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Grey alien

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Grey aliens
Artist's interpretation of a Grey alien showing certain prototypical features: an enlarged head, large black eyes, a small mouth, diminished nostrils, a frail stature, and a lack of a nose or genitals.
Creature information
Other name(s)Zeta Reticulans, Roswell Greys, Roswell Aliens, Greys,
GroupingExtraterrestrials or beings of other origin
Similar entitiesLittle green men
FolkloreUfology
Origin
RegionWorldwide
Details
  • Humanoids with small and lithe bodies (sometimes described as tall), pale grey skin, large foreheads, black almond-shaped eyes, as well as small noses, lips, and ears
  • Popularized in UFO folklore by the Barney and Betty Hill abduction case (1961)

Grey aliens, also referred to as Zeta Reticulans, Roswell Greys, or simply Greys,[a] are purported extraterrestrial beings. They are frequently reported in alleged alien abductions and other close encounters. Greys are typically described as hairless humanoids with grey skin, small bodies, disproportionately large heads, and large almond-shaped eyes without sclerae.

The 1961 Barney and Betty Hill abduction claim was key to the dissemination of the concept of Grey aliens and their subsequent popularity in modern culture.[1][2] Precursor figures have been described in science fiction and similar descriptions appeared in later accounts of the 1947 Roswell UFO incident and early accounts of the 1948 Aztec UFO hoax.

The Grey alien is cited as an archetypal image of an intelligent, non-human being and extraterrestrial life in general, as well as an iconic trope of popular culture in the age of space exploration.

Description

[edit]

Appearance

[edit]

Greys are typically depicted as grey-skinned, diminutive humanoid beings that possess reduced forms of, or completely lack, external human body parts such as noses, ears, or sex organs.[3] Their bodies are usually depicted as being elongated, having a small chest, and lacking in muscular definition and visible skeletal structure. Their legs are depicted as being shorter and jointed differently from humans, with limbs proportionally different from those of a human.[3]

Greys are depicted as possessing unusually large heads in proportion to their bodies, as well as having no hair, no noticeable outer ears or noses, and small orifices for ears, nostrils, and mouths. In drawings, Greys are almost always depicted featuring very large black eyes without sclerae. They are frequently described as shorter than average adult humans;[4][5] however, both short and tall variations appear in reports.[6]

Association with Zeta Reticuli

[edit]

The association between Grey aliens and Zeta Reticuli originated with the interpretation of a map drawn by Betty Hill by a schoolteacher named Marjorie Fish sometime in 1969.[7] Betty Hill, under hypnosis, had claimed to have been shown a map that displayed the aliens' home system and nearby stars.[8] Upon learning of this, Fish attempted to create a model from a drawing produced by Hill, eventually determining that the stars marked as the aliens' home were Zeta Reticuli, a binary star system.[7]

History

[edit]

Origins

[edit]

In literature, descriptions of beings similar to Grey aliens predate claims of supposed encounters with them. In 1893, H. G. Wells presented a description of humanity's future appearance in the article "The Man of the Year Million", describing humans as having no mouths, noses, or hair, and with large heads. In 1895, Wells also depicted the Eloi, a successor species to humanity, in similar terms in the novel The Time Machine. Both share many characteristics with future perceptions of Greys.[9] In 1897, H. G. Wells wrote The War of the Worlds. In the book, Wells depicts an advanced Martian species with large, dark-colored, oval eyes and gray, hairless skin. It is briefly mentioned that there is also a humanoid variant of the species. This Martian species may have inspired the design of the Greys in popular culture.[10][11]

Crowley's drawing of "Lam", the entity that he allegedly made contact with

As early as 1917, the occultist Aleister Crowley described a meeting with a "preternatural entity" named Lam that was similar in appearance to a modern Grey. Crowley claimed to have contacted Lam through a process called the "Amalantrah Workings", which he believed allowed humans to contact beings from outer space and across dimensions. Other occultists and ufologists, many of whom have retroactively linked Lam to later Grey encounters, have since described their own visitations from him, with one describing the being as a "cold, computer-like intelligence", and utterly beyond human comprehension.[12]

...the creatures did not resemble any race of humans. They were short, shorter than the average Japanese, and their heads were big and bald, with strong, square foreheads, and very small noses and mouths, and weak chins. What was most extraordinary about them were the eyes—large, dark, gleaming, with a sharp gaze. They wore clothes made of soft grey fabric, and their limbs seemed to be similar to those of humans.

