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Granada medium

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Granada medium is a selective and differential culture medium designed to isolate selectively Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus, GBS) and differentiate it from other microorganisms. Granada Medium was developed by Manuel Rosa-Fraile et al. at the Service of Microbiology in the Hospital Virgen de las Nieves in Granada (Spain).[1]

Identification of GBS on granada medium is straightforward and relies on detection of granadaene, a red polyenic pigment specific of GBS.[2][3][4]

Streptococcus agalactiae on granada agar, anaerobic incubation
Streptococcus agalactiae on granada broth

Granada medium is marketed in the US by Hardy Diagnostics[5] and in the European Union and UK as a trade mark (®) by Biomerieux[6] and Becton Dickinson.[7]

Composition

[edit]
Ingredient

[1]

! AmountFunction
Agar10gGelling agent
Bacto™ Proteose Peptone #3, (Difco) BD25gSpecific nutrient, It cannot be substituted by any alternative peptone
Starch20gPigment stabilizer
Glucose2.5gNutrient
Horse serum15mlNutrient
MOPS ( 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid) hemisodium salt11gGood's buffer
Disodium hydrogen phosphate8.5gBuffer
Sodium pyruvate1gAdditional source of energy, protective effects against reactive oxygen species
Magnesium sulfate0.2g------
Methotrexate6 mgPigment enhancer
Crystal violet0.2 mgInhibit the growth of gram-positive bacteria
Colistin sulfate5 mgInhibit the growth of gram-negative bacteria
Metronidazole1 mgInhibit the growth of anaerobic bacteria
Water1000ml

pH 7.45±0.1

Background and principles

[edit]

Granada medium was developed for selective isolation and identification of GBS from clinical specimens.[1] Production of a red pigment (granadaene) on granada medium is unique to β-hemolytic group B streptococci isolated from humans.[8]

Granadaene is a non-isoprenoid polyenic pigment (ornithinrhamnododecaene) with a conjugated system of 12 double bonds.[3][9][10]

β-hemolysis and pigment production are encoded in GBS by a gene cluster of 12 genes, the cyl cluster.[11] [12] Moreover, it has been suggested that GBS pigment and hemolysin are identical or closely related molecules. It has also been reported that they are important factors contributing to GBS virulence.[8][13][14]

Components

[edit]

Granada agar consists primarily of a proteose peptone starch agar buffered with MOPS (a Good's buffer) and phosphate and supplemented with methotrexate and antibiotics.[1] Proteose peptone, horse serum, glucose and sodium pyruvate provide nutrients for the growth of Streptococcus agalactiae, sodium pyruvate provide also protective effect against reactive oxygen species (ROS). MOPS and phosphate buffer the medium. Methotrexate triggers pigment production[8] and starch stabilizes the pigment.[8] The selective supplement contains the antibiotics, colistin (inhibitory for gram-negative bacteria) and metronidazole (inhibitory for anaerobic bacteria), and crystal violet to suppress the accompanying gram-positive bacteria.

Granadaene

A key component of granada medium is Proteose Peptone N3 (Difco & BD). This peptic peptone was developed by DIFCO (Digestive Ferments Company) during the First World War for producing bacterial toxins for vaccine production.[15] For the development of red-brick colonies of GBS in granada medium, the presence of the peptide Ile-Ala-Arg-Arg-His-Pro-Tyr-Phe in the culture medium is necessary. This peptide is produced only during pepsin hydrolysis of mammalian albumin.[16]

For optimal pigment production, it is also necessary for peptone to contain other substances (uncharacterized at present) from mammalian gastrointestinal wall tissues used to prepare some peptones.[17]

The presence of starch is a basic requirement to stabilize the pigment, allowing the development of red colonies of GBS.[8]Nevertheless, if soluble starch is used, it results in a culture medium that deteriorates quickly at room temperature because soluble starch is hydrolyzed by serum (added as a supplement) amylase. This drawback can be addressed either by not using serum or by using unmodified starches to prepare the culture medium, because unmodified starches are more resistant to the hydrolytic action of amylase.[18]

