Edge Rewrite
everything Source code View original
// HTMLRewriter · presentation

This page was redesigned at the edge.

Cloudflare fetched the original article and streamed it through HTMLRewriter to apply an entirely new visual system without rebuilding the source page.

// request.cf · coarse context

A page that knows where it met you.

Only coarse request metadata is shown. This demo does not display or persist visitor IP addresses.

Country
US
Cloudflare location
CMH
Connection
HTTP/2
Language
Not provided

Ray ID: a41ba8c9b85224ce

Jump to content

Makedon (mythology)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Makednos)

In Greek mythology, Makedon (Ancient Greek: Μακεδών), also spelled Makednos (Μακεδνός) or transcribed Macedon, was the eponymous ancestor of the Makedones according to various ancient Greek fragmentary narratives. In most versions, he appears as a native or immigrant leader from Epirus, who gave his name to Macedonia, previously called Emathia according to Strabo,[1] which according to Marsyas of Pella was until then a part of ancient Thrace.

Etymology

[edit]
Audio file for the pronunciation of Makednós in Modern Greek

Μακεδών (Makedón) is related to the Greek μᾰκεδνός (makednós, “tall, slim”).[2] Both adjectives traditionally derive from the Indo-European root *mak- or *meh₂k-, meaning "long, slender", cognate with poetic Greek makednós or mēkedanós "long, tall",[3] Doric mãkos and Attic mẽkos "length",[4] Makistos, the mythological eponym of a town in Elis and an epithet of Heracles, Avestan masah "length", Hittite mak-l-ant "thin", Latin macer "meagre" and Proto-Germanic *magraz "lean, meager". The same root and meaning has been duly assigned to the tribal name of the Macedonians,[5] which is commonly explained as having originally meant "the tall ones" or "highlanders" in Greek.[6][7]

Genealogy

[edit]

Son of Thyia and Zeus

[edit]
DeucalionPyrrha
~ Zeus[a](stones)
Hellen
(hellenes)		Thyia ~ ZeusPandora ~ ZeusProtogeneia ~ Zeusleleges
Dorus
(dorians)		XuthusAeolus
(aeolians)		Magnes
(magnetes)		Makedon
(Makedones)		Graecus
(Graecians)		Aethlius
Achaeus
(achaeans)		Ion
(ionians)		Endymion
Aetolus
(aetolians)
Makedon's genealogy according to Hesiod's Catalogue of Women[8]

A fragment of the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women, quoted by Constantine Porphyrogenitus, states: "Macedonia the country was named after Makedon, the son of Zeus and Thyia, daughter of Deucalion, as the poet Hesiod relates; and she became pregnant and bore to thunder-loving Zeus, two sons, Magnes and Macedon, the horse lover, those who dwelt in mansions around Pieria and Olympus".[9][10] The poetic epithet "hippiocharmes" can alternatively be translated as "fighting on horseback" or "chariot-fighter"[11] and has also been attributed to Aeolus son of Hellen, Troilus and Amythaon. A fragment of the Macedonian historian Marsyas of Pella (4th century BC), through a scholiast of Iliad xiv 226[12] confirms the genealogy as found in the Catalogue of Women: "Makedon son of Zeus and Thyia, conquered the land then belonging to Thrace and he called it Macedonia after his name. He married a local woman and got two sons, Pierus and Amathus; two cities, Pieria and Amathia in Macedonia were founded or named after them". The rare name of his mother Thyia, has been corrupted in transmission to Aithria or Aithyia through the phrase "kai Thyias, and Thyia". Thyia in the Delphic tradition was an eponym naiad of the Thyiades, alternative name of the Maenads in the cult of Dionysus, certainly practiced also in Macedonia.[13]

