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// Workers AI · dad joke modeWho's Mahmut Bey's favorite singer? Beyonce, of course, it's a mah-moot point.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mahmut Bey
Officer, Bey, Governor.
Ottoman Fezzan Province and Regency of Tripoli
Reign1577 – 1583
PredecessorSultan Bulālah Muḥammad
SuccessorTripoli administration

Mahmut Bey, also known as Mahmut Sancak-bey or Mami,[1] was an elderly Officer and ottoman bey, and a politico-religious in the 16th-century. He was the son of Kadı-záde,[2] and was acknowledged as an extremely courageous and daring man.[3][4][5] known for his expeditions into the Sahara and his push to both Northern and Southern Lake Chad. Mahmud Bey was martyred while suppressing the local rebellion backed by Bornu in 1583.[6] Fezzan was known as Fizan under Ottoman rule.[7]

Expedition into the Sahara

[edit]

In 1574 with an army around 500 men, Mahmud Bey, led from Tunis to conquer Fezzan, and its Oases[8][9][10][11] and then assumed his large occupation of the Southern Sahara were he conquered various towns, cities, and fortresses.[12]Where the local sultans were forced to recognize Ottoman suzerainty.[13] Upon reaching the capital of the Awlad dynasty, he overthrew the government, expelled Sultan Bulālah Muḥammad from power,[14] and assumed power as the ruler with the title of sancak bey of Fezzan,[15] And had subjected the Awlads into the tributary system.[16] From there, he descended from Murzuq and were aided by the surviving tribe of Banu Khurman while on their journey too southern towards Bornu. The army reached Lake Chad, but did not establish a permanent foothold around it.[17][18] This was the deepest expeditions the Ottomans had made.[19]

Expedition into Central Africa

[edit]

Mahmut Bey exerted great effort in transferring the Ottoman system to Central Africa so much so, It had caused considerable anxiety with the Bornu sultanate.[20] With well trained 500 soldiers, he had followed a path with a distance of 1950 km2 into Lake Chad. From there, he Conquered the Chadic states who had authority over Fezzan, and other local tribes whom did not even dare to confront the Ottoman soldiers[20][21] and expanded into portions of present-day Niger, and Chad, which were annexed to the Fezzan province.[22][23] The Ottoman Empire Under the exploratory expedition by Mahmud bey.[24] extended its influence on central region of the Sahel And Lake Chad becoming a part of Ottoman sphere of influence. İn 1576 Ottoman domination under Mahmud bey had extended as far as the basin of Lake Chad. Mahmud had established his governorate to the borders of Kanem-Bornu, And rule into the 10th meridian in central Africa.[25][26][27][28] The aggressive occupation of the entirety of Chad, and the fall of Fezzan. had Idris Alooma fearing an Ottoman invasion ordered by Mahmut Bey into his land.[29] The Kanem–Bornu Empire sent three ambassadors to Istanbul in 1577 and offered his allegiance, where they were taken as an obedient vassal.[30][31][32][33] This shocked Sultan Murad III and triggered a border crisis with Bornu. Murad III had ordered Mahmut Bey to keep peace with Bornu, but Protect the Frontiers, Maintain the Peace and keep its fortresses captured by him.[34] Firearms were sent from Tripoli by order of the Ottoman court, and the sultanate came under Ottoman rule[35][34] and thus enjoyed an Ottoman System.[36][37][38]

Finance And Treasury

[edit]

In 1576 The finance director Ebi Bekr-zāde Meḥemmed Çelebi arrived together with Ebū Ṭayyib Beg who was a knowledgeable emir, they both arrived at the court of state. Where they talked about the negligence of Receb Pasha the Beylerbeyi of Tunis. They also had reported the effort Mahmud bey had committed on his tax-farming commitment in Fezzan, which had amounted to sixty thousand florins. Ebi Bekr-zāde Meḥemmed and Ebū Ṭayyib Beg had an discussion of combining both the position of the governor-general. Receb Pasha was dismissed and his position was given too Ḥaydar Pasha, who was in the capital of Tripolitania, in exchange for twenty times one hundred thousand akçe. Tripoli was given to introduced too Mahmud bey as a sanjak, to rule them both. then in exchange for three times one hundred thousand akçe, had the sanjak of Fezzan, and Tripolitania annexed to the imperial crown lands so that all taxes that were collected from Fezzan would go to the Sultan's treasury in Istanbul.[39][40][41][42]

The Rebellion of Murzuq

[edit]