Uses

[edit]

GBS grows on granada agar as pink-red colonies after 18–48 hours of incubation (35–37 °C), better results are obtained in anaerobiosis (culturing in an anaerobic environment).[1] Granada agar is used for the primary isolation, identification, and screening of β-hemolytic GBS from clinical specimens.[2][4] This culture medium is selective for GBS, other microorganisms (such as enterococci and yeasts), resistant to the selective agents used, can develop as colorless or white colonies.[2]

Red colonies of Streptococcus agalactiae on granada agar. Vagino-rectal culture 18h incubation 36°C anaerobiosis

Granada agar is useful for the screening of pregnant women for the detection of vaginal and rectal colonization with GBS to use intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis to avoid early-onset GBS infection in the newborn.[19][20][21][22]

It has also been suggested that GBS pigmentation on Granada agar can help to identify pregnant women and newborns at increased risk for developing invasive GBS disease.[23]

Procedure

[edit]

The specimens can be directly streaked on a plate of granada agar or after an enrichment step to obtain maximum isolation.[20] Specimens should be streaked as soon as possible after they are received in the laboratory. If material is being cultured from a swab (e.g.- from a vaginal or vagino-rectal swab), roll the swab directly onto the agar plate to provide adequate exposure of the swab to the medium for maximum transfer of organisms. Place the culture in an anaerobic environment, incubate at 35-37 °C, and examine after overnight incubation, and again after approximately 48 hours.[1]

To increase recovery of GBS, swabs can also be inoculated previously into a selective enrichment broth medium, such as the Todd-Hewitt broth supplemented with gentamicin or colistin and nalidixic acid and incubated for 18–24 hours at 35-37 °C.[20][24]

Results

[edit]

Colonies of β-hemolytic GBS appear on granada medium as pink or red colonies, and they are easily distinguished from other microorganisms that may have also grown on the plate. Any degree of orange development should be considered indicative of a GBS colony, and further identification tests are not necessary.[2] Non-β-hemolytic GBS develops on granada agar as white colonies that, if necessary, can be further tested using latex agglutination or the CAMP test.[4][20]

Variant

[edit]
Colonies of Streptococcus agalactiae on granada agar, aerobiosis, coverslip technique

Granada agar plates can also be incubated aerobically, provided that a coverslip is placed over the inoculum on the plate.[2]

Granada medium can also be used as liquid media (granada broths)[25]such as Strep B carrot broth[26] When using granada media liquids, anaerobic incubation is not necessary.[2]

Granadaene and Streptococcus agalactiae

[edit]

β-hemolysis and pigment (granadaene) production are encoded in GBS by a gene cluster of 12 genes, the cyl cluster.[11][12]

Moreover, it has been suggested that GBS pigment and hemolysin are identical or closely related molecules, and it has also been reported that they are important factors contributing to GBS virulence.[8][13][14]

Nevertheless, 1–5% of GBS strains are non-hemolytic and do not produce pigment.[8] However, these non-hemolytic and non-pigmented GBS strains (lacking pigment and hemolysin) are considered less virulent.[13][14][27][28][29][30]