The mythological chronologization of the Hesiodean passage indicates a time before the Trojan War and Iliad, since then the Magnetes dwell in Magnesia, Thessaly.[14] The Catalogue of Women, which is variously dated mostly between the 8th and 6th century BC, provides the earliest and only reference to a Macedonian element before the 5th-century BC historiography.[citation needed] Makedon's mother Thyia, was the sister of Hellen, the progenitor of the Greeks; Makedon was therefore a nephew of Hellen.[15] Furthermore, Magnes, the brother of the eponymous Makedon, was the progenitor of the Magnetes, an Aeolian Greek tribe.[16] N. G. L. Hammond and J. Engels suggest that Hesiod counted the Macedonians as Greeks based on this genealogy.[17][18]

Eugene N. Borza suggests that the Hesiodic line of descent excludes Makedon from Hellenic genealogy and thus the Macedonians from the ranks of Hellenism.[19] M. L. West and R. Fowler also argue that by having their mythological founders descending "not from Hellen but from daughters of Deukalion, sisters of Hellen", Hesiod implies that Macedonians, Magnetes and Graikoi were not Hellenes.[20][21] K. Stoppie agrees that Hessiod doesn't count the Macedonians as Hellenes and adds that the adoption of his genealogy by the Macedonian historian Marsyas of Pella indicates that the Macedonians didn't consider themselves Hellens.[22]

Jonathan M. Hall compares Magnes and Macedon to other excluded tribes from direct lineage to Hellen and later Olympic participants, such as Aetolians, Acarnanians and Arcadians.[23] J. M. Hall suggests that "although Deucalion’s paternity of Thuia made the latter Hellen’s sister, Macedon was not himself descended directly from Hellen, thus excluding the Macedonians from the Hellenic genealogy"[24] and proposes that "the Thessalians assigned this patronymic to Macedon and Magnes because they wanted to assert their priority, in terms of religious and other rights, over Magnesian and other rivals in that region" which Patterson also finds convincing.[25]

Son of Aeolus

[edit]

In a fragment of a chronological work of Hellanicus called "Priestesses of Hera at Argos", and preserved by Stephanus, Makedon is son of Aeolus, as Hellanicus relates in the first (book or archive list) of his "Hiereiai tes Heras en Argei", and of Makedon, the son of Aeolus, the present Macedonians were named so, then living alone with the Mysians.[26][27] The fragment does not clarify who of the three Aeoli is Makedon's father but Eustathius reported him as one of the ten sons of Aeolus,[28] thus the son of Hellen. In later traditions, Magnes is also reported as one of the ten sons of Aeolus and father of Pierus. N. G. L. Hammond, based on the passage of Hellanicus, as well on the Thessalian Magnes being brother of Macedon, suggested that Macedonian was an Aeolic Greek dialect.[29] K. Stoppie suggested that Hellanicus probably stayed at the Macedonian court and that it is possible that this genealogy was part of Archelaus’ political propaganda.[30]

Son of Osiris

[edit]

In "The antiquities of Egypt", first chapter of Bibliotheca historica by Diodorus Siculus, which is based mainly on Aegyptiaca of Hecataeus of Abdera, Greek and Egyptian mythology have been syncretized. Osiris has taken the place of Dionysus in his various myths and expeditions. According to Herodotus Osiris was the Egyptian Dionysus and the house of Ptolemies claimed descent from Dionysus. (see also Osiris-Dionysus deity). Diodorus relates:[31] "Now Osiris was accompanied on his campaign, as the Egyptian account goes, by his two sons Anubis and Macedon, who were distinguished for their valour. Both of them carried the most notable accoutrements of war, taken from certain animals whose character was not unlike the boldness of the men, Anubis wearing a dog's skin and Macedon the fore-parts of a wolf; and it is for this reason that these animals are held in honour among the Egyptians. Macedon his son, moreover, he left as king of Macedonia, which was named after him." Makedon has taken the place of the Egyptian wolf-god of Lycopolis, Wepwawet[32] and in later traditions Makedon is mentioned as a son of the were-wolf Lycaon.

