Indo-Aryan peoples
 | This article may contain original research. (January 2021) |
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| Total population | |
|---|---|
| ~1.4 billion[citation needed] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 India | Over 1 billion |
 Pakistan | Over 180 million |
 Bangladesh | Over 195 million |
 Nepal | Over 26 million |
 Sri Lanka | Over 15 million |
 United States | Over 4 million |
 United Arab Emirates | Over 3 million |
 Turkey | Over 2 million |
 Afghanistan | Over 2 million |
 United Kingdom | Over 1 million |
 Canada | Over 1 million |
 Mauritius | Over 812,800 |
 Romania | Over 569,000 |
 Trinidad and Tobago | Over 560,000 |
 Guyana | Over 325,000 |
 Bulgaria | Over 325,000 |
 Maldives | Over 300,000 |
 Fiji | Over 252,000 |
 Bhutan | Over 240,000[1] |
| Languages | |
| Indo-Aryan languages | |
| Religion | |
| Majority Hindu Large minority: Muslim, Buddhist, Sikh, Jain, Christian and some non-religious atheist/agnostic | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Indo-European-peoples, especially Iranian peoples | |
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| Indo-European topics |
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Indo-Aryan peoples (also known as Indic peoples in the context of Indo-European studies) are a diverse collection of peoples predominantly found in South Asia, who (traditionally) speak Indo-Aryan languages. Historically, Aryans were the pastoralists who spoke Indo-Iranian languages, migrated from Central Asia into South Asia, and introduced the Proto-Indo-Aryan language.[2][3][4][5][6] The early Indo-Aryan peoples were known to be closely related to the Iranian group that have resided west of the Indus River on the Iranian Plateau; an evident connection in cultural, linguistic, and historical ties. Today, the majority of Indo-Aryan speakers are found south of Hindu Kush and east of the Indus, across the modern-day regions of Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and northern half of India as well as parts of Afghanistan (Kunar).[7]
History
[edit]Proto-Indo-Iranians
[edit]
The introduction of the Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent was the outcome of a migration of Indo-Aryan people from Central Asia into the northern Indian subcontinent (modern-day Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). Another group of Indo-Aryans migrated further westward and founded the Mitanni kingdom in northern Syria[9] (c. 1500–1300 BC); the other group was the Vedic people.[10] According to Christopher I. Beckwith, the Wusun people of Inner Asia in antiquity could have been of Indo-Aryan origin.[11]
The Proto-Indo-Iranians, from which the Indo-Aryans developed, are identified with the Sintashta culture (2100–1800 BCE),[12][13] and the Andronovo culture,[14] which flourished ca. 1800–1400 BCE in the steppes around the Aral Sea, present-day Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The Proto-Indo-Aryan split off around 1800–1600 BCE from the Iranians,[15] moved south through the Bactria-Margiana Culture, south of the Andronovo culture, borrowing some of their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from the BMAC, and then migrated further south into the Levant and north-western India.[16][2] The migration of the Indo-Aryans was part of the larger diffusion of Indo-European languages from the Proto-Indo-European homeland at the Pontic–Caspian steppe which started in the 4th millennium BCE.[2][17][18] The GGC, Cemetery H, Copper Hoard, OCP, and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryans.
The Indo-Aryans were united by shared cultural norms and language, referred to as aryā 'noble'. Over the last four millennia, the Indo-Aryan culture has evolved particularly inside India itself, but its origins are in the conflation of values and heritage of the Indo-Aryan and indigenous people groups of India.[19] Diffusion of this culture and language took place by patron-client systems, which allowed for the absorption and acculturation of other groups into this culture, and explains the strong influence on other cultures with which it interacted.
Genetically, most Indo-Aryan-speaking populations are descendants of a mix of Central Asian steppe pastoralists, Iranian hunter-gatherers, and, to a lesser extent, South Asian hunter-gatherers—commonly known as Ancient Ancestral South Indians (AASI). Dravidians are descendants of a mix of South Asian hunter-gatherers and Iranian hunter-gatherers, and to a lesser extent, Central Asian steppe pastoralists. South Indian Tribal Dravidians descend majorly from South Asian hunter-gatherers, and to a lesser extent Iranian hunter-gatherers.[20][21][22] Additionally, Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burmese speaking people contributed to the genetic make-up of South Asia.[23]
Indigenous Aryanism propagates the idea that the Indo-Aryans were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, and that the Indo-European languages spread from there to central Asia and Europe. Contemporary support for this idea is ideologically driven, and has no basis in objective data and mainstream scholarship.[24][25][26][27][28]
List of historical Indo-Aryan peoples
[edit]Contemporary Indo-Aryan people
[edit]A
[edit]B
[edit]- Baiga people
- Bakarwal people
- Banjara people
- Barda people
- Barua people
- Bathudi people
- Bazigar people
- Been people
- Bede people
- Bengali people
- Bharia people
- Bhil people
- Bhojpuri people
- Bhottada people
- Bhoksa people
- Bhuiya people
- Bhunjia people
- Binjhia people
- Bishnupriya Manipuri people
- Bote people
- Bonaz people
- Brokpa people
- Bundeli people
C
[edit]D
[edit]G
[edit]H
[edit]J
[edit]K
[edit]L
[edit]M
[edit]N
[edit]O
[edit]P
[edit]Q
[edit]R
[edit]S
[edit]T
[edit]V
[edit]W
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ "Population of Lhotshampas in Bhutan". UNHCR. 2004. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
- 1 2 3 Anthony 2007.