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rosa M, Perez M, Carazo C, Peis JI, Pareja L, Hernandez F (1992). "New Granada Medium for Detection and Identification of Group B Streptococci" (PDF). Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 30 (4): 1019–1021. doi:10.1128/JCM.30.4.1019-1021.1992. PMC 265207. PMID 1572958. Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rosa-Fraile M, Rodriguez-Granger J, Cueto-Lopez M, Sampedro A, Biel Gaye E, Haro M, Andreu A (1999). "Use of Granada Medium To Detect Group B Streptococcal Colonization in Pregnant Women" (PDF). Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 37 (8): 2674–2677. doi:10.1128/JCM.37.8.2674-2677.1999. PMC 85311. PMID 10405420. Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  3. 1 2 Rosa-Fraile M, Rodriguez-Granger J, Haidour-Benamin A, Cuerva JM, Sampedro A (2006). "Granadaene: Proposed Structure of the Group B Streptococcus Polyenic Pigment" (PDF). Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72 (9): 6367–6370. Bibcode:2006ApEnM..72.6367R. doi:10.1128/aem.00756-06. PMC 1563658. PMID 16957264. Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  4. 1 2 3 Rosa-Fraile M, Spellerberg B (September 2017). "Reliable Detection of Group B Streptococcus in the Clinical Laboratory" (PDF). Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 55 (9): 2590–2598. doi:10.1128/JCM.00582-17. PMC 5648696. PMID 28659318. Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  5. ↑ "Granada Medium" (PDF). Haerdy Diagnostics. Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  6. ↑ "Granada agar". Biomerieux. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  7. ↑ "BD Group B Streptococcus Differential Agar (Granada Medium)". Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rosa-Fraile M, Dramsi S, Spellerberg B (2014). "Group B streptococcal haemolysin and pigment, a tale of twins" (PDF). FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 38 (5): 932–946. doi:10.1111/1574-6976.12071. PMC 4315905. PMID 24617549. Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  9. ↑ Paradas M, Jurado R, Haidour A, et al. (2012). "Clarifying the structure of granadaene: total synthesis of related analogue [2]-granadaene and confirmation of its absolute stereochemistry". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 20 (22): 6655–6651. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.017. PMID 23043725.
  10. ↑ Madden KS, Mosa FA, Whiting A (2014). "Non-isoprenoid polyene natural products – structures and synthetic strategies". Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry. 12 (40): 7877–7899. doi:10.1039/C4OB01337A. PMID 25188767.
  11. 1 2 Spellerberg B, Pohl B, Haase G, Martin S, Weber-Heynemann J, Lutticken R (1999). "Identification of Genetic Determinants for the Hemolytic Activity of Streptococcus agalactiae by ISS1 Transposition" (PDF). Journal of Bacteriology. 181 (10): 3212–3219. doi:10.1128/JB.181.10.3212-3219.1999. PMC 93778. PMID 10322024.
  12. 1 2 Spellerberg B, Martin S, Brandt C, Lutticken R (2000). "The cyl genes of Streptococcus agalactiae are involved in the production of pigment". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 188 (2): 125–128. doi:10.1016/s0378-1097(00)00224-x. PMID 10913694.
  13. 1 2 3 Whidbey C, Harrell MI, Burnside K, et al. (2013). "A hemolytic pigment of Group B Streptococcus allows bacterial penetration of human placenta" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Medicine. 219 (6): 1265–1281. doi:10.1084/jem.20122753. PMC 3674703. PMID 23712433. Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  14. 1 2 3 Whidbey C, Vornhagen J, Gendrin C, et al. (2015). "A streptococcal lipid toxin induces membrane permeabilization and pyroptosis leading to fetal injury" (PDF). EMBO Molecular Medicine. 7 (4): 488–505. doi:10.15252/emmm.201404883. PMC 4403049. PMID 25750210. Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  15. ↑ Difco & BBL. Manual of Microbiological Culture Media 2nd Edition. BD Diagnostics – Diagnostic Systems. 2009. p. 450. ISBN 978-0-9727207-1-7.