Son of Lycaon

[edit]

According to Apollodorus,[33] but not present in the list of Pausanias or Hyginus, Macednus is the tenth of the fifty sons of the impious Lycaon king of Arcadia. His mother may either be the naiad Cyllene,[34] Nonacris[35] or by unknown woman. The closest brother to him by region is Thesprotus. In the story of Pindus and the Serpent by Claudius Aelianus, Makedon is the son of Lycaon king of Emathia, "after whom the land was called Macedonia no longer preserving its ancient name".

Eustathius, summarizing the genealogies, relates: "Emathion son of Zeus and Electra preceding the birth of Makedon son of Aeacus" (instead of Lycaon).[36] Strabo just called him archaios hegemon[37] (old chieftain), and Pseudo-Scymnus,[38] gêgenês basileus (earth-born king). Isidore of Seville, "rege Deucalionis materno nepote" (king, maternal grandson of Deucalion).[39]

Descendants

[edit]

According to Marsyas of Pella, Makedon had two sons by a local woman: Pierus and Amathus.[40] In the Ethnika of Stephanus (perhaps through Theagenes), sons and grandsons of Makedon are: Atintan (in the version of Lycaon) eponymous of a region in Epirus or Illyria, Beres, (father of Mieza, Beroea and Olganos, toponyms in Bottiaea), Europus by Oreithyia, daughter of Cecrops, and Oropus, birthplace of Seleucus I Nikator , which is perhaps confused with Europus. Finally, in the version of Lycaon, king of Emathia, Pindus is a son of Makedon, who gave his name to Pindus, where he died, a river of Doris, a region in central Greece.[41][42]

It is unclear whether these localities represent pre- or post-Macedonian elements, since Emathia and Pieria are older toponyms than Macedonia. Anachronism is not infrequent in later mythic traditions. (Cf. Boeotus, reported as father of autochthon Ogyges)

Name

[edit]

Classical form

[edit]

In Greek sources, the noun is mostly attested as Μακεδών (Makedôn) with two exceptions: the poetic form Μακηδών (Makêdôn) in Hesiod with long medial vowel serving the metrical feet of dactylic hexameter and Mάκεδνος (Mákednos) or latinicized Macednus with barytonesis and apophony in Apollodorus. The recessive accent is reminiscent of two Macedonian barytonized personal names, Κοῖνος (Koînos) and Βάλακρος (Bálakros) (Attic/Greek adjectives:koinós, phalakrós), but whether Makedôn or Mákednos is the original spelling presumably cannot be proven. Moreover, the suffix -dnos, either as the "Dorian Makednón ethnos" of Herodotus or makednós, a rare poetic epithet denoting tall, seems not to be attested in epigraphy, or used by Macedonians themselves.

In Latin sources the noun is Macedo. As adjectives, the Latin Macedo and Greek Makedṓn (Μακεδών) denote foremost a 'Macedonian man', and in plural, Macedones and Makedónes respectively, the 'people of Macedon'. They also appear, mostly during the Roman era, as personal male names (cf. Macedonius).

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ Although Zeus copulated with all of Pyrrha's daughters, he was presumably only the father of Hellen; cf. West (1985, p. 56).

