// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhat did the International Phonetic Alphabet chart say? "I'm pronounced perfect.
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This is a chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's languages, only those about which stand-alone articles exist in this encyclopedia.
Official chart
[edit]
Vowels
[edit]
Consonants
[edit]| Place → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manner ↓ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Linguolabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | (Alveolo-)palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal/epiglottal | Glottal | ||||||||||||||
| Nasal | m̥ | m | ɱ̊ | ɱ | n̼ | n̪̊ | n̪ | n̥ | n | n̠̊ | n̠ | ɳ̊ | ɳ | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | ɴ̥ | ɴ | |||||||
| Plosive | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̼ | d̼ | t̪ | d̪ | t | d | ʈ | ɖ | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ | ʔ | ||||||
| Sibilant affricate | t̪s̪ | d̪z̪ | ts | dz | t̠ʃ | d̠ʒ | tʂ | dʐ | tɕ | dʑ | ||||||||||||||||
| Non-sibilant affricate | pɸ | bβ | p̪f | b̪v | t̪θ | d̪ð | tɹ̝̊ | dɹ̝ | t̠ɹ̠̊˔ | d̠ɹ̠˔ | cç | ɟʝ | kx | ɡɣ | qχ | ɢʁ | ʡʜ | ʡʢ | ʔh | |||||||
| Sibilant fricative | s̪ | z̪ | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ | ||||||||||||||||
| Non-sibilant fricative | ɸ | β | f | v | θ̼ | ð̼ | θ | ð | θ̠ | ð̠ | ɹ̠̊˔ | ɹ̠˔ | ɻ̊˔ | ɻ˔ | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ | ||
| Approximant | β̞ | ʋ | ð̞ | ɹ | ɹ̠ | ɻ | j | ɰ | ˷ | |||||||||||||||||
| Tap/flap | ⱱ̟ | ⱱ | ɾ̥ | ɾ | ɽ̊ | ɽ | ɢ̆ | ʡ̆ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Trill | ʙ̥ | ʙ | r̥ | r | r̠ | ɽ̊r̥ | ɽr | ʀ̥ | ʀ | ʜ | ʢ | |||||||||||||||
| Lateral affricate | tɬ | dɮ | tꞎ | d𝼅 | c𝼆 | ɟʎ̝ | k𝼄 | ɡʟ̝ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral fricative | ɬ̪ | ɬ | ɮ | ꞎ | 𝼅 | 𝼆 | ʎ̝ | 𝼄 | ʟ̝ | |||||||||||||||||
| Lateral approximant | l̪ | l̥ | l | l̠ | ɭ̊ | ɭ | ʎ̥ | ʎ | ʟ̥ | ʟ | ʟ̠ | |||||||||||||||
| Lateral tap/flap | ɺ̥ | ɺ | 𝼈̊ | 𝼈 | ʎ̆ | ʟ̆ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| BL | LD | D | A | PA | RF | P | V | U | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Implosive | Voiced | ɓ | ɗ | ᶑ | ʄ | ɠ | ʛ | |||
| Voiceless | ɓ̥ | ɗ̥ | ᶑ̊ | ʄ̊ | ɠ̊ | ʛ̥ | ||||
| Ejective | Stop | pʼ | tʼ | ʈʼ | cʼ | kʼ | qʼ | |||
| Affricate | p̪fʼ | t̪θʼ | tsʼ | t̠ʃʼ | tʂʼ | tɕʼ | kxʼ | qχʼ | ||
| Fricative | ɸʼ | fʼ | θʼ | sʼ | ʃʼ | ʂʼ | ɕʼ | xʼ | χʼ | |
| Lateral affricate | tɬʼ | c𝼆ʼ | k𝼄ʼ | q𝼄ʼ | ||||||
| Lateral fricative | ɬʼ | |||||||||
| Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) |
Tenuis | kʘ qʘ |
kǀ qǀ |
kǃ qǃ |
k𝼊 q𝼊 |
kǂ qǂ |
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| Voiced | ɡʘ ɢʘ |
ɡǀ ɢǀ |
ɡǃ ɢǃ |
ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊 |
ɡǂ ɢǂ |
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| Nasal | ŋʘ ɴʘ |
ŋǀ ɴǀ |
ŋǃ ɴǃ |
ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊 |
ŋǂ ɴǂ |
ʞ |
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| Tenuis lateral | kǁ qǁ |
|||||||||
| Voiced lateral | ɡǁ ɢǁ |
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| Nasal lateral | ŋǁ ɴǁ |
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Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
Other consonants
[edit]Tones
[edit]| ◌̋ | ˥ | ꜒ | Extra-high (top) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ◌́ | ˦ | ꜓ | High |
| ◌̄ | ˧ | ꜔ | Mid |
| ◌̀ | ˨ | ꜕ | Low |
| ◌̏ | ˩ | ꜖ | Extra-low (bottom) |
| ꜜ◌ | Downstep | ||
| ꜛ◌ | Upstep | ||
| ◌̌ | ˩˥ | ꜖꜒ | Rising (low to high) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ◌̂ | ˥˩ | ꜒꜖ | Falling (high to low) |
| ◌᷄ | ˧˥ | ꜔꜒ | High rising |
| ˨˦ | ꜕꜓ | Mid rising | |
| ◌᷅ | ˩˧ | ꜖꜔ | Low rising |
| ◌᷇ | ˥˧ | ꜒꜔ | High falling |
| ˦˨ | ꜓꜕ | Mid falling | |
| ◌᷆ | ˧˩ | ꜔꜖ | Low falling |
| ◌᷈ | ˧˥˨, ˨˦˨, ˩˧˩ | ꜔꜒꜕, ꜕꜓꜕, ꜖꜔꜖ | Rising–falling (Peaking) |
| ◌᷉ | ˥˧˥, ˦˨˦, ˧˩˧ | ꜒꜔꜒, ꜓꜕꜓, ꜔꜖꜔ | Falling–rising (Dipping) |
Auxiliary symbols
[edit]| ◌̥ | ◌̊ | Voiceless | ◌̤ | Breathy voiced | ◌̪ | ◌͆ | Dental | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ◌̬ | Voiced | ◌̰ | Creaky voiced | ◌̺ | Apical | |||||||||||||||
| ◌ʰ | Aspirated | ◌̼ | Linguolabial | ◌̻ | Laminal | |||||||||||||||
| ◌̹ | ◌͗ | ◌˒ | More rounded | ◌ʷ | Labialized | ◌̃ | Nasalized | |||||||||||||
| ◌̜ | ◌͑ | ◌˓ | Less rounded | ◌ʲ | Palatalized | ◌ⁿ | Nasal release | |||||||||||||
| ◌̟ | ◌˖ | Advanced | ◌ˠ | Velarized | ◌ˡ | Lateral release | ||||||||||||||
| ◌̠ | ◌˗ | Retracted | ◌ˤ | Pharyngealized | ◌̚ | No audible release | ||||||||||||||
| ◌̈ | Centralized | ◌̴ | Velarized or pharyngealized | ◌ᵊ | Mid central vowel release | |||||||||||||||
| ◌̽ | Mid-centralized | ◌̝ | ◌˔ | Raised | ◌ᶿ | Voiceless dental fricative release | ||||||||||||||
| ◌̩ | ◌̍ | Syllabic | ◌̞ | ◌˕ | Lowered | ◌ˣ | Voiceless velar fricative release | |||||||||||||
| ◌̯ | ◌̑ | Non-syllabic | ◌̘ | ◌꭪ | Advanced tongue root | ◌ʼ | Ejective | |||||||||||||
| ◌˞ | Rhoticity | ◌̙ | ◌꭫ | Retracted tongue root | ◌͡◌ ◌͜◌ |
Affricate or double articulation | ||||||||||||||
| ˈ | Primary stress |
|---|---|
| ˌ | Secondary stress |
| ː | Long |
| ˑ | Half-long |
| ◌̆ | Extra-short |
| | | Minor (foot) group |
| ‖ | Major (intonation) group |
| . | Syllable break |
| ‿ | Linking (absence of a break) |
| ↗︎ | Global rise |
| ↘︎ | Global fall |
| [ ] | Phonetic transcription |
|---|---|
| / / | Phonemic transcription |
| { } | Prosodic notation |
| ( ) | Indistinguishable utterance |
| ⸨ ⸩ | Sound obscured |