Internasal
The internasal is a dermal bone present in some vertebrates. When present, it is situated between the nasal bones, and forms a part of the dermatocranium.
Evolution
[edit]The internasal is present ancestrally in actinopterygians, where it has been confused with the rostral, the postrostral, and the mesethmoid, or referred to as the "rostrodermethmoid" or "supraethmoid". In teleosts, it is often fused to the medial rostral.[1]
Its presence has been recorded in extant coelocanths and lungfish, where multiple internasals are sometimes present.[1] It is common in fossil basal tetrapods.[2]
Among living tetrapods, an internasal is present among hynobiid salamanders, the frog Pternohyla, and the rodent Proechimys. Its presence in some species is subject to individual variation.[2][3] It has been suggested that the internasal of frogs may be an atavistic occurrence of the postrostral bone.[4] Another hypothesis suggests that the frog internasal is homologous to the "rostral" of frogs in the same clade.[5]
References
[edit]- 1 2 Jollie, Malcolm (1986). "A primer of bone names for the understanding of the actinopterygian head and pectoral girdle skeletons". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 64 (2). NRC Research Press: 365–379. doi:10.1139/z86-058. ISSN 0008-4301.
- 1 2 Xiong, Jianli; Liu, Xiuying; Zeng, Xiaomao (2011-06-01). "Discovery of an Internasal Bone in Hynobius maoershanensis (Urodela: Hynobiidae)". Asian Herpetological Research. 2 (2): 87–90. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1245.2011.00087. ISSN 2095-0357.
- ↑ Trueb, Linda (1993). "Patterns of cranial diversity in Lissamphibia". In Hanken, J.; Hall, B.K. (eds.). The skull: Patterns of Structural Diversity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- ↑ Smirnov, Sergei V. (1997). "Additional Dermal Ossifications in the Anuran Skull: Morphological Novelties or Archaic Elements?" (PDF). Russian Journal of Herpetology. 4 (1): 17–27. doi:10.30906/1026-2296-1997-4-1-17-27. ISSN 1026-2296.
- ↑ Smith, Sarah A.; Arif, Saad; De Oca, Adrian Nieto Montes; Wiens, John J. (2007-09-01). "A PHYLOGENETIC HOT SPOT FOR EVOLUTIONARY NOVELTY IN MIDDLE AMERICAN TREEFROGS". Evolution. 61 (9): 2075–2085. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00173.x. ISSN 0014-3820.