Idris Alooma, wanting back the fortress, armed Rebellious tribes to Rebel against the Ottoman garrison in 1583. Where Mahmud bey was martyred, while suppressing it.[43] But Idris Alooma acted again, when the Ottoman garrison in Fezzan got slaughtered around 1585, leading to the Awlads return to power,[44] under both the Bornu and Tripolitania.[45][46]

Sources

[edit]
  1. ↑ worldstatesmen Libya
  2. ↑ Seyyid Lokman - ZÜBDETÜ'T-TEVÂRÎH - Osmanlı Tarihi
  3. ↑ Zekeriya Kitapçı - Yeni İslam Tarihi Ve Türkler 1 (İslami Türk Tarihine Giriş) Zekeriya Kitapçı - Yeni İslam Tarihi Ve Türkler 1 (İslami Türk Tarihine Giriş) Uploaded bySelçuk
  4. ↑ Dewière, Rémi. "A struggle for Sahara: Idrīs ibn 'Alī's embassy to Aḥmad al-Manṣūr in the context of Borno-Morocco-Ottoman relations, 1577-1583". Manuscripts & Literature.
  5. ↑ Yilmaz Oztuna History of the Ottoman State Translation Review and Revision Adnan Mahmoud Salman Dr. Mahmoud Al-Ansari Volume One Faisal Finance Foundation Publications, Türkiye Istanbul - 1988 (12) Tunis, Tripolitania, and Central Africa page 391
  6. ↑ PDF “Our delight is for the amir of the English”: a Bornoan history of the First World War (North
  7. ↑ Black_Pearl_and_White_Tulips_A_History_o.pdf
  8. ↑ Under the direction of Shiferaw Bekele, Uoldelul Chelati Dirar, Alessandro Volterra and Massimo Zaccaria The First World War from Tripoli to Addis Ababa (1911–1924)
  9. ↑ “Our delight is for the amir of the English”: a Bornoan history of the First World War (North-Eastern Nigeria) Rémi Dewière and Vincent Hiribarren
  10. ↑ Gebke, Julia (2022-01-01). "Das diplomatische Selbst in der Frühen Neuzeit. Verhandlungsstrategien – Erzählweisen – Beziehungsdynamiken". The Diplomatic Self in Early Modern Times. Negotiating – Narrating – Shaping Relations, ed. by Julia Gebke, Stephan F. Mai, Christof Muigg. doi:10.17438/978-3-402-24863-8.
  11. ↑ OpenEdition Books Under the direction of Shiferaw Bekele, Uoldelul Chelati Dirar, Alessandro
  12. ↑ Stephen Cory, “The Man Who Would Be Caliph: A Sixteenth-Century Sultan’s Bid for an African Empire,” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 42, No. 2 (2009): 187-188.
  13. ↑ Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set
  14. ↑ Emrah Safa Gürkan, “The center and the frontier: Ottoman cooperation with the North African corsairs in the sixteenth century”, Turkish Historical Review, 1, 2010, p. 125-163; Işıksel, “The status of Tripolitania…”, art. quoted.
  15. ↑ Aziz Samih İlter, Şimali Afrikada Türkler, vol. II (1937) p. 128
  16. ↑ Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (2005-08-18). Forgotten Voices: Power and Agency in Colonial and Postcolonial Libya. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-78443-9.
  17. ↑ A modern academic thesis on Ottoman–Kanem-Bornu relations Section Mahmut Bey's Expedition.
  18. ↑ Willis, John R.; Willis, John Ralph (1985). Slaves and Slavery in Africa: Volume Two: The Servile Estate. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78017-3.
  19. ↑ https://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/server/api/core/bitstreams/dccc8709-1d64-4f6c-aaed-f2d40826e413/content
  20. 1 2 document 336675165 Zekeriya-Kitapc Yeni B0slam-Tarihi-Ve-Turkler-1- B0slami-Turk-Tarihine-Giri Page 244
  21. ↑ Lange, Dierk (2004). Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives ; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French. J.H.Röll Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89754-115-3.
  22. ↑ Murâd Han-iii - Osmanlı Tarihi". Murâd Han-iii - Osmanlı Tarihi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2026-08-30.
  23. ↑ PROF. DR. AHMET ŞİMŞİRGİL KİTAP-V OSMANLI TARİHİ KUDRET VE AZAMET YILLARI II. Selim, III. Murad, III. Mehmed, I. Ahmed