— Gustav Sandgren, The Unknown Danger (1933)

In 1933, the Swedish novelist Gustav Sandgren, using the pen name Gabriel Linde, published a science fiction novel called Den okända faran (The Unknown Danger), in which he describes a race of extraterrestrials who wore clothes made of soft grey fabric and were short, with big bald heads and large, dark, gleaming eyes. The novel, aimed at young readers, included illustrations of the imagined aliens. According to author Eden Lee Lackner in her "Grays" chapter of the 2019 compendium Aliens in Popular Culture: "Sandgren's aliens solidify the appearance of grays, as his description is the template upon which the popular conception of these beings rests."[9]

Barney and Betty Hill abduction

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In 1965, newspaper reports of the Betty and Barney Hill abduction made the Grey archetype famous.[8] The alleged abductees, Betty and Barney Hill, claimed that in 1961, humanoid alien beings with greyish skin had abducted them and taken them aboard a flying saucer.[8][13][14]

In his 1990 article "Entirely Unpredisposed", Martin Kottmeyer suggested that Barney's memories revealed under hypnosis might have been influenced by an episode of the science-fiction television show The Outer Limits titled "The Bellero Shield", which was broadcast twelve days before Barney's first hypnotic session. The episode featured an extraterrestrial with large eyes, who says, "In all the universes, in all the unities beyond the universes, all who have eyes have eyes that speak." The report from the regression featured a scenario that was in some respects similar to the television show. In part, Kottmeyer wrote:

Wraparound eyes are an extreme rarity in science fiction films. I know of only one instance. They appeared on the alien of an episode of an old TV series The Outer Limits entitled "The Bellero Shield." A person familiar with Barney's sketch in "The Interrupted Journey" and the sketch done in collaboration with the artist David Baker will find a "frisson" of "déjà vu" creeping up his spine when seeing this episode. The resemblance is much abetted by an absence of ears, hair, and nose on both aliens. Could it be by chance? Consider this: Barney first described and drew the wraparound eyes during the hypnosis session dated 22 February 1964. "The Bellero Shield" was first broadcast on 10 February 1964. Only twelve days separate the two instances. If the identification is admitted, the commonness of wraparound eyes in the abduction literature falls to cultural forces.

— Martin Kottmeyer, Entirely Unpredisposed: The Cultural Background of UFO Reports[15]

Carl Sagan echoed Kottmeyer's suspicions in his 1997 book, The Demon Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark, where Invaders from Mars was cited as another potential inspiration.[8]

Diffusion into folklore

[edit]

After the Hills' encounter, the concept of Greys would go on to become more commonly reported in ufology and other extraterrestrial-related folklore.[9] This is particularly true in the case of the United States: according to journalist C. D. B. Bryan in his book Close Encounters of the Fourth Kind, ufologist Jenny Randles reported in 1992 that 73% of all reported alien encounters in the United States described Grey aliens, somewhat higher than continental Europe which had a percentage of roughly 48%, and significantly higher than the United Kingdom where the percentage hovered around only 12%.[16]: 68 

A Grey as popularized, from the cover of Communion, by Whitley Strieber: The portrait was painted by Ted Seth Jacobs to Strieber's description and approval.

