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Fritz Strack

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Fritz Strack
Born (1950-02-06) February 6, 1950 (age 76)
Landau, Pfalz, Germany
EducationUniversity of Mannheim
Stanford University
Scientific career
FieldsSocial psychology
InstitutionsUniversity of Würzburg

Fritz Strack (born 6 February 1950)[1] is a German social psychologist and professor emeritus at the University of Würzburg.[2] He is a member of Germany's National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina . He is known for his research on social cognition, embodied cognition, and the development of dual-process models of behavior.[3][4]

Education

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Strack studied psychology at the University of Mannheim (Diplom, 1974) and at Stanford University (M.A., 1976). He received his doctorate from the University of Mannheim in 1983, majoring in psychology under Martin Irle and minoring in philosophy of science under Hans Albert.[5] From 1984 to 1985, he was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

Career

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He completed his habilitation in 1989 at the University of Mannheim and worked from 1990 to 1991 as a Senior Scientist at the former Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research in Munich.[6]

From 1992 to 1995, Strack was Professor of Social Psychology at the University of Trier. In 1995, he was appointed Chair of Psychology II (C4/W3) at the University of Würzburg, where he remained until his retirement in 2016. He also served as Managing Director of the Institute of Psychology at Würzburg from 1997 to 2014.[7]

Strack received offers for professorships at the University of Kiel, the University of Mannheim, and Ohio State University.[8] He held a Theodor Heuss Professorship at The New School in New York in 1997/98 and has been an honorary professor at Humboldt University of Berlin since 2014. In 2026, he became an Adjunct Professor at Constructor University Bremen.[9]

Research

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Facial feedback hypothesis

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Strack is the lead author of a highly cited 1988 study with Leonard Martin and Sabine Stepper that tested the facial feedback hypothesis.[10] The study asked participants to hold a pen in their mouths to either facilitate a smile (teeth condition) or inhibit a smile (lips condition), and then rate the funniness of cartoons. Results showed that inducing a smile increased the funniness ratings.[11]

In 2016, a large-scale, multi-laboratory replication effort published in Perspectives on Psychological Science failed to replicate the original effect.[12][13] Strack, in an invited commentary, suggested that the negative results might have been due to methodological differences, most notably the use of video cameras to record participants, which increased self-awareness and potentially eliminated the effect.[14] Subsequent research supported this claim, demonstrating that the facial feedback effect is significantly reduced or eliminated when participants are aware of being recorded.[15] Further evidence has provided additional support for the validity of the facial-feedback hypothesis and the pen procedure under non-observed conditions.[16][17][18]

Reflective–Impulsive Model

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Together with Roland Deutsch, Strack developed the Reflective–Impulsive Model (RIM), a dual-process theory of social behavior.[19] The model distinguishes between a reflective system, which operates based on rules and deliberation, and an impulsive system, which operates based on associative networks and automatic processes. Going beyond previous dual-process models, the RIM describes the interaction of both systems and their joint determination of behavior.[20]

Other contributions

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Strack's work has also contributed to understanding cognitive processes in anchoring, priming, and the evaluation of subjective well-being. He has investigated how accessible information influences judgment and decision-making, particularly the role of subjective experiences like ease of retrieval. He has also studied motor simulation effects on mere exposure and attitude formation.[8][9]

Professional service

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Strack has served as co-editor of the Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie (now Social Psychology), editor of the European Journal of Social Psychology, and associate editor of Psychological Science. He was on the editorial boards of numerous other international journals. From 2002 to 2005, he was a board member, and from 2005 to 2008, president of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology (now the European Association of Social Psychology).[1]

He was spokesperson for the DFG priority program "Information Processing in the Social Context" (with Klaus Fiedler) and the DFG research unit "Emotion and Behavior: Reflective and Impulsive Processes" (with Paul Pauli). He also served on various scientific advisory boards, including those of Jacobs University Bremen, the University of Vienna, the Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg, and the Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse.[1]