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ↑ Strabo, 7, fr. 11: "What is now called Macedonia was in earlier times called Emathia. And it took its present name from Macedon, one of its early chieftains. And there was also a city Emathia close to the sea."
  2. ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “μακεδνός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 894
  3. ↑ Article μακεδνός in: Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, Henry Stuart Jones, and Roderick McKenzie: A Greek–English Lexicon (= LSJ). Oxford University Press, Oxford 91925. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  4. ↑ Article μῆκος in: LSJ. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  5. ↑ Article māk̑- in: Gerhard Köbler: Indogermanisches Wörterbuch. Online edition, 2014 (based in part on Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Francke, Bern 1959, 52005). Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  6. ↑ Harper, Douglas. "Macedonia". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  7. ↑ Nigel Guy Wilson (2009). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece, Routledge, p. 439: "The latest archaeological findings have confirmed that Macedonia took its name from a tribe of tall, Greek-speaking people, the Makednoi."
  8. ↑ West 1985, pp. 50–60, 173
  9. ↑ Hesiod, Catalogue of Women fr. 7 Most, pp. 48, 49 [= fr. 7 Merkelbach-West = Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Thematibus, 2 (Pertusi, pp. 86–7)].
  10. ↑ De Thematibus 2 p. 48B
  11. ↑ LSJ: charma Archived 2009-12-02 at the Wayback Machine, charmê Archived 2009-12-02 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ↑ Frg 13, Greek text: Μακεδών ὁ Διὸς καὶ Αἰθρίας κατασχὼν τὴν χώραν οὖσαν Θρᾴκης ἀφ' ἑαυτοῦ Μακεδονίαν προσηγόρευσεν:
    γήμας δὲ μίαν τῶν ἐγχωρίων τεκνοῦται δύο παῖδας Πίερον καὶ Ἄμαθον, ἀφ' ὧν δύο πόλεις Πιερία καὶ Ἀμαθία ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ. Ἡ Ἱστορία παρὰ Μαρσύα
  13. ↑ Toorn, Karel van der (1999). Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 537. ISBN 978-0-8028-2491-2.
  14. ↑ Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière; Griffith, Guy Thompson; Walbank, Frank William (1972). A History of Macedonia: Historical geography and prehistory. Clarendon Press. p. 430. ISBN 978-0-19-814294-2.
  15. ↑ Anson 2010, p. 16
  16. ↑ Hammond 2003, p. 20
  17. ↑ {Hammond 2003, p. 20
  18. ↑ Engels 2010, p. 90;.
  19. ↑ Borza, Eugene. Before Alexander (PDF). p. 40. In the Catalogue of women, the eponymous founder of Makedonia, Makedon, was the son of Zeus and Deukalion's daughter Thuia [Hesiod frag. 7 Merkelbach/ West]. This line of descent excludes him from the Hellenic genealogy—and hence, by implication, the Makedonians from the ranks of Hellenism,
  20. ↑ West 1985, pp. 10 quote=When Magnes and Makedon are made the sons of a sister of Hellen, this is a declaration that the Magnetes and Macedonians to the north of Thessaly are not Hellenes, nor quite on a level with Hellenes
  21. ↑ Fowler, Robert. Genealogical Thinking, Hesiod's Catalogue, and the Creation of the Hellenes. pp. 14–15. the Leleges, are sprung directly from the stones thrown by Deukalion and Pyrrha, this in fact makes them unhellenic, like the Macedonians and the Graikoi, who descended not from Hellen but from daughters of Deukalion, sisters of Hellen.
  22. ↑ Stoppie 2003, p. 54 quote=According to this source, Makedon was related to Hellen only via Deukalion, which means that the Macedonians were not Hellenes. Barbarian people could also play a role in Hellenic mythology by descent from Deukalion p. 55 quote=The fragment ascribed to Marsyas confirms the genealogy as found in the Catalogue of Women: this source, too, mentions Makedon as the son of Thyia. Marsyas adds that Makedon had two children with an indigenous wife, Pieros and Amathos, the eponyms of the Macedonian cities Pieria and Amathia. From this source we learn the point of view of the Macedonians themselves. It appears that not only the Hellenes but also the Macedonians accepted the tradition that the Macedonians were not Hellenes. We conclude that the Macedonians felt less related to their neighbours in the south than many people today want to believe.