During the early 1980s, Greys were linked to the alleged crash-landing of a flying saucer in Roswell, New Mexico, in 1947. A number of publications contained statements from individuals who claimed to have seen the U.S. military handling a number of unusually proportioned, bald, child-sized beings. These individuals claimed, during and after the incident, that the beings had oversized heads and slanted eyes, but scant other distinguishable facial features.[17]

UFO museum, Roswell

In 1987, novelist Whitley Strieber published the book Communion, which, unlike his previous works, was categorized as non-fiction,[18] and described a number of close encounters he alleged to have experienced with Greys,[19] as well as other unknown beings.[20] The book became a New York Times bestseller,[21] and New Line Cinema released a 1989 film adaptation that starred Christopher Walken as Strieber.[20] Strieber has stated in his works that he was unsure whether the beings were truly extraterrestrial, instead opting to call them "visitors".[22]

In 1988, Christophe Dechavanne interviewed the French science-fiction writer and ufologist Jimmy Guieu on TF1's Ciel, mon mardi!. Besides mentioning Majestic 12, Guieu described the existence of what he called "the little greys", which later on became better known in French under the name: les Petits-Gris.[23] Guieu later wrote two docudramas, using as a plot the Grey aliens / Majestic-12 conspiracy theory as described by John Lear and Milton William Cooper: the series "E.B.E." (for "Extraterrestrial Biological Entity"): E.B.E.: Alerte rouge (first part) (1990) and E.B.E.: L'entité noire d'Andamooka (second part) (1991).[24]

Greys have since become the subject of conspiracy theories. Many conspiracy theorists believe that Greys represent part of a government-led disinformation or plausible deniability campaign, or that they are a product of government mind-control experiments.[25] During the 1990s, popular culture also began to increasingly link Greys to a number of military-industrial complex and New World Order conspiracy theories.[26]

In 1995, filmmaker Ray Santilli claimed to have obtained 22 reels of 16 mm film that depicted the autopsy of a "real" Grey supposedly recovered from the site of the 1947 incident in Roswell.[27][28] In 2006, however, Santilli announced that the film was not original, but was instead a "reconstruction" created after the original film was found to have degraded. He maintained that a real Grey had been found and autopsied on camera in 1947, and that the footage released to the public contained a percentage of that original footage.[29]

Analysis

[edit]

In close encounter claims and ufology

[edit]

Greys are often involved in alien abduction claims. Among reports of alien encounters, Greys make up about 73% in the United States, 67% in Brazil, 48% in continental Europe, and around 12% in the United Kingdom.[16]: 68, 74  Reports of Greys in alleged abductions include descriptions of two distinct groups that differ in height.[3][6][19]

The eyes are frequently a focus of abduction claims, which often describe a Grey staring into the eyes of an abductee when conducting mental procedures.[3] This staring is claimed to induce hallucinogenic states or directly provoke different emotions.[30]

Abduction claims are often described as extremely traumatic, similar to an abduction by humans or even a sexual assault in the level of trauma and distress. The emotional impact of perceived abductions can be as great as that of combat, sexual abuse, and other traumatic events.[31]

However, in recent years, there has been a shift in perspective among some individuals who have alleged abductions; sociologists Erich Goode and D. Angus Vail explain in Extreme Deviance:[32]

In recent years, abductees have started to question their relationship to the Grays. While most abductees still believe them to be abusers, a growing subset believe the aliens are misunderstood. Although terrifying at first, the "abduction" has turned into a positive experience. Such benign encounters are similar to the contactee tales and, indeed, some abductees now report experiences with both Nordics and Grays. As the ranks of these "new" abductees have grown, they have created the label "experiencers." Experiencers are people who have come to view as positive what was initially a frightening UFO experience.[32]

Psychocultural expression of intelligence

[edit]

Neurologist Steven Novella proposes that Grey aliens are a byproduct of the human imagination, with the Greys' most distinctive features representing everything that modern humans traditionally link with intelligence. "The aliens, however, do not just appear as humans, they appear like humans with those traits we psychologically associate with intelligence."[33]

The medical hypothesis

[edit]

In referencing abduction accounts that have included beings resembling Greys, psychiatrist David V. Forrest has suggested that memories of previously experienced medical procedures may be a contributory factor to a psychological provenance for the abduction phenomenon.[34] In this vein, he further addressed the fact that the social stigma surrounding the phenomenon should therefore be removed, stating: "such persons should be encouraged not to be ashamed, to bring forth their experiences when they face medical or dental anesthesia, and tell their doctors or anesthesiologists about them, because one's mental set going into a procedure affects its outcome."[34]

The "mother" hypothesis

[edit]