  16. ↑ Rosa-Fraile M, Sampedro A, Varela J, Garcia-Peña M, Gimenez-Gallego G (1999). "Identification of a peptide from mammal albumins responsible for enhanced pigment production by group B streptococci" (PDF). Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 6 (3): 425–426. doi:10.1128/CDLI.6.3.425-426.1999. PMC 103735. PMID 10225848. Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  17. ↑ Enrique Camacho Muñoz (2005). Importancia de la Proteosa Peptona No 3 en la Producción de Pigmento por Streptococcus agalactiae en el Medio Granada (PDF). Universidad de Granada. ISBN 978-84-338-3741-7. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  18. ↑ Rosa-Fraile M, Rodríguez-Granger J, Camacho-Muñoz E, Sampedro A (2005). "Use of unmodified starches and partial removal of serum to improve Granada medium stability" (PDF). Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (4): 18889–1991. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.4.1989-1991.2005. PMC 1081375. PMID 15815040. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  19. ↑ Rosa-Fraile M, Spellerberg B. (2017). "Reliable Detection of Group B Streptococcus in the Clinical Laboratory" (PDF). J Clin Microbiol. 55 (9): 2590–2598. doi:10.1128/JCM.00582-17. PMC 5648696. PMID 28659318. Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Verani JR, McGee L, Schrag SJ (2010). "Prevention of Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Disease Revised Guidelines from CDC, 2010" (PDF). MMWR Recomm Rep. 59 (RR-10): 1–32. PMID 21088663. Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  21. ↑ American Society for Microbiology. "Guidelines for the Detection and Identification of Group B Streptococcus, 2021". Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  22. ↑ Laura Filkins, Jocelyn R Hauser, Barbara Robinson-Dunnobert Tibbetts, Bobby L Boyanton Jr, Paula Revell, American Society for Microbiology Clinical and Public Health Microbiology Committee, Subcommittee on Laboratory Practices (2020). "American Society for Microbiology provides 2020 Guidelines for Detection and Identification of Group B Streptococcus" (PDF). Journal of Clinical Microbiology. JCM.01230-20. (1): e01230-20. doi:10.1128/JCM.01230-20. PMC 7771461. PMID 33115849. S2CID 226049927. Retrieved 28 June 2026.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ↑ Huebner EM, Gudjónsdóttir MJ, Dacanay MB, et al. (2022). "Virulence, phenotype and genotype characteristics of invasive group B Streptococcus isolates obtained from Swedish pregnant women and neonates" (PDF). Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 21 (1): 43. doi:10.1186/s12941-022-00534-2. PMC 9560721. PMID 36229877. Retrieved 28 June 2026.
  24. ↑ Laura Filkins, Jocelyn R Hauser, Barbara Robinson-Dunn, Robert Tibbetts, Bobby L Boyanton Jr, Paula Revell, American Society for Microbiology Clinical and Public Health Microbiology Committee, Subcommittee on Laboratory Practices (2020). "American Society for Microbiology provides 2020 Guidelines for Detection and Identification of Group B Streptococcus" (PDF). Journal of Clinical Microbiology. JCM.01230-20. (1): e01230-20. doi:10.1128/JCM.01230-20. PMC 7771461. PMID 33115849. S2CID 226049927. Retrieved 14 December 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ↑ Carvalho Mda G, Facklam R, Jackson D, Beall B, McGee L. (2009). "Evaluation of three commercial broth media for pigment detection and identification of a group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae)" (PDF). J Clin Microbiol. 47 (12): 4161–4163. doi:10.1128/JCM.01374-09. PMC 2786674. PMID 19812277.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ↑ "STREP B CARROT BROTH™" (PDF). Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  27. ↑ Christopher-Mychael Whidbey (2015). Characterization of the Group B Streptococcus Hemolysin and its Role in Intrauterine Infection (PDF). University of Washington. Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  28. ↑ Rodriguez-Granger J, Spellerberg B, Asam D, Rosa-Fraile M (2015). "Non-haemolytic and non-pigmented group B streptococcus, an infrequent cause of early onset neonatal sepsis" (PDF). Pathogens and Disease. 73 (9) ftv089. doi:10.1093/femspd/ftv089. PMC 4626576. PMID 26449711. Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  29. ↑ Armistead B, Oler E, Adams Waldorf K, Rajagopal L. (2019). "The Double Life of Group B Streptococcus: Asymptomatic Colonizer and Potent Pathogen" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Biology. 431 (16): 2914–2931. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.035. PMC 6646060. PMID 30711542.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ↑ Armistead B, Quach P, Snyder JM, Santana-Ufret V, Furuta A, Brokaw A, Rajagopal L. (2020). "Hemolytic membrane vesicles of Group B Streptococcus promote infection" (PDF). The Journal of Infectious Diseases. jiaa548 (8): 1488–1496. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa548. PMC 8064051. PMID 32861213.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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