  23. ↑ Dougherty, Carol; Kurke, Leslie (2003-10-02). The Cultures Within Ancient Greek Culture: Contact, Conflict, Collaboration. Cambridge University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-521-81566-6.
  24. ↑ Hall 2002, p. 165 quote=There we find that the eponymous Macedon, who supposedly gave his name to the Macedonians, was regarded as the brother of Magnes and son of Zeus and Thuia, the daughter of Deucalion (Hesiod fr. 7 MW). Filiation from Zeus in itself provided no qualifications for Greek descent, and although Deucalion’s paternity of Thuia made the latter Hellen’s sister, Macedon was not himself descended directly from Hellen, thus excluding the Macedonians from the Hellenic genealogy;
  25. ↑ Patterson, Lee (2010). Kinship Myth in Ancient Greece. pp. 170–171. This tradition stands in contrast to one attested in the sixth century at the latest, the Catalogue of Women by Pseudo- Hesiod. Here, Macedon and Magnes are the sons of Zeus and Thyia, daughter of Deucalion.6 It bears recalling that Hellen is a son of Deucalion. West and J. M. Hall have argued that a line of descent from a daughter excludes its members from hellenic identity. Moreover, the descent does not derive directly from Hellen but laterally through a sibling. Hall proposes that the Thessalians assigned this patronymic to Macedon and Magnes because they wanted to assert their priority, in terms of religious and other rights, over Magnesian and other rivals in that region. Hammond, on the other hand, argues that Hesiod believed the Macedonians were Greek because Macedon and Magnes were cousins of the sons of Hellen.7 All in all, Hall's argument is more convincing
  26. ↑ ἄλλοι δ' ἀπὸ Μακεδόνος τοῦ Αἰόλου, ὡς Ἑλλάνικος ἱερειῶν πρώτῃ τῶν ἐν Ἄργει
    καὶ Μακεδόνος [τοῦ] Αἰόλου οὕτω νῦν Μακεδόνες καλοῦνται, μόνοι μετὰ Μυσῶν τότε οἰκοῦντες
  27. ↑ Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica s.v. Makedonia with Hellanicus, Hiereiai tes Heras en Argei as the authority; Hellanicus fr. 74 (Fowler 2013, p. 155)
  28. ↑ Eustathius of Thessalonica. A commentary on Dionysius Periegetes 427
  29. ↑ Hammond 2003, p. 20
  30. ↑ Stoppie 2003, p. 55 quote=It is possible that this genealogy was part of the political propaganda of King Archelaus (413-399 BC), during whose reign Hellanicus probably stayed at the Macedonian court.
  31. ↑ Diodorus 1.18. Translation by Charles Henry Oldfather. Read the whole passage in translation by Edwin Murphy
  32. ↑ Burton, Anne (1973). Diodorus Siculus, Book 1: A Commentary. BRILL. p. 83. ISBN 978-90-04-03514-0. Macedon must be identified with Wepwawet, the so-called "wolf" god, who was associated with Anubis as the companion and guardian of Osiris. In one instance Wepwawet also appears as the son of Osiris: "I am Wepwawet, the heir of Senwy, the son of Osiris.
  33. ↑ Apollodorus, 3.8.1
  34. ↑ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitates Romanae 1.13.1
  35. ↑ Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 8.17.6
  36. ↑ A History of Macedonia: 550-336 B.C By Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, Guy Thompson Griffith v. 2 (1979) Page 39
  37. ↑ Strabo, VII, fr.11
  38. ↑ Periegesis 620
  39. ↑ Opera omnia quae extant IX 78
  40. ↑ Chatzopulos, Miltiadēs B. (1996). Macedonian institutions under the kings. Meletēmata / Kentron Hellēnikēs kai Rōmaïkēs Archaiotētos, Ethnikon Hidryma Ereunōn. Athens: Kentron Hellēnikēs kai Rōmaïkēs Archaiotētos, Ethnikon Hidryma Ereunōn. p. 240. ISBN 978-960-7094-89-6. This substitution of Emathia for what was practically in Classical times Bottia, and its joint use with Pieria in order to describe the original cradle of the Macedonian kingdom and not Polybios' innovations, but can be traced back at least to the second half of the fourth century, when Marsyas of Pella made Amathos and Pieros the eponymous of these two subdivisions...
  41. ↑ Aelian, De Natura Animalium 10.48
  42. ↑ Tzetzes, Chiliades 4.338 (333, scholium)

References

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makedon_(mythology)&oldid=1376988381"