In 2005, Frederick V. Malmstrom, writing in Skeptic magazine, Volume 11, issue 4, presented his idea that Greys are actually residual memories of early childhood development. Malmstrom reconstructed the face of a Grey through the transformation of a mother's face based on science regarding early-childhood sensation and perception. Malmstrom's study offered a hypothesis that presented an alternative to the idea of the literal existence of Greys in abduction accounts.[35]

Evolutionary implausibility

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According to biologist Jack Cohen, the typical image of a Grey, assuming that it would have evolved from a world with different environmental and ecological conditions from Earth, is too physiologically similar to a human to be credible as a representation of an alien.[36]

Other hypotheses

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The interdimensional, cryptoterrestrial, and time-traveller hypotheses attempt to provide an alternative explanation to account for the humanoid anatomy and behavior of these alleged beings.

[edit]
Grey aliens are a common way to depict extraterrestrials in fiction.

Depictions of Grey aliens have gone on to appear in a number of films and television shows, supplanting the previously popular little green men. As early as 1966, for example, the superhero character Ultraman was explicitly based on them,[37] and they were later featured in Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977).[38] Greys have also been worked into space opera and other interstellar settings: in Babylon 5, the Greys are referred to as the "Vree" and are depicted as being allies and trade partners of 23rd-century Earth,[39] while in the Stargate franchise they are called the "Asgard" and depicted as ancient astronauts allied with modern-day Earth.[40] South Park refers to them as "visitors", and the creators hid them as Easter eggs in numerous episodes.[41]

During the 1990s, plotlines wherein Greys were linked to conspiracy theories became common.[26] A well-known example is the Fox television series The X-Files that began airing in 1993, which combined the quest to find proof of the existence of Grey-like extraterrestrials alongside a number of conspiracy theory subplots as part of its main narrative.[42] Other notable examples include the XCOM video game franchise (where they are called "Sectoids");[43] Dark Skies, first broadcast in 1996, which expanded upon the MJ-12 conspiracy;[44] and American Dad!, which features a Grey-like alien named Roger, whose backstory draws from both the Roswell incident and Area 51 conspiracy theories.[45][46]

The 2011 film Paul tells the story of a Grey named Paul who attributes the frequent depiction of his people in science fiction pop culture to the US government deliberately inserting the stereotypical Grey alien image into mainstream media; this is done so that if humanity were to come into contact with Paul's species, no immediate shock would occur as a result of their appearance.[47] Child abduction by Greys is a key plot point in the 2013 film, Dark Skies.[48]

Greys appear in Syfy's 2021 science fiction dramedy series Resident Alien.[49]

The Greys appear as the main antagonistic faction in the 2023 independent game Greyhill Incident.[50]

See also

[edit]

Notes

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  1. ↑ Spelled "Gray" in certain dialects