Awards and honors

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Selected publications

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  • Strack, F.; Martin, L. L.; Stepper, S. (1988). "Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 54 (5): 768–777. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.768.
  • Strack, F.; Mussweiler, T. (1997). "Explaining the enigmatic anchoring effect: Mechanisms of selective accessibility". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 73 (3): 437–446. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.437.
  • Strack, F.; Deutsch, R. (2004). "Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 8 (3): 220–247. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1.
  • Alós-Ferrer, C.; Strack, F. (2014). "From dual processes to multiple selves: Improving economic models". Journal of Economic Psychology. 41: 1–3. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2014.03.001.
  • Strack, F. (2017). "From Data to Truth in Psychological Science. A Personal Perspective". Frontiers in Psychology. 8: 702. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00702.

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Fritz Strack Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). University of Würzburg. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-02-07. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  2. 1 2 "Prof. Dr. Fritz Strack". Lehrstuhl für Psychologie II. University of Würzburg. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  3. ↑ "Who Are This Year's Ig Nobel Prize Winners?". BioTechniques. 2019-10-14. Retrieved 2019-10-20.
  4. ↑ "About the Cover". science.sciencemag.org. 18 May 2007.
  5. ↑ "Prof. em. Fritz Strack". www.bigsss-bremen.de. Retrieved 2026-06-29.
  6. ↑ "Leopoldina: Detail". www.leopoldina.org. Retrieved 2026-06-29.
  7. ↑ "Social Cognition: The Basis of Human Interaction" (PDF). frontiers of social psychology.
  8. 1 2 "Professor Fritz Strack in die Leopoldina berufen". mainpost (in German). 2012-01-16. Retrieved 2026-06-29.
  9. 1 2 "Professor Fritz Strack". idw-online.
  10. ↑ Strack, F.; Martin, L. L.; Stepper, S. (May 1988). "Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: a nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 54 (5): 768–777. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.768. ISSN 0022-3514. PMID 3379579. S2CID 15291233.
  11. ↑ Skibba, Ramin (2016-11-03). "Psychologists argue about whether smiling makes cartoons funnier". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.20929. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  12. ↑ Wagenmakers, E.-J.; Beek, T.; Dijkhoff, L.; Gronau, Q. F.; Acosta, A.; Adams, R. B.; Albohn, D. N.; Allard, E. S.; Benning, S. D. (November 2016). "Registered Replication Report: Strack, Martin, & Stepper (1988)". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 11 (6): 917–928. doi:10.1177/1745691616674458. hdl:10481/63078. ISSN 1745-6916. PMID 27784749.
  13. ↑ Marsh, A. A., Rhoads, S. A., & Ryan, R. M. (2018). A multi-semester classroom demonstration yields evidence in support of the facial feedback effect. Emotion, 19(8), 1500–1504.
  14. ↑ Coles, N. A., Larsen, J. T., & Lench, H. C. (2019). A meta-analysis of the facial feedback literature: Effects of facial feedback on emotional experience are small and variable. Psychological Bulletin, 145(6), 610-651.
  15. ↑ Strack, Fritz (2016-11-01). "Reflection on the Smiling Registered Replication Report". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 11 (6): 929–930. doi:10.1177/1745691616674460. ISSN 1745-6916.
  16. ↑ Engber, Daniel (2016-08-28). "Sad Face". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  17. ↑ Noah, Tom; Schul, Yaacov; Mayo, Ruth (May 2018). "When both the original study and its failed replication are correct: Feeling observed eliminates the facial-feedback effect". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 114 (5): 657–664. doi:10.1037/pspa0000121. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 29672101. S2CID 4985655.
  18. ↑ Paley, Christopher (2018-10-17). "Smiling does make you happier – under carefully controlled conditions". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
  19. ↑ Strack, Fritz; Deutsch, Roland (2004). "Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior". Personality and Social Psychology Review: An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc. 8 (3): 220–247. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1. ISSN 1088-8683. PMID 15454347.
  20. ↑ "Reflection and Impulse as Determinants of Human Behavior" (PDF). Heidelberg University.
  21. ↑ "Chronology of the Heuss Chair at the New School for Social Research". Social Research. 81 (3): xxvi–xxviii. 2014. ISSN 0037-783X.
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