// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhy was the list of programming languages forked? It wanted to branch out.
This article lists concurrent and parallel programming languages, categorizing them by a defining paradigm. Concurrent and parallel programming languages involve multiple timelines. Such languages provide synchronization constructs whose behavior is defined by a parallel execution model. A concurrent programming language is defined as one which uses the concept of simultaneously executing processes or threads of execution as a means of structuring a program. A parallel language is able to express programs that are executable on more than one processor. Both types are listed, as concurrency is a useful tool in expressing parallelism, but it is not necessary. In both cases, the features must be part of the language syntax and not an extension such as a library (libraries such as the posix-thread library implement a parallel execution model but lack the syntax and grammar required to be a programming language).
The following categories aim to capture the main, defining feature of the languages contained, but they are not necessarily orthogonal.
Coordination languages
[edit]- CnC (Concurrent Collections)
- Glenda
- Linda coordination language
- Millipede
Dataflow programming
[edit]Distributed computing
[edit]Event-driven and hardware description
[edit]- Esterel (also synchronous)
- SystemC
- SystemVerilog
- Verilog
- Verilog-AMS - math modeling of continuous time systems
- VHDL
Functional programming
[edit]Logic programming
[edit]Monitor-based
[edit]Multi-threaded
[edit]Object-oriented programming
[edit]Partitioned global address space (PGAS)
[edit]- Chapel
- Coarray Fortran (included in standard/ISO Fortran since Fortran 2008, further extensions were added with the Fortran 2018 standard)
- Fortress
- High Performance Fortran
- Titanium
- Unified Parallel C
- X10
- ZPL
Message passing
[edit]- Ateji PX - An extension of Java with parallel primitives inspired from pi-calculus.
- Rust[5]
- Smalltalk[6]: p.17 Part IV, see table following fig. 11–29
Actor model
[edit]CSP-based
[edit]APIs/frameworks
[edit]These application programming interfaces support parallelism in host languages.
- Apache Beam
- Apache Flink
- Apache Hadoop
- Apache Spark
- CUDA
- OpenCL
- OpenHMPP
- OpenMP for C, C++, and Fortran (shared memory and attached GPUs)
- Message Passing Interface for C, C++, and Fortran (distributed computing)
- SYCL
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ Thom Frühwirth (9 July 2009). Constraint Handling Rules. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87776-3.
- ↑ "Using Threads to Run Code Simultaneously - The Rust Programming Language". doc.rust-lang.org. Retrieved 2022-10-11.
- ↑ "Using multiple threads". Godot Engine (stable) documentation. Archived from the original on 2026-01-28. Retrieved 2026-01-30.
- ↑ Documentation » The Python Standard Library: Concurrent Execution
- ↑ "Using Message Passing to Transfer Data Between Threads - The Rust Programming Language". doc.rust-lang.org. Retrieved 2022-10-11.
- ↑ Alan Kay The Early History Of Smalltalk
- ↑ "Crystal Programming Language – Concurrency". Retrieved 10 August 2018.