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Fox, Margalit (23 October 2004). "Betty Hill, 85, Figure in Alien Abduction Case, Dies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2021. Mrs. Hill was not the first person to tell of an alien encounter. But her account was the first to capture the public imagination on a grand scale, defining a narrative subgenre that has flourished in the decades since. ... They recounted many times that a group of short gray-skinned beings stopped their car and took them aboard a waiting spaceship.
  2. ↑ Lambie, Ryan (10 November 2010). "9 Alien Abduction Movies That Changed The Genre". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on 18 February 2026. Retrieved 16 April 2021. Ever since the case of US couple Betty and Barney Hill became widely publicised in the mid-60s, hundreds of people have come forward with similar claims of extraterrestrial abduction, missing time, strange medical examinations, and grey-skinned extraterrestrials.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Jacobs, David M. "Aliens and Hybrids." In: Pritchard, Andrea & Pritchard, David E. & Mack, John E. & Kasey, Pam & Yapp, Claudia. Alien Discussions: Proceedings of the Abduction Study Conference. Cambridge: North Cambridge Press. Pp. 86–90. ISBN 9780964491700
  4. ↑ Smith, Toby (2000). Little Grey Men. USA: University of New Mexico Press. p. 110. ISBN 9780826321213. Retrieved 25 April 2021. ...three and a half feet tall, had large slanting eyes, diminished noses, spindly bodies, long arms and webbed fingers.
  5. ↑ Blackmore, Susan (May–June 1998). "Abduction by Aliens or Sleep Paralysis?". Skeptical Inquirer. Vol. 22, no. 3. Amherst, NY: Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. ISSN 0194-6730. OCLC 4081591. Archived from the original on 24 June 2020.
  6. 1 2 Sheaffer, Robert (January–February 2016). "Invasion of the Pod People" (PDF). Skeptical Inquirer. Vol. 40, no. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 December 2025. 'Grays,' large and small, who 'only communicate telepathically.'
  7. 1 2 Dickinson, Terence. "The Zeta Reticuli (or Ridiculi) Incident". Astronomy Magazine. Kalmbach Media. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Sagan, Carl (1997). The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark. Ballantine Books. p. 102. ISBN 0-345-40946-9. The Hill case was widely discussed. It was made into a 1975 TV movie that introduced the idea that short, gray, alien abductors are among us into the psyches of millions of people.
  9. 1 2 3 Lackner, Eden Lee (22 March 2019). "Grays". In Levy, Michael M.; Mendlesohn, Farah (eds.). Aliens in Popular Culture. ABC-CLIO. pp. 135–137. ISBN 978-1-4408-3833-0. Archived from the original on 4 December 2025. In 1891, Kenneth Folingsby published Meda: A Tale of the Future, in which the narrator encounters small gray-skinned humanoids with balloon-shaped heads. Two years later, H. G. Wells posited what humanity would look like in the future in his article 'The Man of the Year Million,' evoking similar imagery ... in The Time Machine (1895) ... Wells's Eloi share many characteristics with his 'Year Million' men and grays ... his Martians, while far larger than his earlier conceptions and now sporting tentacles, strengthen the link to modern grays. ... Gustav Sandgren, writing as Gabriel Linde, further refined the literary predecessors of grays in his 1933 novel, Den okända faran (The Unknown Danger). Sandgren's aliens solidify the appearance of grays, as his description is the template upon which the popular conception of these beings rests.
  10. ↑ Gourgey, Bill (28 June 2024). "100 years of aliens: From Mars beavers to little gray men". Popular Science. Retrieved 10 May 2026.
  11. ↑ Culture, Widok Theories and Practices of Visual. ""Little Green Men": Early Representations of Aliens". Widok. Theories and Practices of Visual Culture. Retrieved 10 May 2026.
  12. ↑ Liz Armstrong (19 January 2012). "Magickal Stories - Lam". Vice. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  13. ↑ Spraggett, Allen (10 January 1972). "The Unexplained (column)". York Daily Record. York, Pennsylvania. p. 22. Retrieved 24 April 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Betty and Barney Hill claimed to have been taken aboard a flying saucer for two hours by 'humanoids' with grayish skin and wrap-around eyes, subjected to physical examinations, and then released unharmed with the suggestion that they would remember nothing of what had transpired. ... 'The humanoids were about five feet tall,' Betty Hill told me when I asked what they looked like. 'They had gray, metallic-looking skin. No noses, just nostrils. And their mouths were only slits. The eyes extended right around to the sides of their heads.'