  24. ↑ Osmanlı Tarihi Ansiklopedisi Volume 5 MURÂD HAN-III
  25. ↑ Tarihi Peçevî; volume 3, page 75 Zafernâme-i Sultan Murâd Han (Harîmî, University Library, TY No: 2372) Great History of Türkiye (Y. Öztuna); volume 4, page 342
  26. ↑ Hamit, Abdoulhadi (2001). La piste du commerce transsaharien Tripoli - Lac Tchad: étude d'anthropologie économique et historique (in French). Presses universitaires du Septentrion. ISBN 978-2-284-01910-7.
  27. ↑ L'Afrique noire dans les relations internationales au XVIe siècle.
  28. ↑ Dramani-Issifou, Zakari (1982). L'Afrique noire dans les relations internationales au XVIe siècle: analyse de la crise entre le Maroc et le Sonrhaï (in French). Karthala. ISBN 978-2-86537-056-6.
  29. ↑ Abitbol, “End of Songhay,” 301.
  30. ↑ Adamu, A. I. (5 November 2016), A flower that once blossomed; The Bornu Empire from the lenses of the Ottoman Empire, ByThePens
  31. ↑ Gökgedik, İsa (2014), Afrika (Biladüssudan)'da kurulmuş bir İslam devleti: Kanim-bornu ve Osmanlı ile münasebetleri
  32. ↑ Faroqhi, Ottoman Empire and the World Around It, 4.
  33. ↑ 1577 bakınız Başbakanlık Arşivi Mühimme Defteri nr. 30: Volume of the Mühimme Defterleri. hk. 439, 4
  34. 1 2 Flynn, Sébastien (2016-01-01). The Relationship Between the Ottoman Empire and Kanem – Bornu During the Reign of Sultan Murad III (Master's thesis). Ankara: İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University.
  35. ↑ https://ia902908.us.archive.org/12/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf
  36. ↑ Yilmaz Oztuna History of the Ottoman State Translation Review and Revision Adnan Mahmoud Salman Dr. Mahmoud Al-Ansari Volume One Faisal Finance Foundation Publications, Türkiye Istanbul - 1988independence and to apply the system of dependent states to it (Important, 30, 188, 213–5).
  37. ↑ Oztuna, Yilmaz (1988). History of the Ottoman State Translation Review and Revision Adnan Mahmoud Salman Dr. Mahmoud Al-Ansari. Vol. 1. Istanbul: Faisal Finance Foundation Publications. p. 392. Ottoman influence in the Black monarchies of Central Africa continued to grow and reached its peak
  38. ↑ Flynn, Sébastien (2016-01-01). "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND KANEM- BORNU DURING THE REIGN OF SULTAN MURAD III A Master's Thesis". Bilkent Master's Thesis.
  39. ↑ III. MURAD DEVRİ – Osmanlı Tarihi (1299-1595) Trabulus’da Tarih-i Osmanî Encümeni B (173b/4) Y (144a/6) D (231a/3) TK (104a/19): Ṭrabulus-ı Ġarb’da T (92b/13)
  40. ↑ III. MURAD DEVRİ – Osmanlı Tarihi (1299-1595) Ṭrabulus’ı Tarih-i Osmanî Encümeni Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi (92b/14): Ṭrabulus B (173b/5) Y (144a/6) D (231a/3) TK (104a/19)
  41. ↑ III. MURAD DEVRİ – Osmanlı Tarihi (1299-1595) Tarih-i Osmanî Encümeni Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi (92b/16) TK (104a/21): anuñ B (173b/9) Y (144a/11) D (231a/6
  42. ↑ III. MURAD DEVRİ – Osmanlı Tarihi (1299-1595) ekitap yek gov tr ProductsFiles 5fc9b082-5143-460c-bf57-f3c6dcde5106.pdf?utm_source
  43. ↑ https://ia902908.us.archive.org/12/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf page 391/2
  44. ↑ Du lac Tchad à la Mecque: Le sultanat du Borno by Rémi Dewière pg 34-35, 159
  45. ↑ A struggle for Sahara: Idrīs ibn ‘Alī’s embassy to Aḥmad al-Manṣūr in the context of Borno-Morocco-Ottoman relations, 1577–1583 By Rémi Dewière
  46. ↑ Osmanlı Belgelerinde: Trablusgarb. İstanbul: T. C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü: Osmanlı Arşivi Daire Başkanlığı, Yayın Nu.: 125, 2013, A. DVNS. MHM. D, 62/276, 80–81. 346 Cengiz Orhonlu, “Osmanlı-Bornu Münâsebetine Âid Belgeler,” İstanbul Edebiyat Fakültesi Matbaası, Sayı 23, (Mart, 1969): 119-120.
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