Fort Geldria
| Fort Geldria | |
|---|---|
| Pulicat, Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu in India | |
 Surviving remains of Fort Geldria in 2024 | |
| Site information | |
| Type | Fortified VOC trading and administrative centre |
| Condition | Ruins and archaeological remains |
| Location | |
  Fort Geldria Location within Tamil Nadu | |
| Coordinates | 13°25′10″N 80°18′59″E / 13.41944°N 80.31639°E |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1613 |
| Built by | Dutch East India Company |
| Materials | Brick and masonry |
| Events | Administrative centre of Dutch Coromandel from 1616 |
| Garrison information | |
| Garrison | Approximately 80–90 men during the seventeenth century |
| Occupants | Dutch East India Company |
Fort Geldria or Fort Geldaria, located in Pulicat, Tamil Nadu, was the seat of the Dutch Republic's first settlement in India, and the capital of Dutch Coromandel.[1] It was built by the Dutch East India Company in 1613 and became the local governmental centre in 1616.[2] It was named for Geldria, the native province of Wemmer van Berchem, the General Director of the company.[3] Regularly protected by a garrison of 80 to 90 men,[4] Fort Geldria was the only fortification in the Indian empire;[5] all other positions of the Dutch Company were trading posts.[5]
Dutch ownership
[edit]
The fort was built on the shores of Pulicat Lake, which provides access to the Bay of Bengal and the Coromandel Coast, an important area for trade and a scene of rivalry between the colonial powers of the Dutch, the Portuguese, and the British. A Portuguese fort had existed previously on the spot, and Fort Geldria was built on its foundations, with the permission of Queen Oboyama, wife of Vijayanagara Emperor Venkatapati Raya, based in Chandragiri Fort, who was supposed to contribute financially and become part-owner. This process, however, proved too slow for the Dutch, and they decided to finance and build it themselves.[6] Local tradition holds that a Dutch ship, stranded in 1606, found aid among a group of expatriate Muslims, and thus began a trade partnership.[7]
Within one month of completion, the fort came under attack from a local chieftain, Etheraja. After he was repulsed, the Portuguese attacked the fort from both land and sea but were fought off. The Dutch formed an alliance with the local traders and the Portuguese were kept at bay. The fort, which was supplied by the Gouden Leeuw in 1618 with 130 Dutch soldiers and 32 guns,[8] became a focal point in the local turmoil and provided refuge to people from the Portuguese colonies.[9] In 1619, the chief at Fort Geldria was accorded the title of Governor and Extraordinary Councillor of the Indies. In the second half of the seventeenth century, the fort's importance as a trading post (it dealt mainly in cotton fabrics[6]) began to decline, due partly to competition with the British but mostly as a result of the southward expansion of the Mughal Empire.[10] By 1689, the government moved to Negapatnam and subsequently to Ceylon.[11]
When the director's seat moved, the fort was left with 18 guns and 40 men. The fort was restored in 1714, and was occupied by the British from 1781 to 1785. Fort Geldria's success as a trading post seems unaffected by the changes of power. In 1786, for instance, caravans loaded with merchandise come in every month from places like Golkonda and Suratte and ships sail in from the Red Sea, Goa, and Malabar; there is a lively trade in cotton fabric and a flourishing industry in the dyeing of textiles.[12] A 1792 description of Dutch trading posts in the East reports trade in sugar, arrack, Japanese copper, and spices.[13] In 1795, the Dutch surrendered the fort to the British and blew it up in 1804 or 1805, before finally giving ownership to the British on 1 June 1825.[6]
Later history and archaeology
[edit]Pulicat and its Dutch possessions passed finally to British sovereignty in 1825 following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824. By that time Fort Geldria had already suffered extensive destruction and had ceased to function as a major fortified trading centre.
Little of the fort survives above ground. The Archaeological Survey of India conducted archaeological excavation at Pulicat during the 2013–14 field season, classifying it as a historical site.[14]
The nearby Dutch cemetery survives substantially better than the fort remains and is separately protected by the ASI.[15]
Dutch cemetery
[edit]The Dutch cemetery at Pulicat formed part of the wider Dutch East India Company settlement centred on Fort Geldria. The surviving burial ground lies adjacent to the former fort site and contains seventeenth- and eighteenth-century monuments associated with officials, merchants and other members of the Dutch community on the Coromandel Coast. Recent scholarship treats the fort and town as functionally distinct but closely interconnected parts of the VOC settlement.[16]
The cemetery is protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) as a Monument of National Importance.[17]
Notes
[edit]- ↑ Muthiah, S. (2 July 2001). "Madras Miscellany". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 March 2002. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
- ↑ European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-colonial India. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. 1998. pp. 127–128. ISBN 978-0-521-25758-9. OCLC 489951836.
- ↑ James 2009, p. 34
- ↑ Lach, Donald F.; Edwin J. van Kley (1998). "The Downfall of Two Empires: Vijayanagar and Golconda". Asia in the making of Europe: A Century of Advance. South Asia. Vol. 3. University of Chicago Press. p. 1067. ISBN 978-0-226-46767-2. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
- 1 2 James 2009, p. 32
- 1 2 3 "Handelsposten: Coromandel" (in Dutch). VOCsite.nl. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
- ↑ Sanjeeva Raj, P.J. (19 October 2003). "... and a placid Pulicat experience". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
- ↑ Historiesch verhaal: Van het begin, voortgang en teegenwoordigen staat der koophandel, van de Generaale Nederlandsche geoctroyeerde Oost-Indische compagnie (in Dutch). Arnhem: W. Troost. 1772. p. 80. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
- ↑ James 2009, p. 35
- ↑ Chaudhuri, K.N.; Jonathan I. Israel (2003). "The East-India Companies and the Revolution of 1688-9". In Jonathan I. Israel (ed.). The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact. Cambridge University Press. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-521-54406-1. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
- ↑ James 2009, p. 36
- ↑ Nederlandsche reizen, tot bevordering van den koophandel, na de meest afgelegene gewesten des aardkloots (in Dutch). Vol. 9–10. Amsterdam; Harlingen: Petrus Conradi; V. van der Plaats. 1786. pp. 145–46. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
- ↑ Huysers, Ary; Reinier de Klerk (1792). Beknopte beschryving der Oostindische etablissementen (in Dutch) (2 ed.). Amsterdam: Roos, Roos, and Vermandel. p. 85. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
- ↑ "Excavations". Archaeological Survey of India, Chennai Circle. Retrieved 21 September 2026.
- ↑ List of Protected Monuments with Survey Numbers & Extent (PDF) (Report). Archaeological Survey of India, Chennai Circle. Retrieved 21 September 2026.
- ↑ "Between Segregation and Permeability: The VOC's Spatial Dilemma in Zeelandia Facing External Actors and Intervening Groups (1624–1662)". Itinerario. Cambridge University Press. 2026. Retrieved 21 September 2026.
- ↑ List of Centrally Protected Monuments with Survey Numbers, Notification Numbers and Dates (PDF) (Report). Archaeological Survey of India, Chennai Circle. Retrieved 21 September 2026.
References
[edit]- James, Rapson Edward (2009). The Cambridge history of India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-110-28441-2. OCLC 875984.