  14. ↑ Chatenever, Rick (19 January 1978). "Betty Hill Recounts 'The UFO Incident'". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Santa Cruz, California. p. 14. Retrieved 24 April 2021 – via Newspapers.com. She describes the beings as 'about four and a half feet tall, humanlike in body appearance, with large eyes, small noses and no lips, ears or facial hair.' They had thin slits for mouths, she goes on, and their skin had a gray tone to it.
  15. ↑ Kottmeyer, Martin (January 1990). "Entirely Unpredisposed: The Cultural Background of UFO Reports". Magonia Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  16. 1 2 Bryan, C. D. B. (1995). Close Encounters of the Fourth Kind: Alien Abduction, UFOs, and the Conference at M.I.T. (First ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 68, 74. ISBN 978-0-679-42975-3. OCLC 32390030 – via the Internet Archive. In Great Britain they are 12 percent Grays, 35 percent Nordics, and 44 percent of normal height, as compared to United States, where 73 percent are Grays, 6 percent Nordics, and 12 percent are normal height, which is comparable to Europe, which is 48 percent Grays, 25 percent Nordics, and 15 percent are normal height. ... In a study of 137 abductions alleged to have taken place in Brazil, 67 percent of the abductors were Small Grays, 19 percent were Tall Beings.
  17. ↑ Berlitz, Charles; Moore, William (1980). The Roswell Incident (1st ed.). Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 0-448-21199-8.
  18. ↑ "Whitley Strieber: UFO cultist or serious author?". The Daily Spectrum (Saint George, Utah). 10 November 1988. p. 9. Archived from the original on 8 September 2026.
  19. 1 2 Baker, Robert (1 June 1997). "An Alien Taxonomy". The Skeptical Inquirer. Skeptical Briefs. Vol. 7, no. 2. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2026. Following the UFO-sighting classification work of J. Allen Hynek of Project Blue Book, we received in 1987 the alien cover on Whitley Strieber's Communion, which made the "little grays" very popular. ... Some grays turned out to be five, six, and even seven feet tall instead of the usual three or four feet. ... Craft then proceeds to review the entire history of human/alien contact according to reporters such as George Adamski, Billy Meier, Betty and Barney Hill, Travis Walton, Budd Hopkins, Whitley Strieber...
  20. 1 2 Thomas, Kevin (10 November 1989). "MOVIE REVIEW : Walken Has Purported Close Encounter in 'Communion'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2026. Even those open to the possibility that Strieber did have a series of close encounters of the third kind with ... blue gnomes and ... creatures with Keane eyes...
  21. ↑ Disch, Thomas M. (1998). "The Dreams Our Stuff Is Made Of: How Science Fiction Conquered the World". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  22. ↑ Meagher, L.D. (29 July 1998). "Review - 'Confirmation': Strieber's exuberance falls short of proving there are UFOs". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 April 2000. All are the work of "visitors," he concludes. The visitors may not be from another planet, but he's convinced they exist.
  23. ↑ Guieu, Jimmy; Dechavanne, Christophe (1988). "Les E.T. et les contactés". Ciel mon mardi ! (in French). Paris, France: TF1. Retrieved 15 January 2013.[dead YouTube link] L'émission se déroule dans le contexte de l'époque, en 1998. Si, aujourd'hui, parler de conspirations et d'OVNI, du MJ-12, des "Petits-Gris" et de bases souterraines ou même d'incriminer la famille Bush semble (relativement) familier, l'enregistrement de cette séquence se déroule en 1988, soit bien avant Internet et même bien avant " X-Files ", l'affaire de la créature de Roswell, etc. Avec ces déclarations de Jimmy Guieu lors de la diffusion en direct de cette émission "Ciel, mon mardi!" par la chaîne de télévision TF1 avec Christophe Dechavanne comme animateur, c'était la toute première fois que le grand public français – voire européen – entendait parler de ce dossier. Jimmy Guieu emploie d'ailleurs le terme "Little Greys" pour désigner les "Petits-Gris" qui, par la suite, deviendront rapidement plus connus sous l'appellation de " Short Greys ".
  24. ↑ Karbovnik, Damien (November 2015). "Conspiracy theories and UFOs". Diogenes. 62 (3-4 "Conspiracy Theories Today"): 150–158. doi:10.1177/0392192120924536. eISSN 1467-7695. ISSN 0392-1921 – via SAGE Journals.
