// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhat did the khutor say? "I'm a farm above the rest.
A khutor (/ˈxuːtər/ KHOO-tər; Russian: хутор, IPA: [ˈxutər]) or khutir (Ukrainian: хутiр, IPA: [ˈxut⁽ʲ⁾ir]) is a type of rural locality in some countries of Eastern Europe; in the past the term mostly referred to a single-homestead settlement.[1][2] The term can be translated as "hamlet".[3][4]
They existed in Cossack-settled lands that encompassed today's Ukraine, Kuban, and the lower Don River basin while in Kuban and Don region the word khutor was also used to describe new settlements (irrespective of the number of homesteads) which had detached themselves from stanitsas.[5] In some Cossack communities, these types of settlements were referred to as posyolok (Russian: посёлок) or selyshche (Ukrainian: селище). In Russia the term "выселки" (vyselki, literally, "those who moved away") was also used. Khutor remains the official designation of many Russian villages in these regions.
During the Stolypin reforms in the Russian empire, Peter Stolypin envisaged rich peasants "privatising" their share of the community (obshchina (Russian: община) or tovarystvo (Ukrainian: товариство)) lands, leaving the obshchinas, and settling in khutors on their now individually owned land. A less radical concept was that of an otrub (Russian: отруб) or vidrub (Ukrainian: відруб): a section of formerly obshchina land, whose owner has left the obshchina but still continued to live in the village and to "commute" to his land.[6] By 1910 the share of khutors and otrubs among all rural households in the European part of Russia was estimated at 10.5%. These were practically eliminated during the collectivisation in the USSR.[1]
Linguistic origin
[edit]The origin of the word is not entirely clear. Assumed are borrowings from Hungarian határ (lit. "border"), to which the Slavs are reduced, or határ ("border, edge") — from Serbo-Croatian; also from Proto-Iranic khȁtȃr (lit. "land belonging to the village") to Ukrainian as khotar.[7]
According to Max Vasmer, the word entered the East Slavic languages from Old Upper German.[citation needed]
In literature
[edit]
Nikolai Gogol's first major work is called Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka, where "farm" is a translation of "khutor" (Russian: Вечера на хуторе близ Диканьки, Vechera na khutore bliz Dikanki).[citation needed]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- 1 2 Khutor[link removed] from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
- ↑ Khutor from the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian)
- ↑ Українсько-англійський переклад «хутір» - ABBYY Lingvo-Online
- ↑ Російсько-англійський переклад «хутор» - ABBYY Lingvo-Online
- ↑ Khutir at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ↑ Otrub[link removed] from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
- ↑ Хутір // Етимологічний словник української мови : в 7 т. / редкол.: О. С. Мельничук (гол. ред.) та ін. — Київ: Наукова думка, 2012. — Т. 6: У — Я. — С. 224. — ISBN 978-966-00-0197-8.