- ↑ Erdosy 2012.
- ↑ "How ancient DNA may rewrite prehistory in India". bbc. 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
- ↑ "New reports clearly confirm 'Arya' migration into India". thehindu. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
- ↑ "Aryans or Harappans—Who drove the creation of caste system? DNA holds a clue". theprint. 29 June 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
- ↑ Danesh Jain, George Cardona (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 2.
- ↑
- ↑ Anthony 2007, p. 454.
- ↑ Beckwith 2009, p. 33 note 20.
- ↑ Beckwith 2009, p. 376.
- ↑ Anthony 2007, p. 390 (fig. 15.9), 405–411.
- ↑ Kuz'mina 2007, p. 222.
- ↑ Smith, Frederick M. (March 2009). "The Origin of the Indo-Iranians by Elena E. Kuz'mina". Religious Studies Review. 35 (1): 72. doi:10.1111/j.1748-0922.2009.01329_5.x.
- ↑ Anthony 2007, p. 408.
- ↑ George Erdosy (1995). "The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity", p. 279
- ↑ Johannes Krause mit Thomas Trappe: Die Reise unserer Gene. Eine Geschichte über uns und unsere Vorfahren. Propyläen Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 148 ff.
- ↑ "All Indo-European Languages May Have Originated From This One Place". IFLScience. 24 May 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
- ↑ Avari, Burjor (11 June 2007). India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200. Routledge. pp. xvii. ISBN 978-1-134-25161-2.
- ↑ Reich et al. 2009.
- ↑ Narasimhan et al. 2019.
- ↑ Yelmen, Burak; Mondal, Mayukh; Marnetto, Davide; Pathak, Ajai K; Montinaro, Francesco; Gallego Romero, Irene; Kivisild, Toomas; Metspalu, Mait; Pagani, Luca (5 April 2019). "Ancestry-Specific Analyses Reveal Differential Demographic Histories and Opposite Selective Pressures in Modern South Asian Populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 36 (8): 1628–1642. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz037. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 6657728. PMID 30952160.
- ↑ Basu et al. 2016.
- ↑ Witzel 2001, p. 95.
- ↑ Jamison 2006.
- ↑ Guha 2007, p. 341.
- ↑ Fosse 2005, p. 438.
- ↑ Olson 2016, p. 136.
- ↑ "Veddah Language (Ved)". Ethnologue. SIL International. Retrieved 15 February 2026.
Sources
[edit]- Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World. Princeton University Press.
- Basu A, Sarkar-Roy N, Majumder PP (February 2016). "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (6): 1594–9. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113. PMC 4760789. PMID 26811443.
- Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400829941. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
- Bryant, Edwin (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513777-9.
- Erdosy, George, ed. (2012), The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, Walter de Gruyter
- Fosse, Lars Martin (2005), "ARYAN PAST AND POST-COLONIAL PRESENT. The polemics and politics of indigenous Aryanism", in Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history, Routledge
- Guha, Sudeshna (2007), "Review. Reviewed Work: The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History by Edwin F. Bryant, Laurie Patton", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, 17 (3): 340–343, doi:10.1017/S135618630700733X, S2CID 163092658
- Jamison, Stephanie W. (2006). "The Indo-Aryan controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history (Book review)" (PDF). Journal of Indo-European Studies. 34: 255–261.
- Kuz'mina, Elena Efimovna (2007), J. P. Mallory (ed.), The Origin of the Indo-Iranians, Brill, ISBN 978-9004160545
- Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–88. ISBN 0-5214-7030-7. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
- Mallory, J. P. (1998). "A European Perspective on Indo-Europeans in Asia". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern Central Asia. Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man. ISBN 0-941694-63-1.
- Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019), "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", Science, 365 (6457): 7487, Bibcode:2019Sci...365t7487N, doi:10.1126/science.aat7487, PMC 6822619, PMID 31488661, archived from the original on 29 December 2020, retrieved 20 January 2021
- Olson, Carl (2016). Religious Ways of Experiencing Life: A Global and Narrative Approach. Routledge.
- Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian population history", Nature, 461 (7263): 489–494, Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R, doi:10.1038/nature08365, ISSN 0028-0836, PMC 2842210, PMID 19779445
- Trubachov, Oleg N., 1999: Indoarica, Nauka, Moscow.
- Witzel, Michael (2001), "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts" (PDF), Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 7 (3): 1–115
- Witzel, Michael (2005), "Indocentrism", in Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history, Routledge
External links
[edit]- Horseplay at Harappa – People Fas Harvard – Harvard University (PDF)
- A tale of two horses – Frontline
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