullus barbatus; Linnaeus, 1758

Mullus is a subtropical marine genus of ray-finned fish of the family Mullidae (goatfish) and includes the red mullets, occurring mainly in the southwest Atlantic near the South American coast and in the Eastern Atlantic including the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.^[3] These fish are benthic and can be found resting and feeding over soft substrates.

Distribution

Members of the genus Mullus can be found in the Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean Sea. They are often found over soft substrates, such as sand, in which they search for prey using sensitive whiskers.

Species

There are currently four recognized species in this genus:^[4]


Species	Common name	Image
Mullus argentinae Hubbs & Marini, 1933	Argentine goatfish
Mullus auratus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882	Red goatfish
Mullus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758	Red mullet
Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758	Surmullet

The following fossil species are known:

†Mullus bifurcatus Strashimirov, 1972 [otolith] - early-mid Miocene of Bulgaria & Kazakhstan^[5]^[6]
†Mullus elongatus Steurbart, 1984 [otolith] - Early Miocene of France & Greece^[7]
†Mullus moldavicus Switchenska, 1959 - late middle Miocene of Moldova^[8]

An indeterminate Mullus is also known from fossil skeletons from the middle Miocene of the North Caucasus, Russia.^[9]

Commercial Significance

The most commercially important of these species is the Red Mullet (M. barbatus) which is common in Mediterranean cuisine and often fished for using seine nets, a practice thought to be damaging as it can remove large numbers of spawning fish.

References

↑ Linnaeus, C., 1758: Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. v. 1: i-ii + 1-824.
↑ Fricke, Ron; Eschmeyer, William N. & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Mullus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
↑ Johnson, G.D. & Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 186. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Mullus". FishBase. December 2019 version.
↑ Schwarzhans, Werner; Carnevale, Giorgio; Bratishko, Andriy; Japundžić, Sanja; Bradić, Katarina (2017-03-01). "Otoliths in situ from Sarmatian (Middle Miocene) fishes of the Paratethys. Part II: Gadidae and Lotidae". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 136 (1): 19–43. Bibcode:2017SwJP..136...19S. doi:10.1007/s13358-016-0114-5. ISSN 1664-2384.
↑ Bratishko, Andriy; Schwarzhans, Werner; Reichenbacher, Bettina; Vernyhorova, Yuliia; Ćorić, Stjepan (2015-12-01). "Fish otoliths from the Konkian (Miocene, early Serravallian) of Mangyshlak (Kazakhstan): testimony to an early endemic evolution in the Eastern Paratethys". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 89 (4): 839–889. Bibcode:2015PalZ...89..839B. doi:10.1007/s12542-015-0274-4. ISSN 1867-6812.
↑ Agiadi, Konstantina; Koskeridou, Efterpi; Thivaiou, Danae (2021-07-26). "At the crossroads: early Miocene marine fishes of the proto-Mediterranean Sea". Fossil Record. 24 (2): 233–246. Bibcode:2021FossR..24..233A. doi:10.5194/fr-24-233-2021. ISSN 2193-0066.
↑ Bannikov, A. F. (2009-08-01). "On early Sarmatian fishes from the Eastern Paratethys". Paleontological Journal. 43 (5): 569–573. Bibcode:2009PalJ...43..569B. doi:10.1134/S003103010905013X. ISSN 1555-6174.
↑ Carnevale, Giorgio; Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Landini, Walter; Sorbini, Chiara (2006). "Volhynian (early Sarmatian sensu lato) fishes from Tsurevsky, North Caucasus, Russia". Journal of Paleontology. 80 (4): 684–699. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2006)80[684:VESSLF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360.

External links

Media related to Mullus at Wikimedia Commons

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[1] Linnaeus, C., 1758: Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. v. 1: i-ii + 1-824.

[CofF-2] Fricke, Ron; Eschmeyer, William N. & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Mullus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 4 April 2020.

[EoF-3] Johnson, G.D. & Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 186. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.

[FishBase-4] Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Mullus". FishBase. December 2019 version.

[5] Schwarzhans, Werner; Carnevale, Giorgio; Bratishko, Andriy; Japundžić, Sanja; Bradić, Katarina (2017-03-01). "Otoliths in situ from Sarmatian (Middle Miocene) fishes of the Paratethys. Part II: Gadidae and Lotidae". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 136 (1): 19–43. Bibcode:2017SwJP..136...19S. doi:10.1007/s13358-016-0114-5. ISSN 1664-2384.

[6] Bratishko, Andriy; Schwarzhans, Werner; Reichenbacher, Bettina; Vernyhorova, Yuliia; Ćorić, Stjepan (2015-12-01). "Fish otoliths from the Konkian (Miocene, early Serravallian) of Mangyshlak (Kazakhstan): testimony to an early endemic evolution in the Eastern Paratethys". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 89 (4): 839–889. Bibcode:2015PalZ...89..839B. doi:10.1007/s12542-015-0274-4. ISSN 1867-6812.

[7] Agiadi, Konstantina; Koskeridou, Efterpi; Thivaiou, Danae (2021-07-26). "At the crossroads: early Miocene marine fishes of the proto-Mediterranean Sea". Fossil Record. 24 (2): 233–246. Bibcode:2021FossR..24..233A. doi:10.5194/fr-24-233-2021. ISSN 2193-0066.

[8] Bannikov, A. F. (2009-08-01). "On early Sarmatian fishes from the Eastern Paratethys". Paleontological Journal. 43 (5): 569–573. Bibcode:2009PalJ...43..569B. doi:10.1134/S003103010905013X. ISSN 1555-6174.

[9] Carnevale, Giorgio; Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Landini, Walter; Sorbini, Chiara (2006). "Volhynian (early Sarmatian sensu lato) fishes from Tsurevsky, North Caucasus, Russia". Journal of Paleontology. 80 (4): 684–699. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2006)80[684:VESSLF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360.

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