  25. ↑ Peter Knight (2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 880–. ISBN 978-1-57607-812-9.
  26. 1 2 "Grey Aliens Bite The Dust". Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  27. ↑ Wingfield, George (1995). "The 'Roswell' Film Footage". Flying Saucer Review. 20 (2).
  28. ↑ Alien Autopsy: (Fact or Fiction?) at IMDb
  29. ↑ Eamonn Investigates: Alien Autopsy, British Sky Broadcasting. First shown on Sky One, April 4, 2006.
  30. ↑ Jacobs, David M. "Subsequent Procedures". In: Pritchard, Andrea & Pritchard, David E. & Mack, John E. & Kasey, Pam & Yapp, Claudia. Alien Discussions: Proceedings of the Abduction Study Conference. Cambridge: North Cambridge Press. pp. 64–68.
  31. ↑ McNally RJ, Lasko NB, Clancy SA, Macklin ML, Pitman RK, Orr SP. "Psychophysiological Responding During Script-Driven Imagery in People Reporting Abduction by Space Aliens". Psychological Science. 2004;15(7):493-497. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00707.x
  32. 1 2 Goode, Erich; Vail, D. Angus (2008). "Part 2 | Believing That One Has Been Kidnapped by Extraterrestrials: Kinder, Gentler Aliens". Extreme Deviance (PDF). SAGE Publications. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2026.
  33. ↑ Novella, Dr. Steven (October 2000). "UFOs: The Psychocultural Hypothesis". The New England Skeptical Society. Archived from the original on 15 September 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  34. 1 2 Forrest, David V. (Fall 2008). "Alien abduction: a medical hypothesis". The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry. 36 (3): 431–442. doi:10.1521/jaap.2008.36.3.431. eISSN 1943-2852. ISSN 1546-0371 – via National Library of Medicine. The hypotheses I am proposing could be classified from strong to weak. The stronger hypothesis is that the abductees are recovering memories of actual surgery. These memories may be actual recall of the operating room before losing consciousness, or they could be memories that have penetrated the patient's anesthesia, or they could be memories [of procedures] from childhood filtered through childhood amnesia. The weak hypothesis is that abductees are conflating media concepts of aliens with images of surgical and medical procedures generally, images that they may or may not have experienced personally.
  35. ↑ Malmstrom, Frederick (2005). "Close Encounters of the Facial Kind: Are UFO Alien Faces an Inborn Facial Recognition Template?". Skeptic. The Skeptics Society. Archived from the original on 22 October 2006. Retrieved 18 September 2008.
  36. ↑ Jack Cohen; Ian Stewart (2002). Evolving the Alien. Ebury Press. ISBN 978-0-09-187927-3.
  37. ↑ Tsuburaya Productions, ed. (1982). 不滅のヒーローウルトラマン白書. ファンタスティック・コレクション・スペシャル (First ed.). Asahi Sonorama. pp. 102–103. Magazine Code：67897-80.
  38. ↑ Kallen, Stuart A. (August 2011). The Search for Extraterrestrial Life. Capstone. pp. 53–. ISBN 978-1-60152-382-2.
  39. ↑ Christy Marx (6 July 1994). "Grail". Babylon 5.
  40. ↑ Malley, Shawn (1 December 2018). "Chapter 2: Stargate SG-1". Excavating the Future: Archaeology and Geopolitics in Contemporary North American Science Fiction Film and Television. Liverpool: Liverpool Scholarship Online. pp. 44–58. doi:10.3828/liverpool/9781786941190.003.0003 – via Oxford University Press.
  41. ↑ Mellor, Louisa (6 August 202). "Long Running TV Easter Eggs: Is One Really Hidden in the Background of Every Episode?". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on 12 March 2026.
  42. ↑ Dinneen, Steve (6 September 2023). "The X-Files at 30: What I learned from rewatching every episode". City A.M. Archived from the original on 10 February 2026.
  43. ↑ Stanton, Rich (8 October 2012). "XCOM: Enemy Unknown review". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 13 June 2025.
  44. ↑ Brady, Tara (5 April 2013). "Dark Skies". Irish Times. Archived from the original on 18 February 2026.
  45. ↑ "American Dad Scripts". American Dad Scripts. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  46. ↑ "Roger Video | Movie Clips & Character Interview". Ovguide.com. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  47. ↑ Simon Pegg; Nick Frost (14 February 2011). Paul.
  48. ↑ O'Sullivan, Michael (23 February 2013). "'Dark Skies' movie review". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  49. ↑ Weiss, Josh (8 September 2022). "Resident Alien recap: Season 2, Episode 13". Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  50. ↑ Northup, Travis (10 June 2023). "Greyhill Incident Review". IGN. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
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